• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.232-238
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• 2005

There are growing needs for improving the general performances of the domestic working environment evaluation organizations. For this purpose, introduction of laboratory accreditation program has been suggested. This study was conducted as a part of this effort. With a questionnaire developed in accordance with the ISO/IEC 17025, the current status of industrial hygiene (IH) laboratories in terms of manpower, management and technical aspects. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The average working staffs' number of the working environment evaluation organizations was $6.8{\pm}3.3$ persons. In addition, 49% of all organizations are run by less than 5 persons. This suggests that manpower of Korean IH laboratories is very limited. 2. IH laboratories surveyed in this study obtained 53% of the points by the international standard. And there is significant correlation between the number of staffing and total scores (P<0.05). 3. The period of work experience is one of the most important factors to determine the working capability. The average year of work experience of the laboratories' directors was $13.5{\pm}5.3$ years. Directors with more wok experiences obtained higher scores on the questions that ask to prove the appropriateness of the research methodology (p<0.05). 4. As for academic qualifications of laboratory directors, 14% had Ph.D., 31% with Master's, 29% with Bachelor's, and 4% had Associate degree. There was significant correlation between the total scores and the general managers' academic background (p<0.05). The 27% of laboratory directors have majored in either industrial hygiene or health, 8% majored in medicine, another 8% majored environmental studies, and 6% majored in chemistry. 5. Only 14% of all IH laboratories surveyed employ directors with Certified Industrial Hygienist licence, 41% have general managers with Certified Associate Industrial Hygienist (Level 1) licence, and 45% of all laboratories either employ directors without relevant qualification or did not respond. When the laboratory manger holds relevant qualification, laboratory health and safety management was better (p<0.05). 6. When compared to the general international standard in terms of the management, and 55% in terms of technological level.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1271-1282
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• 2005

Recently, PC-based control is incredibly developed in the industrial control field, but it is difficult for PLC programming in PC. Therefore, I need to develop the softeware PLC, which support the international PLC programming standard(IECl131-3) and can be applied to diverse control system by using C language. In this paper, I have developed the ISPLC(Intelligent Agent System based Software Programmable Logic Controller). In ISPLC system, LD programmed by a user which is used over $90\%$ among the 5 PLC languages, is converted to IL, which is one of intermediate codes, and IL is converted to the standard C rode which can be used in a commercial editor such as Visual C++. In ISPLC, the detection of logical error in high level programming(C) is more eaier than PLC programming itself The study of code conversion of LD->IL->C is firstly tried in the world as well as KOREA. I developed an execution engine with a good practical application. To show the effectiveness of the developed system, 1 applied it to a practical case, a real time traffic control(RT-TC) system. ISPLC is minimized the error debugging and programming time owing to be supported by windows application program.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2016

The quality assurance (QA) is very important for diagnostic field and radiation therapy field to evaluate the characteristic of devices. The purpose of this study was to compare different NPS methodologies results which are measuring NPS with regard to horizontal and vertical directions by using megavoltage X-ray energies. The NPS evaluation methods were applied to the International Electro-technical Commission standard (IEC 62220-1). The electronic portal imaging devices (EPID) devices such as Siemens BEAMVIEW$^{PLUS}$, Elekta iViewGT and Varian Clinac$^R$ iX aS1000 were used. NPS data were expressed by corresponding each frequency about average of noise value corresponding the each frequency, and NPS were evaluated quantitatively by totaling up the noise values of average frequency which are on horizontal and vertical directions. In NPS results for Elekta iViewGT, NPS of horizontal and vertical by using 4 methods were indicated the difference of 3~5% between horizontal and vertical direction. In the results of Siemens BEAMVIEW$^{PLUS}$ and Varian Clinac$^R$ iX aS1000, the NPS of horizontal and vertical direction were indicated the difference of 15% when averaging the whole values. This study were evaluated the NPS of each devices by totaling up the noise values of average frequency which are on horizontal and vertical directions suggesting the quantitative evaluation method using the data.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2010

Purpose: Partial volume effect (PVE) is the phenomenon to lower the accuracy of image due to low estimate, which is to occur from PET/CT 3D image acquisition. The more resolution is declined and the lesion is small, the more it causes a big error. So that it can influence the test result. Studied the optimum image reconstruction method by using variation of parameter, which can influence the PVE. Materials and Methods: It acquires the image in each size spheres which is injected $^{18}F$-FDG to hot site and background in the ratio 4:1 for 10 minutes by using NEMA 2001 IEC phantom in GE Discovey STE 16. The iterative reconstruction is used and gives variety to iteration 2-50 times, subset number 1-56. The analysis's fixed region of interest in detail part of image and compute % difference and signal to noise ratio (SNR) using $SUV_{max}$. Results: It's measured that $SUV_{max}$ of 10 mm spheres, which is changed subset number to 2, 5, 8, 20, 56 in fixed iteration to times, SNR is indicated 0.19, 0.30, 0.40, 0.48, 0.45. As well as each sphere's of total SNR is measured 2.73, 3.38, 3.64, 3.63, 3.38. Conclusion: In iteration 6th to 20th, it indicates similar value in % difference and SNR ($3.47{\pm}0.09$). Over 20th, it increases the phenomenon, which is placed low value on $SUV_{max}$ through the influence of noise. In addition, the identical iteration, it indicates that SNR is high value in 8th to 20th in variation of subset number. Therefore, to reduce partial volume effect of small lesion, it can be declined the partial volume effect in iteration 6 times, subset number 8~20 times, considering reconstruction time.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2014

Purpose: Low dose of PET/CT is important because of Patient's X-ray exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of low-dose PET/ CT image through the CTAC and QAC of patient study and phantom study. Materials and Methods: We used the discovery 710 PET/CT (GE). We used the NEMA IEC body phantom for evaluating the PET data corrected by ultra-low dose CT attenuation correction method and NU2-94 phantom for uniformity. After injection of 70.78 MBq and 22.2 MBq of 18 F-FDG were done to each of phantom, PET/CT scans were obtained. PET data were reconstructed by using of CTAC of which dose was for the diagnosis CT and Q. AC of which was only for attenuation correction. Quantitative analysis was performed by use of horizontal profile and vertical profile. Reference data which were corrected by CTAC were compared to PET data which was corrected by the ultra-low dose. The relative error was assessed. Patients with over weighted and normal weight also underwent a PET/CT scans according to low dose protocol and standard dose protocol. Relative error and signal to noise ratio of SUV were analyzed. Results: In the results of phantom test, phantom PET data were corrected by CTAC and Q.AC and they were compared each other. The relative error of Q.AC profile was been calculated, and it was shown in graph. In patient studies, PET data for overweight patient and normal weight patient were reconstructed by CTAC and Q.AC under routine dose and ultra-low dose. When routine dose was used, the relative error was small. When high dose was used, the result of overweight patient was effectively corrected by Q.AC. Conclusion: In phantom study, CTAC method with 80 kVp and 10 mA was resulted in bead hardening artifact. PET data corrected by ultra- low dose CTAC was not quantified, but those by the same dose were quantified properly. In patients' cases, PET data of over weighted patient could be quantified by Q.AC method. Its relative difference was not significant. Q.AC method was proper attenuation correction method when ultra-low dose was used. As a result, it is expected that Q.AC is a good method in order to reduce patient's exposure dose.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.394-402
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• 2021

The entry of an aging society and the extension of human life expectancy, the increasing interest in women's social advancement and men's appearance, and the natural interest in K-culture through media media, while receiving worldwide attention, Focus on K-Bueaty. Recently, looking at the occupation of the medical tourism field, in the case of aesthetic medicine tourism such as molding and dermatology, it has gained popularity not only in Asia such as China and Japan, but also in North America and Europe. The first external confirmation of human aging is the wrinkles on the skin of the face. Clean, wrinkle-free, elastic and healthy skin is a desire of most people. Skin condition and condition such as focused ultrasonic stimulation (HIFU: High Intensity Focused Utrasound) and low frequency, high frequency (RF: Radio Frequency), galvanic therapy using microcurrent, cryotherapy using rapid cooling, etc. Depending on the method of management, the effect of the treatment differs depending on the output and the stimulation site, etc., even in the treatment of medical equipment and beauty equipment using the same mechanism. In this research, in order to develop invasive high-frequency dermatological devices using a large number of beauty medical devices and microneedles of beauty devices, the international standards IEC 60601-2 (standards for individual medical devices) and MFDS (Ministry of) We designed and developed a high-frequency output device in compliance with the high-frequency stimulation standard announced in the Food and Drug Safety (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety). The circuit design consists of an amplifier (AMP: Amplifier) using Class-A Topology and a power supply device using Half-Bridge Topology. As a result of measuring the developed high-frequency output device, an average efficiency of 63.86% was obtained, and the maximum output was measured at 116.7W and 50.67dBm.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.201-223
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• 2015

Existing research on international standardization has largely taken a qualitative approach focusing on comparative studies of national institutions and policies on standards or international rivalries from the perspectives of international relations or innovation studies. While there exists a handful of quantitative studies, they are mostly confined to simple numeric counts of essential patents, new work item proposals, or secretaries staffing international standards development organizations (SDOs). This study aims to contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of international standardization by the analysis of the data coding systematically national activities in the standardization process of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), by far the largest international SDO. Our analysis of the four critical types of standardization documents generated in the Working Group 7 of the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 reveals interesting dynamics among key players of global ICT standards regime. First, while the US takes a dominant share of the personnel as well as new work item proposals for standardization, its quality of activities rather falls behind as it mostly focuses on keeping in check other countries' standardization activities. Second, European countries tend to spread their effort evenly across different types of standardization activities. Finally, despite such differences between the US and European countries, both rely heavily on multinational companies to gain an advantage in the voting stage of standardization process.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-70
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose a policy-driven RFID data management event definition language, which is possibly applicable as a partial standard for SSI (Software System Infrastructure) Part 4 (Application Interface, 24791-4) defined by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4 (RFID for Item Management). The SSI's RFID application interface part is originally defined for providing a unified interface of the RFID middleware functionality―data management, device management, device interface and security functions. However, the current specifications are too circumstantial to be understood by the application developers who used to lack the professional and technological backgrounds of the RFID middleware functionality. As an impeccable solution, we use the concept of event-constraint policy that is not only representing semantic contents of RFID domains but also providing transparencies with higher level abstractions to RFID applications, and that is able to provide a means of specifying event-constraints for filtering a huge number of raw data caught from the associated RF readers. Conclusively, we try to embody the proposed concept by newly defining an XML-based RFID event policy definition language, which is abbreviated to rXPDL. Additionally, we expect that the specification of rXPDL proposed in the paper becomes a technological basis for the domestic as well as the international standards that are able to be extensively applied to RFID and ubiquitous sensor networks.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2011

Tattooing is a performance for decorative and cosmetic marking by placing permanent ink into the skin. As the cultural meaning of tattoo in Korea is changing, the tattoo machines are widely spread n permanent cosmetic market. Though the use of the tattoo machine was increased, the evaluation standards of tattoo machine were not existed. Korea Food and Drug Association regulated the electrical and mechanical safety standards which were founded on the IEC 601-1 second edition. Also they regulated he biological safety standards which were derived from the ISO 10993 series, however, these general valuations of common medical device were insufficient for evaluating tattoo machine. We developed the standards of tattoo machine for safety and performance evaluation for tattoo machine by preliminary hazard analysis in ISO 14971. The evaluation criteria of tattoo machines are focused on the mechanical invasion. We suggested the additional evaluation items of the needle speed, length, vibration with general valuation criteria of common medical device. We anticipate that this research may be a primary stage to figure a standard regulation and evaluation for tattoo machine.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.340-351
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• 2003

We introduce our experiences of the design and implementation of the Page Together system that has expanded hyperlink metaphor to utilize human resources in the web. This system supports that a user connects with others in the web, communicates through video/audio channel, navigates same web pages simultaneously and cooperates some work on Internet. For these functions, it comprises Collaborative Browsing Module (CBM), Multimedia Conferencing Module(MCM) Data Conferencing Module(I)CM) and Multi Protocol Interface(MPI). We adopted three standard protocols, IEC, H.323 and T.120 for each nodule and it allows developers to use them easily. We also defined MPI to synchronize information of session among modules. Each module exchanges information each other in session creating process and session terminating process. After a session is created once, each module works independently as its won protocol. Interferences among modules are reduced as minimizing to exchange information. We also introduce a web site that provides web board service based on the Page Together system. A user may post a notice with a link to himself/herself on our web board. After then, if someone read that notice and has any question about it, he or she can try to connect to the writer as clicking the link in that notice and communicate each other. This service site shows that our system can be applied to diverse internet services such as distance teaming and distance conference.