• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.235-244
• /
• 2023

Objectives: Based on the results from the Korean Total Diet Study (KTDS), the sodium (Na) and potassium (K) intake of Koreans were estimated and compared with intake estimates from the Food & Nutrient Database (FNDB), as in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to verify the validity of these estimates. Methods: One hundred and thirty-four representative foods (RFs) covering 92.5% of the total food intake of Koreans were selected, and 228 pairs of corresponding 'RF x representative cooking method' were derived by reflecting the methods used mainly in terms of frequency and quantity in their cooking. RF samples were collected from three cities with a larger population size in three regions (nine cities) nationwide, and six composite samples were made for each RF, considering its regional and/or seasonal characteristics. One thousand three hundred and sixty-eight 'RF x representative cooking method' pair samples were prepared, and the Na and K contents were assessed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-MS). The Na and K intake of the Korean population was estimated by linking the content with the food intake data from the 7th KNHANES. Results: The mean Na and K intake of Koreans were 2,807.4 mg and 2,335.0 mg per person per day, respectively. A comparison with the Na and K intake from KNHANES, including only RFs of KTDS, showed comparable results with less than 5% variation. While the contribution and ranking of food items to Na intake were similar between KNHANES and KTDS, there were differences in K intake. This was attributed to the large discrepancies in the K content of rice and coffee between KTDS results and the values in the 9th Revision of the National Food Composition Table used in KNHANES. Conclusions: The Na and K intake of Koreans estimated based on the KTDS, which performed nutrient analysis on samples prepared to a 'table-ready' state using foods of the representative collection, was similar and comparable with that of KNHANES. This supports the validity and usefulness of FNDB-based nutrient intake estimation at the population level. The list of nutrients studied in KTDS is expected to be expanded, allowing for intake estimation of nutrients with currently insufficient or absent information in the FNDBs in use.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2006

The isotope dilution method was used for the determination of Br impurity in $1000{\mu}g/g$ Cl standard solution. Since relatively pure KCl salt was used for the preparation of the Cl standard solution, the Br impurity determination suffers from both spectral and non-spectral interferences due to the presence of a large amount of K and Cl matrices. AG2-X8 anion-exchange resin was employed to separate the Br analyte from the matrices, and RF power was raised to 1500 W and nebulizer gas flow rate was lowered to 0.77 L/min to reduce background from the $ArArH^+$ molecular ions. The Br impurity in the $1000{\mu}g/g$ Cl standard solution was determined to be 43.7 ng/g with the standard addition method. The analytical result was in good agreement with 41.2 ng/g (RSD 1.6%) determined by the isotope dilution method to lower uncertainty from poor reproducibility of the anion-exchange process.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.128-135
• /
• 2009

This paper is the monitoring results of some heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury) in herbal medicines and their intake rates. The monitoring of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury was carried out on 600 samples with 60 kinds of herbal medicines. And the transfer ratio of heavy metals in the water-boiled drinks w as calculated. The results show that lead was detected over the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) in 10 samples (7 species). Cadmium was detected over the MRM in 69 samples (19 species). Arsenic was detected over the MRM in 3 samples (3 species). Mercury was detected over the MRM in 13 samples (10 species). We need continuously monitoring to ensure confidence and safety for these herbal medicines. In case of the water-boiled drink, average intake rates of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury are 9.77%, 6.72%, 26.1% and 6.79%, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.23-30
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted for comparison of ingredients, phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of Wofiporia extensa cultured in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsang-do, and Jeolla-do. Three contents of Wofiporia extensa were analyzed as oxygen (46~48%), carbon (38~39%), hydrogen (6.05~6.1%) and nitrogen (0.17~0.21%). The mineral contents of 50% ethanol Wofiporia extensa extracts were measured as sulfur (S) 145~149 ppm, Magnesium (Mg) 69~72 ppm, phosphorus (P) 122~154 ppm and calcium (Ca) 210.61~509.98 ppm. Wofiporia extensa from Gyeongsang-do (509.98 ppm) contained a significantly higher quantity of Ca than that from Gangwon-do (210.62 ppm) and Jeolla-do (223.88 ppm). In the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, oleic acid was identified in three 50% ethanol Wofiporia extensa extracts. In the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay for antioxidant activity, the $IC_{50}$ values of Wofiporia extensa cultured in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do were calculated as 2.966 mg/mL, 23.03 mg/mL, and 4.16 mg/mL and 3.521 mg/mL, 12.17 mg/mL, and 7.40 mg/mL. In the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, the $IC_{50}$ values of Wofiporia extensa cultured in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsang-do, Jeolla-do were 6.585 mg/mL, 19.06 mg/mL, and 18.97 mg/mL, respectively. In summary, Wofiporia extensa cultured in Gangwon-do had stronger antioxidant activity and higher concentration of oleic acid than that of Geyongsang-do and Jeolla-do. However, Wofiporia extensa cultured in Geyongsang-do contained a much higher concentration of Ca than that of Gangwon-do and Jeolla-do.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.392-404
• /
• 2015

Objectives: This study measured and analyzed the concentrations of crystalline silica, elemental carbon and the contribution ratio of pollutants which influence environmental and respiratory disease around the Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex in Daegu, Korea. Methods: We analyzed the crystalline silica and elemental carbon in the air according to FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and NIOSH(National Institute of Occupation Safety and Health) method 5040, respectively. In addition, lead stable isotopes, and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes were analyzed using MC-ICP/MS(Multi Collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometer), and IRMS(Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer), respectively. Results: The concentration of crystalline silica in the direct exposure area around the Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex was found to be $0.0014{\pm}0.0005mg/Sm^3$, but not to exceed the exposure standards of the ACGIH(American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). In the case of the autumn, the direct exposure area was found to show a level 2.5 times higher than the reference area, and on the whole, the direct exposure area was found to have a level 1.4 times higher than the reference area. The concentration of elemental carbon in the direct exposure area and in the reference area were found to be $0.0014{\pm}0.0006mg/Sm^3$, and $0.0006{\pm}0.0003mg/Sm^3$, respectively. This study confirmed the contribution ratio of coal raw materials to residentially deposited dusts in the area within 500 meters from the Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex and the surrounding area with a stable isotope ratio of 24.0%(0.7-62.7%) on average in the case of carbon and nitrogen, and 33.9%(26.6-54.1%) on average in the case of lead stable isotopes. Conclusions: This study was able to confirm correlations with coal raw materials used by the Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex and the surrounding area. The concentration of some pollutants, crystalline silica, and elemental carbon emitted to the direct-influence area around the Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were relatively higher than in the reference area. Therefore, we need to impose continuous and substantive reduction countermeasures in the future to prevent particulate matter and coal raw materials in the study area. It is time for the local government and authorities to prepare active administrative methods such as the relocation of Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.562-570
• /
• 2019

The heavy metal concentrations in dried seafoods commonly consumed in Gyeonggi-do were analyzed. Concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) were measured in 95 samples with an inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and an Hg analyzer. The average concentration [mean±SD(minimum-maximum) mg/kg] of heavy metals were as follows: Pb 0.062±0.071(0.002-0.428), Cd 0.083±0.100(0.004-0.540), Hg 0.012±0.012(N.D-0.054) and Se 0.839±0.371(0.362-2.124). All the levels were below the recommended standards of the MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety). In the comparison of heavy metal content by anchovy size, it was shown that mercury was significantly higher in large anchovy (P<0.05). Selenium levels were found to differ significantly in small anchovy and large anchovy (P<0.05). Pb, Cd and Hg were significantly higher in Tiger prawn among shrimp (P<0.05). The heavy metal and selenium levels of anchovy and shad were highest in the intestine. However, the heavy metal and selenium levels of shrimp were highest in the head. In addition, weekly (monthly) intake of mercury and cadmium from dried seafoods was found to be 0.712% and 2.978% of PTW(M)I (Provisional Tolerable Weekly(Monthly) Intake) respectively. Therefore, it was found that dried seafoods were safe for consumption.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.417-424
• /
• 2015

In this study, the relationship between selenoprotein concentrations in blood and stomach cancer have been searched for Korean. The concentration of each selenoprotein in blood serum was analyzed and the correlation between the concentration and stomach cancer was studied to find a potential for using Selenium as a biomarker. In concentration determination, a simple calibration curve method was used with the monitoring of m/z 78 without the use of solid phase extraction. This is a lot more simple than the method using SPE with post column isotope dilution. The result obtained from the analysis of CRM BCR-637, 72.20±3.35 ng·g⁻¹, showed similar value of reference value (81±7 ng·g⁻¹). The total concentration of Se for the controlled group, cardiovascular patients group, was 105.70±21.20 ng·g⁻¹. This value was the same as normal healthy person reported earlier. Each selenoprotein concentration of GPx, SelP and SeAlb was 26.12±7.84, 65.15±14.50, 14.43±6.99 ng·g⁻¹, respectively. The distribution of each selenoprotein was 24.7%, 61.6%, and 13.7%, which was similar to the normal person. The result of stomach cancer patients, the total concentration of Se was 76.11±28.12 ng·g⁻¹ and each concentration of GPx, SelP and SeAlb was 15.41±9.01, 50.83±17.91, and 9.87±5.21 ng·g⁻¹, respectively. The total and each selenoprotein concentration level showed significant decrease for the stomach cancer patients. The level of decrease was 41.0% for GPx, 22.0% for SelP, and 31.6% for SeAlb. However, the distribution of each selenoprotein was not much different. Either total Selenium or each selenoprotein could be used as a possible index for the diagnosis of cancer. However, in age group study, it is shown that young age group (30's-40's) did not show much difference.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.257-267
• /
• 2014

The distributions of trace metals in the East Sea were investigated during the R/V Lavrentyev cruise (July 2009) in which four transects from Russia shore to South were conducted to collect 25 surface water samples. The total dissolved concentrations of Cu and Ni were measured using ICP-MS, DRC-e. In the coastal area, their concentrations of Russia shore (Cu, 1.51; Ni, 1.82 nM) were 1.9 times for Cu and 2.0 times for Ni lower than Korea shore (Cu, 2.87; Ni, 3.71 nM). In the subregion, their concentrations of Warm region (Cu, 3.03; Ni, 2.28 nM) were higher for Cu than Cold region (Cu, 2.04; Ni, 2.28 nM). The distributions of Cu and Ni concentrations were divided by lowest level at $10^{\circ}C$ of water temperature. In this study period, the surface water temperatures of Russia shore and Japan basin were lower than $10^{\circ}C$ and them of Ulleung basin and Sakhalin shore were higher. Below $10^{\circ}C$, Cu and Ni concentrations increased when surface water temperatures decreased. Above $10^{\circ}C$, their concentrations increased with temperature, which showed highest concentrations in the Ulleung basin, directly influenced by flux from East Korean Warm Current. By comparing with other sea areas (Western Mediterranean, Atlantic), Cu concentrations in the East Sea were a little higher and Ni concentrations were lower. Particularly as the level of Cu in the offshore in the Ulleung basin were higher than in the coastal area, We can suggest that the atmospheric flux of Cu is relatively important in this area.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.89-101
• /
• 2003

River deposits and farmland soils were analyzed to investigate the pollution level of heavy metals in the vicinity of the Goro abandoned Zn-mine. Surface (0-40 cm) and subsurface (40-100 cm) soils were collected around a main river located at the lower part of the Goro mine, and analyzed by ICP-MS for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr after 0. 1N HCI extraction and by AAS for As after IN HCI extraction. Concentrations of cadmium and lead at the surface river deposits close to the mine were over the Soil Pollution Warning Limit (SPWL), and 43% of sample sites (6 of 14 samples) were over SPWL for As suggesting that river deposits were broadly contaminated by arsenic. Results from farmland soil analysis showed that surface soils were contaminated by heavy metals, while only arsenic was over SPWL at 50% of sampling sites. Main pollution mechanism around the Goro mine was the discharge of mine tailing and waste rocks from the storage site to the river and to adjacent farmland during flood season. Pollution Grades for sample locations were prescribed by the Law of Soil Environmental Preservation, suggesting that the pollution level of heavy metals around the Goro mine was serious, and the remediation operation fur arsenic and the isolation of mine tailing and waste rocks from river and farmland should be activated to protect further contamination. The area needed to clean up was estimated from pollution distribution data and the remediation methods such as a soil washing method and a soil improvement method were considered as the further remediation operation for arsenic contaminated soils and river deposits around the Goro abandoned mine.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.525-531
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to examine the contents of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) in meat and meat products in Korea. The contents of Pb, Cd, As, and Hg in 466 samples of beef, pork, chicken, duck, ham, and sausage were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or a mercury analyzer. Wet ashing and microwave method were compared, and the recovery and reproducibility of the microwave method were better than those of wet ashing for meat and meat products. The recovery of the microwave method was 98.1% for Pb, 104.6% for Cd, and 103.4% for As, respectively. The best result was obtained through digestion using an acid mixture ($HNO_3$/$H_2O_2$, 6:2). Hg content was measured using a mercury analyzer. As a result, the contents of Hg and Cd in samples were lower than those of Pb and As. The average contents of Pb were 0.009 mg/kg in beef, 0.010 mg/kg in pork, 0.006 mg/kg in chicken, 0.007 mg/kg in duck, 0.005 mg/kg in ham, and 0.009 mg/kg in sausage. The average Cd contents were 0.0004 mg/kg in beef, 0.0004 mg/kg in pork, 0.0005 mg/kg in chicken, 0.0012 mg/kg in duck, 0.0015 mg/kg in ham, and 0.0019 mg/kg in sausage. The average As contents were 0.016 mg/kg in beef, 0.004 mg/kg in pork, 0.021 mg/kg in chicken, 0.010 mg/kg in duck, 0.014 mg/kg in ham, and 0.018 mg/kg in sausage. The average Hg contents were 0.713 ${\mu}g/kg$ in beef, 0.902 ${\mu}g/kg$ in pork, 0.710 ${\mu}g/kg$ in chicken, 0.796 ${\mu}g/kg$ in duck, 1.141 ${\mu}g/kg$ in ham, and 1.052 ${\mu}g/kg$ in sausage. Based on the results of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2005, the levels of dietary exposure to heavy metal contaminants in meat and meat products were compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake(PTWI) established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The average dietary exposure of the general population from meat and meat products was 0.03-0.2% of PTWI for Pb, Cd, As, and Hg, which indicates a safe level for public health at present.