• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.25-33
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• 2013

Objectives : To assess the test-retest reliability and the intratest repeatability in measuring the cervical range of motion of healthy subjects with wireless microelectromechanical system inertial measurement unit(MEMS-IMU) system and to discuss the feasibility of this system in the clinical setting to evaluate the cervical spine musculoskeletal. Methods : 12 healthy people who were evaluated as no- or mild-disability with neck disability index were participated. Their cervical motion were measured with IMU twice in consecutive two days for the test-retest reliability study. Intratest repeatability was calculated in the two tests separately. The calculated intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC) were discussed and compared with the those of the previous studies. Results : Cervical range of motion data were acquired and statistically processed: left rotation($61.64^{\circ}$), right rotation($65.12^{\circ}$), extension($61.98^{\circ}$), flexion($52.81^{\circ}$), left bending($39.31^{\circ}$), right bending($41.08^{\circ}$). ICCs were 0.77~0.98(intratest repeatability) and 0.74~0.93 (test-retest reliability) in the primary motion. In the coupling motion, intratest repeatability ICCs were 0.93~ 0.99(transverse primary plane), 0.88~0.97(saggital primay plane), and 0.77~0.93(coronal primary plane). Test-retest reliability of coupling motion were 0.90~0.97(transverse primary plane), 0.00~0.72(saggital primary plane), and 0.04~0.76(coronal primary plane). Conclusions : Several types of range-of-motion devices are now on use in many fields including medicine, but the practicality of the devices in clinical use is questionable for the convenient and economical aspects. In this study, we presented the reliability of cervical range of motion test with the developed wireless MEMS-IMU system and discussed its potential utility in clinical use.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of measuring the size of unerupted permanent tooth via cone beam computed tomography(CBCT). Ten children were scanned with dental CBCT, and 3-dimensional reconstruction of the dentitions were generated CBCT. Mesio-distal dimension and buccolingual dimension of the teeth were made directly on the model with a high-precision digitalcaliper and on the CBCT by using three-dimensional dental imaging software. Reliability and accuracy were assessed by using intraclass correlation and paired $t$-tests. ($p$ <0.05) The results were as follows : 1. Intraclass correlations were above 0.9 for Both the CBCT and the model measurements, showinghigh reliability. 2. Although there were high correlation values(r=0.91) between CBCT and model messurement methods, comparisons between the CBCT and model messurement methods showed a statistically significant difference($p$ <0.05). 3. The CBCT measurements tended to slightly underestimate by 0.2 mm. But, the systematic difference of CBCT measurements were clinically acceptable Therefore, CBCT measurement method can be used to measure the size of unerupted teeth in a sufficiently accurate way.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2016

Purpose: To analyze the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) diffusion-weighted (DW) PSIF (reversed FISP [fast imaging with steady-state free precession]) sequence in order to evaluate peripheral nerves in the elbow. Materials and Methods: Ten normal, asymptomatic volunteers were enrolled (6 men, 4 women, mean age 27.9 years). The following sequences of magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the elbow were obtained using a 3.0-T machine: 3D DW PSIF, 3D T2 SPACE (sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution) with SPAIR (spectral adiabatic inversion recovery) and 2D T2 TSE (turbo spin echo) with modified Dixon (m-Dixon) sequence. Two observers used a 5-point grading system to analyze the image quality of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of each nerve were measured. We compared 3D DW PSIF images with other sequences using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test and Friedman test. Inter-observer agreement was measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis. Results: The mean 5-point scores of radial, median, and ulnar nerves in 3D DW PSIF (3.9/4.2/4.5, respectively) were higher than those in 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR (1.9/2.8/2.8) and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon (1.7/2.8/2.9) sequences (P < 0.05). The mean SNR in 3D DW PSIF was lower than 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR, but there was no difference between 3D DW PSIF and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon in all of the three nerves. The mean CNR in 3D DW PSIF was lower than 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon in the median and ulnar nerves, but no difference among the three sequences in the radial nerve. Conclusion: The three-dimensional DW PSIF sequence may be feasible to evaluate the peripheral nerves around the elbow in MR imaging. However, further optimization of the image quality (SNR, CNR) is required.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.474-483
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate difference of child's dental fear and agreement between parent/child dyads according to parental rearing style. The subjects were 801 children aged 8 and 11-year old and their parents in Jeonju city. The parents were asked to answer a questionnaire which included four parental rearing style and the Children's Fear Survey Schedule - Dental Subscale(CFSS-DS) at home. Also, the CFSS-DS was completed by 8 and 11 years old children in a classroom. Authoritative, permissive, authoritarian and neglectful parenting styles were 53.4%, 45.8%, 0.2% and 0.6% respectively. Authoritative and permissive parents reported 5.7 and 7.5 points higher than dental fear scores reported by their children. At 8 years old, children of authoritative parents were significantly 3.9 points higher than them of permissive parents(p = 0.002). Also, parent/child dyads showed moderate agreement assessing dental fear at aged 8. Parenting styles are related to children's dental fear, and especially 8-year-old girls in authoritative parenting styles have the highest dental fear. However, as age increased, the impact of parental styles on children's dental fear decreased.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.135-144
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to revalidate the 'Hospital Violence Attitude Scale-18 (HVAS-18) in clinical nurses'. 150 clinical nurses from three general hospitals in two cities participated in this study. Data were collected from March to April in 2017. The collected data were analyzed using factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's alpha. The final HVAS-14 consisted of fourteen items and four factors emerged, which explained 74.1% of the total variance. These four factors were labeled: Factor 1 (3 items) 'awareness' which explained 20.3%; Factor 2 (4 items) 'response' which explained 20.2%; Factor 3 (3 items) 'reaction' which explained 15.5%; and Factor 4 (4 items) 'result' which explained 15.4%. The internal consistency and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), as measured by Cronbach's alpha, were both .87, and the reliability of the subscales ranged from .78 to .86. The results of this study indicate that HVAS-14 is a useful, reliable and valid instrument to measure the hospital violence attitude of clinical nurses.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.137-148
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate of practicum by using standardized patient(SP) for nursing assessment. Method: This study had 2 steps. The 1st-step was pre-intervention stage including selection of a learning title, formation of case scenario, training of SP and developing the evaluation tools for students' clinical competence to assessment, 6 categories 29 items. The 2nd-step consisted of intervention and evaluation stages. 34 nursing students divided 2 groups participated in assessing the SP. Evaluation of each group was performed by 2 nursing professors. All students recorded their feelings after assessing the SP. The SP also evaluated about nursing students' attitude toward the SP. Results: ICC(Interclass correlation coefficient) between 2 groups was over 0.7 all categories. Students' assessing score(range 0-1) was muscular-joint function status(0.41), nutritional status(0.39), history taking(0.38), IADL(0.18), ADL(0.15), and emotional status (0.07). The mean scores of the nursing students' attitude by SP was 4.03(range 1-6). Also most students showed positive reactions to the education using SP because they had the chance to experience what they could not practice in clinical setting. Conclusion: The evaluation tool revealed high reliability. Nursing students' clinical competence was below average. But they took a good attitude to SP. We recommended further research using SP with various disease.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.77-92
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• 2019

Objective : This study aims to obtain the validation of Korean version of HOME FAST using the translation-back translation process and to evaluate the reliability. Methods : Total three stages were conducted which includes forward translation to Korean, test for degree of understanding of translated version, back translation to English, and then review and proof reading process. 21 occupational therapists were participated in the evaluation of understanding of Korean-translated HOME FAST, then some of expressions were modified for better understanding. Korean version was went through back-translation to English. Similarity between the original version and re-translated version were evaluated. Total 75 data from community dwelling elderly group were collected to assess internal consistency. Two occupational therapists simultaneously evaluated for the inter-rater reliability. Results : 11 items of Korean-translated scale were responded as having confused meaning by occupational therapists. There was some modification on expression. In the evaluation of similarity between original version and re-translated version, 3 items were selected as dissimilar items in terms of syntax and 6 items were selected in terms of semantic similarity. After the repetitive modification process, items were obtained conceptual equivalence between two different languages. Internal consistency was .62(KR20) (p<.01) and inter-rater reliability was .97(ICC) (p<.01). Conclusion : Korean version of HOME FAST was finalized through translation-retranslation process. The conceptual equivalence was established and Korean version showed highly reliable. In further study, The modification of items reflecting Korean house and life style should be conducted.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.167-173
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• 2019

The Cobey method and the modified Cobey method are most commonly used in clinical practice. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the radiological differences between Cobey and modified Cobey and provide radiographic information about changes of hindfoot image with X-ray entrance center and tube angle change in modified Cobey. This study was performed on foot and ankle phantom. First, for image comparison of Cobey and modified Cobey, the images obtained by applying the same X-ray entrance center to the ankle joint were compared and analyzed. Second, in the modified Cobey, the X-ray entrance center is set as ankle joint and lateral malleolus. The X-ray tube angle was varied from $10^{\circ}$ to $40^{\circ}$ at $5^{\circ}$ intervals for each X-ray entrance center. The images obtained by varying the X-ray tube angle from $10^{\circ}$ to $40^{\circ}$ at intervals of $5^{\circ}$ for each X-ray entrance center were compared and analyzed. The irradiation conditions were the same with 110 kVp, 200 mA, 10 ms, and 110 cm of source - image receptor distance (SID). Image evaluation was performed by two radiologists. Measurements were made on the lateral point, middle point, and calcaneus width based on a hypothetical line parallel to the calcaneal tuberosity. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics as the mean of the distance to each measurement location. The modified Cobey was longer than the Cobey by an average of 3 to 4 mm lateral and medial points, and the calcaneus width was similar (ICC = 0.939). In modified Cobey method, when the X-ray entrance center is ankle joint, the lateral point is about 3 mm and the medial point is about 4.3 mm longer than lateral malleolus. Also, when the X-ray tube angle is more than $20^{\circ}$, the degree of distortion is large. The ICCs for the lateral, medial point, and calcaneus width were 0.998, 0.961, and 0.997, respectively, as the X-ray entrance center and tube angle were changed. There was no significant difference between Modified Cobey and Cobey. Modified Cobey showed no need to compensate the $20^{\circ}$ detector angle of the Cobey. In addition, we suggest that tube angle should be limited within $20^{\circ}$ when modified Cobey is performed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.36-49
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• 2018

Objective : The purpose of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Korean version of Life Balance Inventory (K-LBI) and to present the relationship between life balance and sensory processing. Methods : K-LBI was constructed through forward and backward translation. Convergent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were tested for college students. To verify convergent validity, correlation analyses between K-LBI and Korean version of Perceived Stress Scale, Korean version of Satisfaction With Life Scale, and Adult Self Report-Achenbach system of empirically based assessment were performed. Split-half reliability and test-retest reliability were also obtained for reliability verification. We performed the correlation analysis between K-LBI and Korean version of Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile. Results : A significant correlation was found between K-LBI and the scales for convergent validity. A favorable split-half reliability and test-retest reliability were calculated. The positive correlations were found between relationship life balance and sensory sensitivity/sensation avoiding quadrants. The negative correlation was found between challenges life balance and low registration. Conclusion : This study shows that K-LBI is a valid and reliable tool in Korea. It also provides an in-depth understanding of the relationship between life balance and sensory processing.

• Journal of Platform Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.38-45
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• 2021

A frequently used bioimpedance analytical method in Korea is the segmental multi-frequency BIA (SMF-BIA) method, but it is not directly determined at a segmented impedance. This study was to compare SMF-BIA determinations with direct segmented determinations for accuracy and appropriateness of segment parameters. This study is to compare the segment parameters, accuracy and appropriateness of the multi-frequency segmental bioimpedance analysis. To this end, 108 elderly individuals were measured. Segmented bioelectrical measurements obtained from a SMF-BIA (Inbody S10) at 50 kHz and measured with a phase sensitive single frequency device (SF-BIA, bia-101, RJL / akern systems) were compared. The significant difference (%) was demonstrated between single - and multiple frequency determinations of the right upper limb (R = 35.5 ± 6.2%, P < 0.001; Xc = 2.7 ± 7.6%, P < 0.01), left upper limb difference (R= 33. 9 ± 6.0%, P < 0.001; Xc = 2.8 ± 8.3%, P < 0.01), right lower limb difference (R = 18.6 ± 4.3%, P < 0.001; Xc = 25.8 ± 10.0%, P < 0.001), left lower limb difference (R = 18.0 ± 4.7%, P < 0.001; Xc = 31.8%). Of the results determined with the two BIA methods, the impedance measurements of the limbs and whole body showed a high correlation (RA: R = 0. 950, LA: R = 0. 949, RL: R = 0.899, LL: R = 0.88), and in the agreement test, the impedance values of the upper limbs and whole body also showed strong agreement (ICC > 0.9), but in the Xc, the correlation was weak. In conclusion, it was found that although bioimpedance devices had significantly different characteristics and inconsistent cross sectionally, there was a high population level agreement in the upper and lower extremities in determining segmental resistance value changes. But a large error was found on the trunk. Further studies were needed for reducing the error.