• Journal of Breast Disease
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.35-38
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• 2018

Purpose: The eighth American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for breast cancer was recently published to more accurately predict the prognosis by adding biomarkers such as estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. However, this system is very complicated and difficult to use by clinicians. The authors developed a program to aid in setting up the staging system and confirmed its usefulness by applying it to theoretical combinations and actual clinical data. Methods: The program was developed using the Microsoft Excel Macro. It was used for the anatomic, clinical and pathological prognostic staging of 588 theoretical combinations. The stages were also calculated the stages using 840 patients with breast cancer without carcinoma in situ or distant metastasis who did not undergo preoperative chemotherapy. Results: The anatomic, clinical and pathological prognostic stages were identical in 240 out of 588 theoretical combinations. In the actual patients' data, stages IB and IIIB were more frequent in clinical and pathological prognostic stages than in the anatomic stage. The anatomic stage was similar to the clinical prognostic stage in 58.2% and to the pathological prognostic stage in 61.9% of patients. Oncotype DX changed the pathological prognostic stage in 2.1% of patients. Conclusion: We developed a program for the new American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system that will be useful for clinical prognostic prediction and large survival data analysis.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.208-215
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• 2003

This study measured body composition and muscular strength, to examine their relationship, using the Bioelectrical Impedance (IB) method and biodex system3, respectively, in 44 healthy male(20) and female(24) university students. 1. Muscular strength of the upper extremities correlated significantly with fat-free mass(FFM) with $r=.604{\sim}.630$ and intracellular fluid(ICF) with $r=.672{\sim}.668$ in males and FFM with $r=.416{\sim}.552$, ICF with $r=.432{\sim}.564$ and extracellular fluid(ECF) with $r=.429{\sim}.463$ in females. 2. Muscular strength of the lower extremities correlated significantly with FFM with $r=.522{\sim}.785$, ICF with $r=.501{\sim}.739$ and ECF with $r=.498{\sim}.796$ in males and FFM with $r=.642{\sim}.660$, ICF with $r=.627{\sim}.671$ and ECF with $r=.572{\sim}.623$ in females. 3. Muscular strength of the trunk correlated with FFM with $r=.595$, ICF with $r=.627$, ECF with $r=.448$ in males, but did not correlate significantly with body composition in females. These results suggest that total body water(TBW) and ICF may be factors directly associated with muscular strength as well as physical fitness.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.1011-1018
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• 2011

Aflatoxin-contaminated feed cause mortality, suppression of the immune system, reduced growth rates and losses in feed efficiency. This research study was planned to investigate the immunomodulatory and growth promoting effect of milk thistle as feed additive against aflatoxin $B_1$ in broiler chicks at NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Two hundred and forty (240) day old broilers chicks were randomly assigned into four major groups AfF, aflatoxin free feed; Aflatoxin $B_1$ was present in the feed at the levels of 80-520 ${\mu}g/kg$ of the feed in the remaining three groups. Aflatoxin contaminated feed was provided for 5 weeks. Group AfB was supplemented with toxin binder "Mycoad" at 3 g/kg of feed and group AfT was supplemented with milk thistle at10 g/kg of feed. Each group was further sub divided into two sub-groups, vaccinated against ND (Newcastle disease), IB (Infectious bronchitis) and IBD (Infectious bursal diseases) according to recommended schedule of vaccination or non vaccinated. Each sub group carried three replicates with 10 chicks per replicate. Chicks were reared in pens in an open sided house. Supplementary heat was provided to all the chicks during brooding period. Mean body weight gain and dressing percentage were significantly (p<0.05) higher in group AfF, followed by AfT, AfB and Af. Weight gain and dressing percentage was the same in group AfB and AfT, while it was significantly lower in group Af. Feed intake, breast, thigh and leg weight were found significantly (p<0.05) higher in group AfF, followed by AfB, AfT and Af. Significantly lower (better) FCR value was recorded in group AfT. Water intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group AfT and AfF as compared to other groups. Mortality was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group Af. Mean bursa and thymus weights were found significantly (p<0.05) higher in group AfF, AfB and AfT followed by Af, while higher spleen weight was recorded in group AfT. Mean antibody titer against ND, IB and IBD was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group AfT, as compared to other groups. It is concluded that milk thistle at 10 g/kg of feed could effectively be utilized as immunostimulant and growth promotant in the presence of immunosuppressant aflatoxin $B_1$ in the feed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.484-484
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• 2022

서식지적합도지수(Habitat Suitability Index, HSI)는 어류의 환경생태유량(Environmental Ecological Flow) 산정과 관련해 국내외에서 PHABSIM (Physical Habitat Simulation System)이나 River2D 모형과 같은 생태수리 모형에 적용되고 있으며, 특히 물리적서식지모의시스템은 흐름특성(유량유속, 수심 등)의 변화에 대한 하도구간 내 대표어종의 물리적 서식지 변화를 예측하여 대상 어종에 대한 가용서식지면적(어류가 살 수 있는 서식지 면적, Weighed Usable Area, WUA)유량 관계를 통해 서식에 필요한 최적 유량을 산정하는 데 목적이 있다. 물리적 서식지적합도지수 산정과 화학적 서식지적합도지수 산정방법은 WDFW (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2004)방법과 IFASG (Instream Flow and Aquatic Systems Group, 1986)의 방법으로 산정하였다. 섬진강에서 2020년에는 3개지점, 2021년에는 2020년 3개지점과 새로운 3개지점에 대하여 각각 4, 5, 6, 9, 10 및 11월에 어류 조사 및 물리적 조건 등에 대하여 현장 모니터링을 실시하였다. 2차년도 동안 모니터링 결과 섬진강에서는 줄납자루, 섬진자가사리, 참중고기, 참몰개, 잉어, 붕어, 칼납자루, 큰납지리, 누치, 모래무지, 피라미, 치리, 블루길, 배스 14종에 대하여 물리적 및 화학적 HSI를 산정하였다. 주요종의 WDFW 방법에 따른 큰줄납자루는 수심 0.3~0.6 m, 유속 0.1~0.4 m/s, 섬진자가사리는 수심 0.2~0.5 m, 유속 0.3~0.7 m/s, 참중고기는 수심 0.4~0.8 m, 유속 0.1~0.6 m/s, 피라미는 수심 0.3~0.7 m, 유속 0.1~0.5 m/s로 산정되었다. IFASG 방법으로 큰줄납자루는 섬진강에서는 수심 0.64 m에서 최대의 출현도를 보였으며, HSI는 0.46~0.83 m, 유속은 0.59 m/s에서 최대의 출현도를 보였고, HSI는 0.38~0.83 m/s, 하상기질의 선호도는 평균입경(𝚽m) -1.14(grevel)에서 최대의 출현도를 보였으며, HSI -3.35~0.65(grevel~sand)로 산정되었다. 화학적 HSI 산정결과 큰줄납자루는 BOD는 1.0 mg/L에서 최대 출현도를 보였고, HSI는 0.7~1.2 mg/L, T-N은 0.925 mg/L에서 최대 출현도를 보이며 HSI는 0.604~1.277 mg/L, T-P는 0.028 mg/L에서 최대 출현도를 보이며 HSI는 0.021~0.034 mg/L, SS는 3.6 mg/L에서 최대 출현도를 보이며, HSI는 2.1~5.2 mg/L의 범위로 산정되었다. 산정된 범위는 환경부 생활환경기준 BOD 매우좋음(Ia)~좋음(Ib), T-P 매우좋음(Ia)~좋음(Ib) 등급으로 각각 확인되었다. 본 과제는 3차년(2022년)이 아직 남아 있어 HSI에 대하여 약간 보정이 있을 것이며, 최종 HSI가 산정이 되면 향후 환경적 기능을 고려한 중장기 정부 정책의 활용성 높은 기초자료가 될 것이다.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.45-49
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• 2016

An UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS analytical method was developed for cyclopeptide alkaloids in the seeds of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Semen Ziziphi Spinosae), which is a commonly used herb in Chinese and Korean traditional medicines. Considering the basicity of cyclopeptide alkaloids, a specific separation method was developed for an UHPLC system. The compounds were detected by DAD and ESI-qTOF-MS, and their fragmentation patterns were also acquired by MS^E technologies. Peak-picking of major compounds was performed with nine previously isolated compounds and two reference standard compounds. Tandem MS fragmentation behaviors of type-Ia and -Ib cyclopeptide alkaloids were investigated with the acquired data to develop a strategy for dereplication of other cyclopeptide alkaloid compounds in Z. jujuba var. spinosa. Two more cyclopeptide alkaloids were tentatively identified with UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS using this method.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.42 no.1 s.139
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• pp.24-33
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• 2005

It is important to understand the flow characteristics around two sails of a sloop yacht. In this paper a computational aerodynamic investigation is performed over sail-like airfoils similar to the main and iIb sails of a 30 feet sailing yacht. Lift and drag are calculated for various conditions of slit distance between the two sails and overlapped length of the jib sail. The thrust and CE(center of effort) of the sail system are obtained. It is found that the combination of two sails produces the thrust force larger than the sum of the thrust force of each sail standing separately and the slit distance of the two sails are important factor to increase lift force.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.44-53
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• 2012

Immersed boundary method(IBM) is a numerical scheme proposed to simulate flow field around complex objectives using simple Cartesian grid system. In the previous studies, the IBM has mostly been implemented to fractional step method based Navier-Stokes solvers. In this study, we implement the IBM to an incompressible Navier-Stokes solver which uses SIMPLE algorithm. The weight coefficients of the bi-linear and quadratic interpolation equations were formulated by using only geometric information of boundary to reconstruct velocities near IB. Flow around 2D circular cylinder at Re=40 and 100 was solved by using these formulations. It was found that the pressure buildup was not observed even when the bi-linear interpolation was adopted. The use of quadratic interpolation made the predicted aerodynamic forces in good agreement with those of previous studies. For an analysis of moving boundary, we smulated an oscillating circular cylinder with Re=100 and KC(Keulegan-Carpenter) number of 5. The predicted flow fields were compared with experimental data and they also showed good agreements.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate exposure level, size distribution, and respirable mass fraction of airborne coal dust and heavy metal concentration of respirable coal dust at each work site in coal briquet factory from July 1991 to September 1991. Geometric mean of total dust concentration was 10.88mg/m$^{3}$ at storage shop, 8.22mg/m$^{3}$ at pulverize shop, and 3.79mg/m$^{3}$ at rotary press shop, respectively, but those at storage and pulverize shop were higher than TLV. Geometric mean of respirable coal dust concentration wat 1.03mg/m$^{3}$ at storage shop, 0.78mg/m$^{3}$ at pulverize shop, and 0.55mg/m$^{3}$ at rotary press shop, respectively, which were lower than TLV Aerodynamic 50% cutoff diameter of the suspended coal dust was 5$\mu$m at rotary press shop and 6.8$\mu$m at storage shop, ranged to thoracic particulate defined by ACGIH, and deposited in the region of repiratory system. The mass fraction rate of respirable dust to the total coal dust was 26.2% at rotary press shop, 18.8% at storage shop, and 13.8% at pulverize shop, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations of the respirable coal dust were 0.028mg/m$^{3}$ ib Fe, 0.0081mg/m$^{3}$ in Cu, and 0.0039mg/m$^{3}$ in Pb.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.77.4-78
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• 2016

Binary interactions may have significant impact on Pop III stellar evolution. Pop III single star evolution indicates that for primary masses less than $20M_{\odot}$, no significant binary mass transfer would occur before core helium exhaustion. We perform binary system evolution for various primary masses ($20M_{\odot}$ < $M_1$ < $60M_{\odot}$) and initial periods under same mass ratio $M_2/M_1=0.9$, and follow the evolution and mass transfer of the primary star. If binary mass transfer occurs during post main sequence, the primary star does not evolve into naked helium star and still contain significant hydrogen in the envelope. During the post mass transfer phase, the primary star evolves redward, and does not become sufficiently hot to enhance the number of ionizing photons, compared to the case of single star evolution for a given initial mass. This result implies that primary stars of massive Pop III binary systems would have little contribution to the reionization in the early universe. Given the large hydrogen content ($0.326-1.793M_{\odot}$), the primary stars that underwent stable mass transfers would explode as a Type IIb supernova, and it would be difficult for Pop III binary stars to produce Type Ib/c supernovae that look similar to those found in the local universe.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.400-400
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated liquid crystal (LC) alignment with ion beam (IB) that non contact alignment technique on polyimide and electro-optical characteristics of twisted nematic (TN)-liquid crystal display (LCD) on the polyimide under various ion beam angles. In this experiment, polyimide layer was coated on glass by spin-coating and Voltage-transmittance(VT) and response time characteristics of the TN cell were measured by a LCD evaluation system. The good characteristics of the nematic liquid crystal (NLC) alignment with the ion beam exposured polyimide surface was observed. In addition, it can be achieved the good EO properties, and residual DC property of the ion beam aligned TN cell on polyimide surface.