• Title/Summary/Keyword: I-131

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Evaluation of Therapeutic Effect with Serum Thyroglobulin and Whole Body Scan after 200mCi $^{131}I$ Treatment in Patients with Well-Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma (전이성 분화 갑상선암에서 200mCi 방사성 옥소 치료효과 평가를 위한 혈청 Thyroglobulin 추적검사와 전신스캔의 의의)

  • Lee, Chang-Hee;Yoon, Jong-Kil;Jeong, Sang-Hoon;Kwu, Gyo-Seon;Choi, Chang-Woon;Lim, Sang-Moo;Hong, Sung-Woon
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.451-459
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    • 1995
  • Thirty-eight patients with metastatic well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma treated with 200mCi $^{131}I$ were studied. There were false negative serum thyroglobulin values during TSH suppression or at anti-thyroglobulin antibody(+) and discrepancies between findings of whole body scan and serum thyroglobulin level. After one to five cycles of 200mCi $^{131}I$ therapy, complete remission and partial remission were achieved at 5.3% and 57.9%, respectively. We concluded that all of serum thyroglobulin, TSH, anti-thyroglobulin antibody, $^{131}I$ or $^{123}I$ whole body scan were necessary in follow up of metastatic well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Also, if there was no response after repetitive 200mCi $^{131}I$ therapy, higher doses of $^{131}I$ therapy should be considered.

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Studies on Preparation of $^{131}I$ Labelled m-Iodobenzylguanidine $(^{131}I-MIBG)$ for Adrenomedullary Imaging (부신수실 영상용 $^{131}I$ 표지 메타요오도벤질구아니딘 $(^{131}I-MIBC)$의 제조에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Kyung-Bae;Awh, Ok-Doo;Kim, Jae-Rok
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.101-107
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    • 1990
  • To develop $^{131}I-labelled$ m-iodobeneylguanidine $(^{131}I-MIBG)$, various experiments such as synthesis of MIBG, establishment of labelling conditions, determination of radiochemical purity, and examination of stability were carried out. 1) m-Iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) sulfate was synthesized with a total yield of 62.4% by the condensation of m-iodobenzylamine hydrochloride with cyanamide via MIBG bicarbonate. Its physical properties, IR, $^1H-NMR$, and elemental analysis data were nearly identical to those of literature. 2) Freeze-dried or vacuum-dried kit vials were prepared from the mixture so as to contain MIBG (2 mg), ascorbic acid (10 mg), copper (II) sulfate (0.14 mg), and tin (II) sulfate (0.5 mg) per vial. Copper ( I ) catalyzed radioiodination of MIBG was carried out using kit vials and 0.01 M $H_2SO_4$ as solvent at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min under nitrogen atmosphere (optimal conditions). Labelling yield was 98% and radiochemical purity was 99.5%, respectively. 3) Solid-phase radioiodination of MIBG was carried out at $155^{\circ}C$ for 30 min using the prepared vials to contain MIBG (2 mg) and ammonium sulfate (10 mg). Duplicate reactions under the same conditions showed labelling yield of 95% and radiochemical purity of 99.5%. 4) $^{131}I-MIBG$ prepared either by catalytic or by solid-phase exchange method showed radio-chemical purity of 99% even after 3 days storing at room temperature.

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Histopathological Studies of Mice after Administration of Radioactive Iodine($^{131}I$) (방사성동위원소옥소(放射性同位元素沃素)($^{131}I$)가 "마우스"의 주요장기(主要臟器)의 병리조직상(病理組織像)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Ro, Chae-Song;Lee, Mun-Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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    • v.1 no.2
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    • pp.85-97
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    • 1967
  • Histopathological changes of various organs of the mice after intra-peritoneal injections of radioactive iodine ($^{131}I$) were experimentally observed. Sixity healthy female mice, weighing average 25 gm, devided into 6 groups, were used. The various doses of $^{131}I$ were injected intraperitoneally at different intervals. The histopathological changes after these treatments were observed in organs such as thyroids, parathyroids, livers, kidneys and gonads. Following were the results; 1) Thyroid: In the group A given $^{131}I$ with a single dose of $10{\mu}C$ per gm body weight, it was observed that the protoplasms of follicular epithelial cells were destroyed, the nuclei were expanded or dissoluted, showing pyknotic changes of nuclei and vacuolizations of protoplasms. In the group B given $^{131}I$ with a single dose of $5{\mu}C$ per gm body weight, hyperemias, hemorrhages and hyaline degenerations in the whole area were observed. In the group C given $^{131}I$ with 3 doses of $2.5{\mu}C$ per gm body weight every week, the thyroid parenchyms were destroyed and epithelial cells of varing size were observed in the fibrinous tissues. In the group D given $^{131}I$ with 6 doses of $0.5{\mu}C$ per gm body weight every week, some destroyed follicles and new borne follicles were observed. But the histopathological changes resemble the follicles of the normal thyroid gland. In the group E and F given $^{131}I$ with 8 and 10 doses of $0.2{\mu}C\;and\;0.01{\mu}C$ for each group per gm body weight every two days, both pyknotic changes of nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuolizations of the follicular epithelia, hypertrophies of follicles and abnormal irregular follicular structures were observed, and in the group F, lymphocytes appeared around the thyroid glands. 2) Parathyroid: In the group A, hyperemia, proliferations of connective tissues, karyorrhexes and vacuolizations were observed. In other experimental groups, no particular pathological change was observed. 3) Liver: The degnerative changes and acute or chronic inflammatory changes were observed in proportion to the amount of $^{131}I$ injected. Atrophies of the liver cells, dilatations of sinusoids, hyaline degenerations and necrotic pictures were observed. 4) Kidney: In the group A, congestions and infiltrations of mononuclear cells and granulocytes were observed around the cortical arteries, and in the group B, the degenerative changes of cortexes, and, in the group C and D, hydronephrotic changes were observed respectively, and hyaline degenerations were partially observed. 5) Gonad: In the group A, the follicles were degenerated. The ova in the follicles showed irregular figures. The changes in the group B were almost the same as in the group A, but the changes were mild. In the group C, the destructions of whole ova, the hypertrophies of ovarian follicular membranes and pyknotic changes of nuclei were observed. In the group D, the pathological changes were similar to that of group C, but mild in the grade. In the group E, almost none of ovarian follicular fluid was observed, and in the group F, the tissue pictures were almost similar to that of the normal group.

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Evaluation of the Radioimmunotherapy Using I-131 labeled Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor2 Antibody in Melanoma Xenograft Murine Model (흑색종에서의 I-131표지 혈관내피세포성장인자 수용체2항체를 이용한 방사면역치료 평가)

  • Kim, Eun-Mi;Jeong, Hwan-Jeong;Park, Eun-Hye;Cheong, Su-Jin;Lee, Chang-Moon;Jang, Kyu-Yun;Kim, Dong-Wook;Lim, Seok-Tae;Sohn, Myung-Hee
    • Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.307-313
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    • 2008
  • Purpose: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor, fetal liver kinase 1 (Flk-1), play an important role in vascular permeability and tumor angiogenesis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of $^{131}I$ labeled anti-Flk-1 monoclonal antibody (DC101) on the growth of melanoma tumor, which is known to be very aggressive in vivo. Materials and Methods: Balb/c nude mice were injected subcutaneously with melanoma cells in the right flank. Tumors were allowed to grow up to $200-250\;mm^3$ in volume. Gamma camera imaging and biodistribution studies were performed to identify an uptake of $^{131}I$-DC101 in various organs. Mice with tumor were randomly divided into five groups (10 mice per group) and injected intravenously; control PBS (group 1), $^{131}I$-DC101 $50\;{\mu}g/mouse$ (group 2), non-labeled DC101 $50\;{\mu}g/mouse$ (group 3), $^{131}I$-DC101 $30\;{\mu}g/mouse$ (group 4) and $15\;{\mu}g/mouse$ (group 5) every 3 or 4 days for 20 days. Tumor volume was measured with caliper twice a week. Results: In gamma camera images, the uptake of $^{131}I$-DC101 into tumor and thyroid was increased with time. Biodistribution results showed that the radioactivity of blood and other major organ was gradually decreased with time whereas tumor uptake was increased up to 48 hr and then decreased. After 4th injection of $^{131}I$-DC101, tumor volume of group 2 and 4 was significantly smaller than that group 1. After 5th injection, the tumor volume of group 5 also significantly reduced. Conclusion: These results indicated that delivery of $^{131}I$ to tumor using FlK-1 antibody, DC101, effectively blocks tumor growth in aggressive melanoma xenograft model.

Mass Interception Fractions and Weathering Half-lives of Iodine-131 and Radiocesium in Leafy Vegetables Observed after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident

  • Tagami, Keiko;Uchida, Shigeo
    • Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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    • v.46 no.4
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    • pp.178-183
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    • 2021
  • Background: This study was carried out to provide environmental transfer parameter values to estimate activity concentrations of these radionuclides in agricultural crops when direct contamination occurred. Materials and Methods: Mass interception fractions (FBs) and weathering half-lives (Tws) of 131I and radiocesium were calculated using openly available monitoring data obtained after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. FB is the ratio between the initial radioactivity concentration of a radionuclide retained by the edible part of the plant (Bq·kg-1 fresh weight [FW]) and the amount of deposited radionuclide in that area (Bq·m-2). Tw values can be calculated using activity concentrations of crops decreased with time after the initial contamination. Results and Discussion: Calculated FB and Tw values for 131I and radiocesium were mostly obtained for leafy vegetables. The analytical results showed that there was no difference of FBs between 131I and radiocesium by t-test; geometric mean values for leafy vegetables cultivated under outdoor conditions were 0.058 and 0.12 m2·kg-1 FW, respectively. Geometric mean Tw value of 131I in leafy vegetables grown under outdoor conditions was 8.6 days, and that of radiocesium was 6.6 days; there was no significant difference between Tw values of these radionuclides by Wilcoxon rank sum test. Conclusion: There was no difference between 131I and radiocesium for FBs and Tws. By using these factors, we would be able to carry out a rough estimation of the activity concentrations of 131I and radiocesium in the edible part of leafy crops when a nuclear accident occurred.

A Study on Predictive Modeling of I-131 Radioactivity Based on Machine Learning (머신러닝 기반 고용량 I-131의 용량 예측 모델에 관한 연구)

  • Yeon-Wook You;Chung-Wun Lee;Jung-Soo Kim
    • Journal of radiological science and technology
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    • v.46 no.2
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    • pp.131-139
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    • 2023
  • High-dose I-131 used for the treatment of thyroid cancer causes localized exposure among radiology technologists handling it. There is a delay between the calibration date and when the dose of I-131 is administered to a patient. Therefore, it is necessary to directly measure the radioactivity of the administered dose using a dose calibrator. In this study, we attempted to apply machine learning modeling to measured external dose rates from shielded I-131 in order to predict their radioactivity. External dose rates were measured at 1 m, 0.3 m, and 0.1 m distances from a shielded container with the I-131, with a total of 868 sets of measurements taken. For the modeling process, we utilized the hold-out method to partition the data with a 7:3 ratio (609 for the training set:259 for the test set). For the machine learning algorithms, we chose linear regression, decision tree, random forest and XGBoost. To evaluate the models, we calculated root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) to evaluate accuracy and R2 to evaluate explanatory power. Evaluation results are as follows. Linear regression (RMSE 268.15, MSE 71901.87, MAE 231.68, R2 0.92), decision tree (RMSE 108.89, MSE 11856.92, MAE 19.24, R2 0.99), random forest (RMSE 8.89, MSE 79.10, MAE 6.55, R2 0.99), XGBoost (RMSE 10.21, MSE 104.22, MAE 7.68, R2 0.99). The random forest model achieved the highest predictive ability. Improving the model's performance in the future is expected to contribute to lowering exposure among radiology technologists.

Exchange Reaction Between Alkyl Iodides and $II^{131}$ in the Photolysis of Alkyl Iodides in Hydrocarbon (炭化水素內에서의 Alkyl Iodides의 光分解에서 $II^{131}$과 Alkyl Iodides 間의 交換反應)

  • Choi, Jae-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.43-45
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    • 1966
  • The rate of exchange of I atom between alkyl iodides(ethyl or methyl iodide) and $I_2$ in n-hexane have been determined using $II^{131}$. It is found that the escape of $CH_3$ radicals from a solvent cage is faster than $C_2H_5$ radicals and that photolysis of $C_2H_5I$ is almost identical to that in the case of $CH_3I$.

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Diagnosis and Treatment of the Recurrent Thyroid Cancer (갑상선 재발암의 진단과 치료에 대한 고찰)

  • Kwon O-Gyoung;Park Sung-Gil;Oh Sung-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.58-63
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    • 2000
  • Objectives: To demonstrate effective diagnostic method and proper management of recurrent thyroid cancer through to compare treatment and surveillance of $I^{131}$ scanning detected recurrence and clinically detected recurrence. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical information about 46 patients who has recurrent thyroid cancer of 298 patients who have been primarily operated due to thyroid cancer in PMC at the over 10 years between 1986 and 1995. We examine incidence of recurrence due to pathologic types, site of recurrence, disease free interval, detection method of recurrence, and also treatment and progression of recurrence. A patients in which the clinical examination was entirely negative and the $I^{131}$ scan demonstrated either a new area of $I^{131}$ uptake or an increased area of concentration, compared to the previous scan, was designated as a recurrence detected by $I^{131}$ scan only. Recurrences that were obviously by physical examination or chest x-ray, etc were considered clinically detected recurrence, regardless of the the results of the thyroid scan. Results: Mean of disease tree interval(DFI) is 36months. When mean DFI of $I^{131}$ scan detected recurrence is 28months, whereas mean DFI of clinically detected recurrence is 47months. In statiscal analysis, p-value is 0.043 as significantly. In progression of recurrent patient, NED is 28case, AWD is Sease, DOD is 13case. Among the 13case, scan detected recurrence is lease of 20 patients(5%), whereas clinically detected recurrence is l2case of 26 patient(46%). In statiscal analysis, p-value is 0.003 as significantly. Conclusion: Early detection of the recurrent thyroid cancer by $I^{131}$ scanning leads to good progress compare with detection by clinical examination. NED: No Evidence of Disease AWD : Alive With Disease DOD : Dead Of Disease DOC: Dead of Other Cause

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Effective Half-life of I-131 in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Treated by Radioactive I-131 (I-131 치료를 받은 분화갑상선암 환자에서 I-131의 유효반감기)

  • Park, Seok-Gun
    • Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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    • v.42 no.6
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    • pp.464-468
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    • 2008
  • Purpose: Effective half life of I-131 ($T_{eff}$) in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer treated by I-131 is must-know value for dose calculation and determination of release time from isolation room. There has been no report about $T_{eff}$ in Koreans. Thus, author tried to measure dose rate without radiation exposure to faculty members and calculated $T_{eff}$. Methods: Probe of radiation survey meter was fixed at the wall of isolation room, and body of survey meter was placed outside the room. With this simple arrangement, author could measure radiation frequently without radiation exposure to faculty members in 68 patient (F=55, M=13, age=$47{\pm}13.7$) treated by I-131 ($3.7{\sim}7.4\;GBq$) for differentiated thyroid cancer from Jan 2006 to Dec 2006. From this data, $T_{eff}$, 48 hr retention rate, and the time necessary to whole body retention of I-131 become less than 1.1 GBq were calculated. Serum creatinine levels were measured before and after thyroid hormone withdrawal. Results: $T_{eff}$ was $15.4{\pm}4.3\;hr$ ($9.4{\sim}32.5\;hr$). There was a loose correlation between $T_{eff}$ and serum creatinine concentration (r=0.45). 48hr retention was $4.9{\pm}4.2%$ ($1{\sim}23%$). Time necessary to whole body retention of I-131 become less than 1.1 GBq was calculated as $47.1{\pm}13.2\;hr$ for 9.25 GBq, $42.1{\pm}11.9\;hr$ for 7.4 GBq, $35.7{\pm}10.0\;hr$ for 5.55 GBq, and $26.7{\pm}7.5\;hr$ for 3.7 GBq dose of I-131. Conclusion: Author successfully measured radiation dose rates in isolated patients treated by high dose of I-131 without radiation exposure to the faculty members with simple arrangement of survey meter probe. Using those data, $T_{eff}$ and some other indices were calculated.

Measurement of Effective Half-life Using Dual Time I-131 Whole Body Scan in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Treated by High Dose Therapy (고용량 방사성옥소 치료를 받은 갑상선분화암 환자에서 Dual Time I-131 Whole Body Scan을 이용한 유효반감기의 측정)

  • Yoon, Jae Sik;Lee, Jae Gon;Lee, Ki Hyun;Lim, Kwang Seok;Choi, Hak Ki;Lee, Sang Mi
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.98-103
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    • 2014
  • Purpose: The effective half life of I-131 is useful to calculate radiation dose, period of hospitalization, and exposure dose of surrounding people from patient. However, it is difficult to measure. This study estimates the effective half life in whole body and thyroid in using of value of residual radioactivity obtained from the early and delay images of Dual time I-131 whole body scan. Also, the correlations between the effective half life and serum creatinine, GFR, and administration dose were investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: The targets were 50 patients administration high dose of I-131 from February to August in 2013, having normal range of serum creatinine and over $30{\mu}IU/mL$ of TSH levels. After administration radioactive I-131, the early scan in the 3rd day and the delay scan in the 5-6th days were performed. To measure the residual radioactivity in the whole body and thyroid, ROI was set and then background radioactivity was corrected to estimate. The effective half life was estimated by calculating the ratio of measured values between the early and delay images. To compare the effective half lives of the whole body and thyroid, it was analyzed by Independent t-test, and each correlation of the effective half life, GFR, serum creatinine, and the dose of administration were analyzed by calculating the pearson's correlation coefficient. All of the analysis were determined to be statistically significant when P<0.05. Results: The effective half life of the whole body was $17.06{\pm}5.50$ hours and of the thyroid was $17.22{\pm}5.41$ hours. The two effective half life did not show significant difference (P=0.887). As the value of GFR was increased, the effective half life of whole body (r=-0.407, P=0.003) and of thyroid (r=-0.473, P=0.001) were significantly decreased; as the value of serum creatinine was increased, the effective half life of whole body (r=0.309, P=0.029) and of thyroid (r=0.371, P=0.008) were significantly increased. In the administration dose, effective half life did not have correlations. Conclusion: The effective half life of I-131 of patients treated for their thyroids were estimated only by using the images of Dual time I-131 whole body scan. Also, the correlations with the effective life, GFR, and serum creatinine were examined. This study might be utilized for a study on optimization for the period of hospitalization of patients treated by high dose of I-131 and on evaluation for internal absorbed dose of MIRD schema in application of the effective half life.

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