• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.605-611
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• 2012

ZnO nanostructures were grown on R-plane sapphire substrates with seed layers annealed at different temperatures ranging from 600 to $800^{\circ}C$. The properties of the ZnO nanostructures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectrophotometer, and photoluminescence. For the as-prepared seed layers, ZnO nanorods and ZnO nanosheets were observed. However, only ZnO nanorods were grown when the annealing temperature was above $700^{\circ}C$. The crystal qualities of the ZnO nanostructures were enhanced when the seed layers were annealed at $700^{\circ}C$. In addition, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of near-band-edge emission (NBE) peak was decreased from 139 to 129 meV by increasing the annealing temperature to $700^{\circ}C$. However, the FWHM was slightly increased again by a further increase in the annealing temperature. Optical transmittance in the UV region was almost zero, while that in the visible region was gradually increased as the annealing temperature increased to $700^{\circ}C$. The optical band gap of the ZnO nanostructures was increased as the annealing temperature increased to $700^{\circ}C$. It is found that the optical properties as well as the structural properties of the rod-shaped ZnO nanostructures grown on R-plane sapphire substrates by hydrothermal method are improved when the seed layers are annealed at $700^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.45-57
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• 2022

The Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Korea is showing a lot of interest in net zero-energy buildings (NZEBs) to reduce energy consumption of military facilities and to promote green growth policy in military sector. The application of building passive technologies and renewable energies is essential to achieving NZEBs. This paper analyzed energy performance and energy cost on the conventional heating and cooling system (baseline scenario) and three different alternative scenarios (ALT 1, ALT 2 and ALT 3) applied in a hypothetical military building. A building modeling and simulation software (DesignBuilder V6.1) with EnergyPlus calculation engine was used to calculate the energy consumption for each scenario. Overall, when the GSHPs are applied to both space airconditioning and domestic hot water (DHW) production, Alt-2 and Alt-3, the amount of energy consumption for target building can be greatly reduced. In addition, when the building envelope performance is increased like Alt-3, the energy consumption can be further reduced. The annual energy cost analysis showed that the baseline was approximately 161 million KRW, while Alt-3 was approximately 33 million KRW. Therefore, it was analyzed that the initial construction cost increase could be recovered within about 6.7 years for ALT 3. The results of this study can help decision-makers to determine the optimal strategy for implementing GSHP systems in military buildings through energy performance and initial construction cost assessment.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.162-167
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• 2023

Diverse structures of Mn oxides in natural and engineered systems occur from the transformation of δ-MnO₂, the most common crystalline phase of nucleated Mn oxides, to other structures via redox reactions, adsorption of metals, etc. Recently, together with emerging interests of Zn-based rechargeable battery systems, which use Mn oxides as a cathode, the transformation and recrystallization of Mn oxides have garnered interests. Here, using hydrothermal reaction of Zn-doped δ-MnO₂, the formation of todorokite and chalcophanite is observed. When the concentration of doped Zn increases, the formation of chalcophanite is dominant, but occurs slower than that of the lower concentration of doped Zn. This study will provide a new understanding of the effect of Zn on the recrystallization process of Mn oxides during redox cycles in energy storage systems and environmental systems.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.831-835
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• 2014

The relative concentration of surface and interfacial defects in hydrothermally grown ZnO nanostructures was investigated by a comparison of two samples having different growth temperatures via bias voltage sweep rate under laser illumination of 405 and 355 nm. The current of small ZnO nanostructures (growth temperature of $75^{\circ}C$) decreased when induced more slowly bias voltage sweep rate under the laser illumination. In contrast, the current of large ZnO nanostructures (growth temperature of $90^{\circ}C$) increased. This difference in currents indicates the relation of relative defects concentration between surface and interfacial defects of ZnO nanostructure. Our experimental approach has potential applicability in the analysis of influence on defects in ZnO devices.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.66-85
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• 2006

수열법으로 압전수정, 방해석 및 산화아연 단결정을 성장하고 각종 결함 및 성장된 단결정의 구조적, 화학적, 물리적 특성을 고찰하였다. 수열법은 직접 용융법으로 단결정을 성장할 수 없는 재료의 결정 성장에 많이 이용되며 수정의 경우, 융액의 점도가 매우 높고 유리화하는 성질이 있어 직접 용융으로 단결정을 성장할 수 없다. 방해석과 산화아연의 경우 용융하였을 때 분해되기 때문에 직접 용융법으로 단결정을 성장할 수 없어 수열법이 사용된다. 본 고찰에서는 수열법의 성장 원리와 성장 방법, 결함 검출 방법 및 물리적, 화학적 특성 측정 등을 다루었으며 또한 산업화 적용에 대하여 다루었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.377-377
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• 2012

반도체 물질로서 Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod (NR)는 Hydrothermal growth method로 제작 시 고가의 장비가 필요치 않기에 저비용 대면적 박막을 제작하는데 적합하지만 NR들의 array 조절과 각각의 rod와 전극 간의 연결에서 어려움을 가지고 있다. 최근 연구에서는 이러한 NR array 형상 조절과 소자의 성능 향상을 위하여 tilted sputtering method를 이용해 seed layer를 lateral 하게 형성하여 성장시켜 표면적을 극대화함으로서 응용되는 센서의 성능을 향상시키는 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이렇게 향상된 수평구조의 ZnO NR과 다양한 전극 금속 간의 schottky barrier의 높이 차이에 따라 sensitivity와 response time의 차이를 측정하였다. NR들을 전계방출형 전자현미경과 XRD로 분석 NR의 lateral structure 및 결정성을 확인하였다. 그리고 이렇게 형성한 NR을 소자화하여 Au, Ag, Al을 전극 금속물질로 사용한 경우에 대하여 sensing performance와 전극 금속의 schottky barrier의 상관관계를 확인하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.243-247
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• 2006

MFI zeolite membranes were prepared on anodic alumina (Anodisc) as support. First, silicalite-1(${\approx}1.2{\mu}m$) seed crystals were attached to the surface of the support via chemical bonding, and the a- and b-axis oriented zeolite membranes could be synthesized on the support coated with the monolayer of the seed crystals by secondary growth hydrothermal synthesis. The zeolite membranes prepared were characterized using scanning electron microscope and analyzed by X-ray diffraction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.421.2-421.2
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• 2014

We report on the growth of ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on graphite and silicon substrates via an all-solution process and characteristics of their heterojunctions. Structural investigations indicated that morphological and crystalline properties were not significantly different for the ZnO NRs on both substrates. However, optical properties from photoluminescence spectra showed that the ZnO NRs on graphite substrate contained more point defects than that on Si substrate. The ZnO NRs on both substrates showed typical rectification properties exhibiting successful diode formation. The heterojunction between the ZnO NRs and the graphite substrate showed a Schottky diode characteristic and photoresponse under ultraviolet illumination at a small reverse bias of -0.1 V. The results showed that the graphite substrate could be a good candidate for a Schottky contact electrode as well as a conducting substrate for electronic and optoelectronic applications of ZnO NRs.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.11d
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• pp.994-996
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• 1999

Hygrothermal aging at the elevated temperature induces the long-term degradation of the epoxy resin. We investigated the effects of hydrothermal stress on the dielectric breakdown phenomena of epoxy composite filled with natural zeolite. The cured specimens absorbed the moisture in the autoclave at $120^{\circ}C$. $T_g$ of the deteriorated composite by moisture absorption decreased. The dielectric breakdown strength decreased with the moisture absorption cycle. It was concluded that the thermal stress and the high water-vapour-pressure deteriorated the natural zeolite filled epoxy resin system, consequently and the tree growth rate increased.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.475-475
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• 2011

현재 수열합성법으로 이용하여 1차원으로 수직 성장한 ZnO 나노와이어는 밴드 갭이 3.37ev로 큰 밴드 갭을 갖는 물질이며 밀도 조절이 매우 어려운 것으로 알려져 있다. ZnO 나노와이어는 기존의 리소그래피 기반을 둔 Top-Down 방식과 달리 자발적인 형성과정으로 높은 결정성을 가지게 되는데, 이는 ZnO 나노와이어가 큰 종횡비 와 전자친화도를 가지고 있어 높은 전계방출 효과를 기대하게 되는 부분이다. 본 연구에서는 실버를 열처리하여 형성된 실버 나노파티클을 마스킹층으로 사용하여 ZnO 나노와어의 밀도 조절을 하고자 하였다. 실버막을 AZO seed layer 기판 위에 증착한뒤 $200{\sim}600^{\circ}C$ 까지 열처리 후 수열합성법을 이용하여 ZnO nanowire를 성장하였다. 또한 전구체인 ZN(NO3)2${\cdot}$6H2O 와 HMT 에 각각 Ammonium chloride와 PEI를 첨가하였고, PEI 의 몰농도를 변화하여 성장된 ZnO 나노와이어의 구조적, 광학적 특성을 평가함으로서 전자소자 적용 가능성을 확인하였다.