• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.257-257
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• 2010

One of the critical issues for applications of flexible organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) for flexible electronic systems is the electrical stabilities of the OTFT devices, including variation of the current on/off ratio ($I_{on}/I_{off}$), leakage current, threshold voltage, and hysteresis, under repetitive mechanical deformation. In particular, repetitive mechanical deformation accelerates the degradation of device performance at the ambient environment. In this work, electrical stabilities of the pentacene organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) employing multi-stack hybrid encapsulation layers were investigated under mechanical cyclic bending. Flexible bottom-gated pentacene-based OTFTs fabricated on flexible polyimide substrate with poly-4-vinyl phenol (PVP) dielectric as a gate dielectric were encapsulated by the plasma-deposited organic layer and atomic layer deposited inorganic layer. For cyclic bending experiment of flexible OTFTs, the devices were cyclically bent up to $10^5$ times with 5mm bending radius. In the most of the devices after $10^5$ times of bending cycles, the off-current of the OTFT with no encapsulation layers was quickly increased due to increases in the conductivity of the pentacene caused by doping effects from $O_2$ and $H_2O$ in the atmosphere, which leads to decrease in the $I_{on}/I_{off}$ and increase in the hysteresis. With encapsulation layers, however, the electrical stabilities of the OTFTs were improved significantly. In particular, the OTFTs with multi-stack hybrid encapsulation layer showed the best electrical stabilities up to the bending cycles of $10^5$ times compared to the devices with single organic encapsulation layer. Changes in electrical properties of cyclically bent OTFTs with encapsulation layers will be discussed in detail.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.10b
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• pp.155-157
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• 2005

We propose a new category of hybrid multi-layer neural networks with hetero nodes such as Fuzzy Set based Polynomial Neurons (FSPNs) and Polynomial Neurons (PNs). These networks are based on a genetically optimized multi-layer perceptron. We develop a comprehensive design methodology involving mechanisms of genetic optimization and genetic algorithms, in particular. The augmented genetically optimized HFPNN (namely gHFPNN) results in a structurally optimized structure and comes with a higher level of flexibility in comparison to the one we encounter in the conventional HFPNN. The GA-based design procedure being applied at each layer of HFPNN leads to the selection of preferred nodes (FPNs or PNs) available within the HFPNN. In the sequel, two general optimization mechanisms are explored. First, the structural optimization is realized via GAs whereas the ensuing detailed parametric optimization is carried out in the setting of a standard least square method-based learning. The performance of the gHFPNNs quantified through experimentation where we use a number of modeling benchmarks-synthetic and experimental data already experimented with in fuzzy or neurofuzzy modeling.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.787-799
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• 2012

Real and reactive power flows on a transmission line interact inherently. This situation degrades power flow controller performance when independent real and reactive power flow regulation is required. In this study, a quasi multi-pulse interline power flow controller (IPFC), consisting of eight six-pulse voltage source converters (VSC) switched at the fundamental frequency is proposed to control real and reactive power flows dynamically on a transmission line in response to a sequence of set-point changes formed by unit-step reference values. It is shown that the proposed hybrid fuzzy-PI commanded IPFC shows better decoupling performance than the parameter optimized PI controllers with analytically calculated feed-forward gains for decoupling. Comparative simulation studies are carried out on a 4-machine 4-bus test power system through a number of case studies. While only the fuzzy inference of the proposed control scheme has been modeled in MATLAB, the power system, converter power circuit, control and calculation blocks have been simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC by interfacing these two packages on-line.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.543-549
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• 2014

A zinc oxide (ZnO) hybrid structure was successfully fabricated on a glass substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). In-situ growth of a multi-dimensional ZnO hybrid structure was achieved by adjusting the growth temperature to determine the morphologies of either film or nanorods without any catalysts such as Au, Cu, Co, or Sn. The ZnO hybrid structure was composed of one-dimensional (1D) nanorods grown continuously on the two-dimensional (2D) ZnO film. The ZnO film of 2D mode was grown at a relatively low temperature, whereas the ZnO nanorods of 1D mode were grown at a higher temperature. The change of the morphologies of these materials led to improvements of the electrical and optical properties. The ZnO hybrid structure was characterized using various analytical tools. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the surface morphology of the nanorods, which had grown well on the thin film. The structural characteristics of the polycrystalline ZnO hybrid grown on amorphous glass substrate were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hall-effect measurement and a four-point probe were used to characterize the electrical properties. The hybrid structure was shown to be very effective at improving the electrical and the optical properties, decreasing the sheet resistance and the reflectance, and increasing the transmittance via refractive index (RI) engineering. The ZnO hybrid structure grown by MOCVD is very promising for opto-electronic devices as Photoconductive UV Detectors, anti-reflection coatings (ARC), and transparent conductive oxides (TCO).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.81-87
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• 2015

In order to effectively protect electrical and electronic circuits which are extremely susceptible to lightning surges, multi-stage surge protection circuits are required. This paper presents the operational characteristics of the two-stage hybrid surge protection circuit in extra-low voltage DC power lines. The hybrid surge protective device consists of the gas discharge tube, transient voltage suppressor, and series inductor. The response characteristics of the proposed hybrid surge protective device to combination waves were investigated. As a result, the proposed two-stage surge protective device to combination wave provides the tight clamping level of less than 50V. The firing of the gas discharge tube to lightning surges depends on the de-coupling inductance and the rate-of-change of the current flowing through the transient voltage suppressor. The coordination between the upstream and downstream components of the hybrid surge protective device was satisfactorily achieved. The inductance of a de-coupler in surge protective circuits for low-voltage DC power lines, relative to a resistance, is sufficiently effective. The voltage drop and power loss due to the proposed surge protective device are ignored during normal operation of the systems.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2006.10d
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• pp.71-73
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• 2006

AC loss on variation of external magnetic field is a very important factor in development of power applications. In this paper, we measured and compared AC loss of hybrid-multi stacked wire made of the combination of 1G wires and 2G wires and uniform-multi-stacked wire made of one type of wires, 1G wires or 2G wires. Measurement was performed using by the linked-picked coil method. As results, as the number of wires increase, AC loss per unit volume of both stacked wires in low external magnetic field is reduced. Also AC loss of 2G slacked wire is higher than that of 1G wire. AC loss per unit length of 2G stacked wire is less than that of 1G stacked wire. And AC loss of hybrid-multi stacked wire made of the combination of 1G wires and 2G wires was between uniform-multi-stacked wire made of 1G wires and 2G wires.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 2013

Electrical power distribution systems are critical links between the utility and customer. In general, power distribution systems have unbalanced feeders due to the unbalanced loading. The devices that dependent on balanced three phase supply are affected by the unbalanced feeders. This necessitates the balancing of feeders. The main objective of reconfiguration is to balance the loads among the phases subject to constraints such as load flow equations, capacity and voltage constraints and to reduce the real power loss, while subject to a radial network structure in which all loads must be energized. Therefore, the distribution system reconfiguration problem has been viewed as multi-objective problem. In this paper, the hybrid heuristic algorithm has been used for reconfiguration, which is the combination of fuzzy and greedy algorithms. The purpose of the introduction of greedy is to refrain the searching for the period of phase balancing. The incorporation of fuzzy helps to take up more objectives amid phase balancing in the searching. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through modified IEEE 33 bus and modified IEEE 125 bus radial distribution system.

• Composites Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.7-12
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• 2010

In order to increase the electrical conductivity and the mechanical properties of carbon fabric composites, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were deposited on carbon fabrics by anodic and cathodic electrophoretic deposition (EPD) processes. In the cathodic EPD, carbon nano-particles and nano-sized Cu particles were simultaneously deposited on the carbon fabric, which gave a synergetic effect on the enhancement of properties as well as the degree of deposition. The hybridization of carbon nano-particles and micron-sized carbon fiber significantly improved the through-the-thickness electrical conductivity. In addition, both MWCNTs and CNFs were deposited onto the carbon fabric for multi-scale hybrid composites. Multi-scale deposition improved the through-the-thickness electrical conductivity, compared to the deposition of either MWCNTs or CNFs.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.699-707
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• 2015

Although digit character recognition has got a significant improvement in recent years, it is still challenging to achieve satisfied result if the data contains an amount of distracting factors. This paper proposes a novel digit character recognition approach using a multi-layer hierarchical model, Hybrid Restricted Boltzmann Machines (HRBMs), which allows the learning architecture to be robust to background distracting factors. The insight behind the proposed model is that useful high-level features appear more frequently than distracting factors during learning, thus the high-level features can be decompose into hybrid hierarchical structures by using only small label information. In order to extract robust and compact features, a stochastic 0-1 layer is employed, which enables the model's hidden nodes to independently capture the useful character features during training. Experiments on the variations of Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) dataset show that improvements of the multi-layer hierarchical model can be achieved by the proposed method. Finally, the paper shows the proposed technique which is used in a real-world application, where it is able to identify digit characters under various complex background images.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers P
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 2014

Hybrid transformer means the distribution transformer, one of multi-function transformer equipped with the enhancement function of harmonics and unbalance. In other words, since existing transformer are equipped simply with transformation function only, a separated electric facility should be additionally installed in order to reduce the mutual harmonics and unbalance. Meanwhile, since hybrid transformer can perform the reduction of harmonics and unbalance as well as transformation function simultaneously through zigzag winding, it doesn't need any additional electric facility. This study addressed the issue of developing and testing the performance of a generator that would reduce the harmonics supplied to the grid when grid-connected with the output of a photovoltaic inverter for photovoltaic generation system.