• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.103-126
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• 2023

In the l950s, under the legacy of traditional agriculture, Ascaris lumbricoides, spread epidemically in the war-bitten society of Korea. Consensus on the parasite control was drafted in the Parasite Disease Prevention Act, which passed a parliamentary agreement in 1966, and established safe disposal of feces and mass chemotherapy as control strategies. Biannual stool examinations and treating infected schoolchildren were basic scheme of the control activity through which revenue could be secured for organized business. In the 27 years following 1969, a maximum of 16 million stool examinations had been done every year. Cellophane thick smear enabled the task. The infection declined remarkably in the 1970s when industrialization and green revolution proceeded. A population study of A. lumbricoides in the late 1970s helped us better understand its epidemiology. The data also settled down the understandable protest of teachers against the repeated stool examinations. In the 9 years following 1987, the target population was gradually reduced when the egg positive rate was below 0.1%. An article in the Korean Law, stipulating obligatory stool examinations, was made optional. Although the long-term Korean effort of Ascaris control was a success, the effect of mass chemotherapy was not as succinct in terms of lowering reinfection. In the period of control, Korean agricultural technology changed, and the economy grew and supplied sanitary facilities by which the vicious cycle was disconnected. Reduction of morbidity was a benefit of mass chemotherapy, which is the only control method feasible in economically difficult countries. The most important hurdle of parasite control in the 1960s was poverty of general population and limited financial resources in Korea but the society formed a consensus on the priority of intestinal helminthiasis control during the ordeal period. The national consensus in the 1960s was the critical milestone for Ascaris control in Korea. Under the social agreement, application of timely technical and research advancements in parasitology achieved the success of ascariasis elimination. The successful experience of ascariasis elimination in Korea can be a benchmark for countries where neglected tropical diseases are endemically recycled.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.96-104
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• 2024

Background/Aims: Selective bile duct or pancreatic duct cannulation remains a significant initial hurdle in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) despite advances in endoscopy and accessories. This study evaluated our experience with a rotatable sphincterotome in cases of difficult cannulation. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed ERCP cases using TRUEtome, a rotatable sphincterotome, as a rescue device for cannulation at a cancer institute in Japan from October 2014 to December 2021. Results: TRUEtome was used in 88 patients. Duodenoscopes were used for 51 patients, while single-balloon enteroscopes (SBE) were used for 37 patients. TRUEtome was used for biliary and pancreatic duct cannulation (84.1%), intrahepatic bile duct selection (12.5%), and strictures of the afferent limb (3.4%). Cannulation success rates were similar in the duodenoscope and SBE groups (86.3% vs. 75.7%, p=0.213). TRUEtome was more commonly used in cases with steep cannulation angles in the duodenoscope group and in cases requiring cannulation in different directions in the SBE group. There were no significant differences in adverse events between the two groups. Conclusions: The cannulation sphincterotome was useful for difficult cannulations in both unaltered and surgically altered anatomies. It may be an option to consider before high-risk procedures such as precut and endoscopic ultrasound-guided rendezvous techniques.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.429-436
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• 2024

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to advance, effectively harnessing their potential has become increasingly important. LLMs, trained on vast datasets, are capable of generating text across a wide range of topics, making them useful in applications such as content creation, machine translation, and chatbots. However, they often face challenges in generalization due to gaps in specific or specialized knowledge, and updating these models with the latest information post-training remains a significant hurdle. To address these issues, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) models have been introduced. These models enhance response generation by retrieving information from continuously updated external databases, thereby reducing the hallucination phenomenon often seen in LLMs while improving efficiency and accuracy. This paper presents the foundational architecture of RAG, reviews recent research trends aimed at enhancing the retrieval capabilities of LLMs through RAG, and discusses evaluation techniques. Additionally, it explores performance optimization and real-world applications of RAG in various industries. Through this analysis, the paper aims to propose future research directions for the continued development of RAG models.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the state of visiting oral health programs and the opinions of dental hygienists on the programs in a bid to help boost the efficiency of visiting oral health programs, To meet the goals, 341 dental hygienists in public dental clinics across the nation were asked to join a questionaire survey via e-mail in September 2007, After their views were investigated, the following findings were given: 1. In regard to the management of visiting oral health programs, 44,3 percent of the respondents carried out visiting oral health programs, and 48,3 percent of that group did that in association with visiting health care programs, There were differences among the public dental clinics in beneficiaries of visiting oral health programs, beneficiary selection criteria and the details of oral health programs, which indicated the necessity of the development of standardized models. 2. As to difficulties in fulfilling visiting health care programs, a shortage of professional knowledge was viewed as the greatest hurdle, All their scores were above average, which implied that they were not able to perform the programs successfully. 3. As for the necessity and additional expected effects of visiting oral health programs, the largest number of the dental hygienists who carried them out expected that the programs would serve to change the mind-set of locals about themselves, And the others who didn't placed the most emphasis on cooperation from other departments, and the two groups had a statistically significantly different opinion. 4. Concerning the details of visiting health care programs, the dental hygienists who performed the programs found it most necessary to provide oral health education to employees and families to be visited, The others who didn't considered it most necessary to offer oral health education to people to be visited, The necessity of denture and prosthesis was least stressed by both groups, and they took a significantly different view of treatment for dental diseases, denture and prosthesis. 5. Regarding how to bolster visiting health care programs, the dental hygienist group that carried them out put more emphasis on everything suggested in the survey, Specifically, they attached greater importance to securing sufficient budget, establishing legal foundation, setting up an administration system and determining the directions for the programs in a realistic manner, which signified the desperate need for administrative and institutional backing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1883-1886
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• 2005

In this paper, a decoupled dual servo (DDS) stage for ultra-precision scanning system with large working range is introduced. In general, dual servo systems consist of a fine stage for short range and a coarse stage for long range. The proposed DDS also consists of a $XY\theta$ fine stage for handling and carrying workpieces and one axis coarse stage. Its coarse stage consists of air bearing guide system and a coreless linear motor with force ripple. The fine has four voice coil motors(VCM) as its actuator. According to a VCM's nature, there are no mechanical connections between coils and magnetic circuits. Moreover, VCM doesn't have force ripples due to imperfections of commutation components of linear motor systems - currents and flux densities. However, due to the VCM's mechanical constraints the working range of the fine is about $25mm^2$. To break that hurdle, the coarse stage with linear motors is used to move the fine about 500mm. Because of the above reasons, the proposed DDS can achieve higher precision scanning than other stages with only one servo. With MATLAB's Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP), the VCMs are optimally designed for the highest force under conditions and constraints such as thermal dissipations due to its coil, its size, and so on. And for their movements without any frictions, guide systems of the DDS are composed of air bearings. To get precisely their positions, a linear scale with 5nm resolution are used for the coarse stage's motion and three plane mirror laser interferometers with 5nm for the fine's $XY\theta$ motions. With them, on scanning the two stages have same trajectories. The control algorithm is named Parallel method. The embodied ultra-precision scanning system has sub 100nm following error and in-positioning stability.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.598-615
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• 2017

This paper compares the sources of the changes in the production of manufacturing industry between Korea and Japan during year 2000 ~year 2011 by I-O SDA. The results show that the first source of the increase in the production of Manufacturing industry in Korea is export, while in Japan the technological change. However, the contribution of technological change is relatively small in Korea and moreover decreasing. Meanwhile, the domestic final demand is the second source of the increase in the production of Korean manufacturing industry, but it was the first source of the decrease in the production of Japanese counterpart. On the other hand, the decrease in import substitution for both the intermediate and domestic final goods is significantly contributed to the decrease in the production of both Korean and Japanese manufacturing industry. Conclusively, these results confirm that the growth of Korean manufacturing industry has heavily depended on export. Then, considering the current global economic environment that is rapidly becoming more uncertain as well as volatile, the results imply that the heavy export dependence may become a key hurdle for the solid sustained growth of Korean manufacturing industry, so that policy ensuring more evenly balanced growth contribution from all growth sources is necessary. In particular, policy to promote technological change and import substitution is required with greater weight.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of films on shelf-life and microbiological safety of mackerel. Effects of antimicrobial films against total aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus in mackerel were evaluated during storage of 5-14 days at $5^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C\;and\;15^{\circ}C$. Antimicrobial films were developed with addition of a natural substance, wasabi extracts (Wasabia japonica). At $5^{\circ}C$ storage, growth of total aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes were inhibited higher than at 10 and $15^{\circ}C$. Especially, the numbers of V. parahaemolyticus were decreased gradually at $5^{\circ}C$ even in the control sample, and about $1\;log_{10}cfu/g\;and\;1.8\;log_{10}cfu/g$ reductions were observed at 1 and 4 days, respectively. After 7 days, V. parahaemolyticus in all samples were not detected. There is a limit of a single treatment of antimicrobial film to prolong shelf-life of mackerel. The synergistic effect of antimicrobial film were shown by addition of $5^{\circ}C$ refrigeration.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.31-39
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• 2008

The purposes of this study were to compare and analyze the world elite hurdler and the domestic hurdler 3-D kinematic and kinetic techniques about hurdling motion in the 110m hurdles. After analyzing variables in the 110m hurdle run the following conclusions were obtained; In a preparation phase, the domestic hurdler came out running more 0.13m then world elite hurdler from grounding to taking off in the height of center of gravity and the distance by 1.04m. In a flight phase, the domestic hurdler came out taking off 0.33m less then world elite hurdler from taking off to flight peak in the height of center of gravity and the distance by 1.63m. In a flight peak phase, domestic hurdler came out landing more 0.37m then world elite hurdler by 159m. More over, during the hurdling, the horizontal velocity of center of gravity came out decreasing from taking off to landing with domestic hurdler by 0.75m/s. the take off percentage and the landing percentage is 53:47. In a acceleration phase, domestic hurdler came out going slower 0.54m/s than world elite hurdler from landing in the horizontal velocity of center of gravity by 8.78m/s.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.29-39
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• 2009

The need for radio spectrum is recently considered as a huge hurdle towards the rapid development of wireless networks. Large parts of the spectrum are allocated to licensed radio services in proprietary way. However, enormous success of the wireless services and technologies in the unlicensed bands has brought new ideas and innovations. In recent years cognitive radio has gained much attention for solving the spectrum scarcity problem. It changes the way spectrum is regulated so that more efficient spectrum utilization is possible. Multi-hop relay technology on the other hand has intensively been studied in the area of ad hoc and peer-to-peer networks. But in cellular network, only recently the integration of multi-hop capability is considered to enhance the performance significantly. Multi-hop relaying can extend the coverage of the cell to provide high data rate service to a greater distance and in the shadowed regions. Very few papers still exist that combine these methods to maximize the spectrum utilization. Thus we propose a network architecture combining these two technologies in a way to maximize the system throughput. We present the throughput capacity equations for the proposed system model considering various system parameters like utilization factor by the primary users and primary users' transmission radius and through extensive numerical simulations we analyze the significance of work.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.551-556
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii in acidic environments. The D-values of CAFM2 (ATCC 29544), EB 1, EB 5, and EB 41 at pH 2.5 in TSB were significantly (p<0.05) higher when cells were adapted at pH 4.5 in TSB for 5-h then when cells were not adapted at pH 4.5 in TSB. The D-values of CAFM2, EB1, and EB 41 at pH 2.5 in TSB were significantly (p<0.05) higher when cells were adapted at pH 4.5 in TSB for 10-h then when cells were not adapted at pH 4.5 in TSB. The D-values of CAFM2 and EB1 at pH 2.5 in TSB were significantly (p<0.05) higher when cells were adapted at pH 4.5 in TSB for 24-h then when cells were not adapted at pH 4.5 in TSB. The adaptation of C. sakazakii to mild acidic environments may result in increased resistance to severe acidic environments. The D-values of all test strains at pH 2.5 in TSB were significantly (p<0.05) higher when cells were cultured at pH 4.5 then when they were cultured at pH 7.2 in TSB. These data indicate that cells cultured in mildly acidic environments may result in increased resistance to severe acidic environments. The acid adaptation of C. sakazakii showed an increased resistance to acidic environments. The acid adaptation response of C. sakazakii has important implications for food safety, which should be considered when food preservation measures are developed.