• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1096-1104
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• 2015

Particulate $matter_{2.5}$ ($PM_{2.5}$) is notorious for its strong toxic effects on the cardiovascular, skin, nervous, and reproduction systems. However, the molecular mechanism by which $PM_{2.5}$ aggravates disease progression is poorly understood, especially in a water-soluble state. In the current study, we investigated the putative physiological effects of aqueous $PM_{2.5}$ solution on lipoprotein metabolism. Collected $PM_{2.5}$ from Seoul, Korea was dissolved in water, and the water extract (final 3 and 30 ppm) was treated to human serum lipoproteins, macrophages, and dermal cells. $PM_{2.5}$ extract resulted in degradation and aggregation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) as well as low-density lipoprotein (LDL); apoA-I in HDL aggregated and apo-B in LDL disappeared. $PM_{2.5}$ treatment (final 30 ppm) also induced cellular uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) into macrophages, especially in the presence of fructose (final 50 mM). Uptake of oxLDL along with production of reactive oxygen species was accelerated by $PM_{2.5}$ solution in a dose-dependent manner. Further, $PM_{2.5}$ solution caused cellular senescence in human dermal fibroblast cells. Microinjection of $PM_{2.5}$ solution into zebrafish embryos induced severe mortality accompanied by impairment of skeletal development. In conclusion, water extract of $PM_{2.5}$ induced oxidative stress as a precursor to cardiovascular toxicity, skin cell senescence, and embryonic toxicity via aggregation and proteolytic degradation of serum lipoproteins.

• 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 실제 근육의 해부학적 특징에 근거한 모델을 설계하고, 근육의 모양이 골격의 움직임에 따라서 변화하는 실시간 시뮬레이션 기법을 제시한다. 근육 모델은 골격 혹은 다른 근육의 양 끝 점에 부착되는 위치와 방위에 따라서 부피가 유지되도록 변형된다. 근육 변형의 결과는 간단한 스키닝을 통해서 실제 피부 변형의 결과로 이어져 관찰된다. 실제 인체와 유사하게 모델링된 다관절 캐릭터의 수행 성능을 제시한다. 실험적 결과에 따르면 수십개의 모델링된 근육을 골격 운동에 따라서 실시간에 변형할 수 있다. 따라서 빠른 수행속도에 일정한 품질을 요구하는 게임 등과 같은 실시간 제어 환경에 등장하는 다관절 캐릭터를 제어하는데 효과적으로 사용될 수 있다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.459-468
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• 2001

Average Coordinate Reference System (ACRS) 방법은 인체 보행 분석 시 발생하는 실험오타를 줄이기 위해서 개발되었다. 실험적으로 측정되어지는 운동학 데이터가 인체 모델링 분석을 수행하기 위해서 사용되어지며. 그 모델의 정확성은 그 측정된 데이터에 직접적인 연관 관계가 있다. 그러나, 인체가 보행하는 동안에 피부의 움직임과 골격구조의 변형이 발생하고 또한 운동 분석 실험장비 자체가 가지고 있는 여러 가지의 한계 때문에. 그 실험 데이터에 정확도는 의문시되어 진다 개발된 ACRS 방법은. 인체 운동분석을 수행하는 여러 종류의 시스템에 적용할 수 있는데. 본 연구에서는 ACRS 방법을 광학적으로 추적이 되는 표적을 인체의 각 세그멘트에 붙인 시스템에 적용하였다 ACRS 방법에서는. 각 세그멘트에 붙어있는 각각의 표적들이 독립적으로 그 세그멘트 안에서 국부좌표계의 원점으로 취급되어질 수 있다. 실험 과정에서 발생하는 본래부터의 오타 때문에. 각 원점에서 계산된 Euler angle은 서로 상이한 값을 갖는다 실험 초기에 측정한 보정 세그멘트 기준 프레임의 지식을 이용하면, 각 표적 위치에서 계산된 Euler angles들의 평균값을 계산할수 있고, 그 평균값은 피부의 확장과 회전의 영향을 최소화한 값이다. 운동분석에 일반적으로 적응되는 Euler angle 방법과 개발된 ACRS 방법을 비교하여 보면. ACRS 방법을 사용하였을 때 오차가 줄어들었다 만약에, 보행 실험 데이터에 오타가 존재하지 않는다면, 절대좌표계를 사용한 무릎 관절의 분리와 관통된 거리는 일회 보행구간 동안에 제로가 될 것으로 생각된다. 일반적으로 적용되는 Euler angle 방법을 적용하였을 때, 분리와 관통된 거리는 약 18 mm 가지 분포가 되었고, 개발된 ACRS 방법을 사용하였을 시에는 약 12 mm 까지 분포가 되었다.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-24
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to define the content of requisite human structure and function knowledge needed for clinical knowledge of nursing practice. Subjects of human structure and function were divided into 10 units, and each unit was further divided into 21 subunits, resulting in a total of 90 items. Contents of knowledge of human structure and function were constructed from syllabus of basic nursing subjects in 4 college of nursing, and textbooks published by nurse scholars prepared with basic nursing sciences. The degree of need of 90 items was measured with a 4 point scale. The subjects of this study were college graduated 136 nurses from seven university hospitals in Seoul and three university hospitals located in Chonnam Province, Kyungbook Province, and Inchon. They have been working at internal medicine ward, surgical ward, intensive care unit, obstetrics and gynecology ward, pediatrics ward, opthalmology ward, ear, nose, and throat ward, emergency room, rehabilitation ward, cancer ward, hospice ward, and their working period was mostly under 5 years. The results were as follows: 1. The highest scored items of human structure and function knowledge necessary for nursing practice were electrolyte balance, blood clotting mechanism and anticoagulation mechanism, hematopoietic function, body fluid balance, function of plasma, and anatomical terminology in the order of importance. The lowest scored items of human structure and function knowledge necessary for nursing practice was sexual factors of genetic mutation. 2. The highest order of need according to unit was membrane transport in the living unit, anatomical terminology in movement and exercise unit, mechanism of hormone function in regulation and integration unit, component and function of blood in oxygenation function unit, structure and function of digestive system in digestive and energy metabolism unit, temperature regulation in temperature regulation unit electrolyte balance in body fluid and electrolyte unit, concept of immunity in body resistance unit, and genetics terminology in genetics unit. The highest order of importance according to subunit was membrane transportation in cell subunit, classification of tissues in tissue unit, function of skin and skin in skin subunit, anatomical derivatives of the skeleton subunit, classification of joints in joint subunit, an effect of exercise on muscles in muscle subunit, function of brain in nervous system subunit, special sense in sensory subunit mechanism of hormone function in endocrine subunit, structure and function of female reproductive system in reproductive system unit, structure and function of blood in blood unit, structure of heart, electrical and mechanical function in cardiovascular system unit, structure of respiratory system in respiratory system subunit, structure and function of digestive system in digestive system subunit, hormonal regulation of metabolism in nutrition and metabolism subunit, function of kidney in urologic system subunit, electolyte balance in body fluid, electolyte and acid-base balance subunit. 3. The common content of human structure and function knowledge need for all clinical areas in nursing was structure and function of blood, hematopoietic function, function of plasm, coagulation mechanism and anticoagulation mechanism, body fluid, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance. However, the degree of need of each human structure and function knowledge was different depending on clinical areas. 4. Significant differences in human structure and function knowledge necessary for nursing practice such as skin and derivatives of the skin, growth and development of bone, classification of joint, classification of muscle, structure of muscle, function of muscle, function of spinal cord, peripheral nerve, structure and function of pancrease, component and function of blood, function of plasma, structure and function of blood, hemodynamics, respiratory dynamics, gas transport, regulation of respiration, chemical digestion of foods, absorption of foods, characteristics of nutrients, metabolism and hormonal regulation, body energy balance were demonstrated according to the duration of work. 5. Significant differences in human structure and function knowledge necessary for nursing practice such as classification of tissue, classification of muscles, function of muscles, muscle metabolism, classification of skeletal muscles, classification of nervous system, neurotransmitters, mechanism of hormone function, pituitary and pituitary hormone, structure and function of male reproductive organ, structure and function of female reproductive organ, component and function of blood, function of plasma, coagulation mechanism and anticoagulation mechanism, gas exchange, gas transport, regulation of respiration, characteristics of nutrients, energy balance, function of kidney, concept of immunity, classification and function of immunity were shown according to the work area. Based on these findings, all the 90 items constructed by Korean Academic Society of Basic Nursing Science should be included as contents of human structure and function knowledge.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1190-1197
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• 2017

Objective: Adipose tissue is no longer considered as an inert storage organ for lipid, but instead is thought to play an active role in regulating insulin effects via secretion adipokines. However, conflicting reports have emerged regarding the effects of adipokines. In this study, we investigated the role of adipokines in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in obese Bama mini-pigs. Methods: An obesity model was established in Bama mini-pigs, by feeding with high-fat and high-sucrose diet for 30 weeks. Plasma glucose and blood biochemistry levels were measured, and intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed. Adipokines, including adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), resistin and tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$), and glucose-induced insulin secretion were also examined by radioimmunoassay. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in skeletal muscle, which is a useful insulin resistance marker, was examined by immunoblotting. Additionally, associations of AMPK phosphorylation with plasma adipokines and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were assessed by Pearce's correlation analysis. Results: Obese pigs showed hyperglycemia, high triglycerides, and insulin resistance. Adiponectin levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and IL-6 amounts dramatically increased (p<0.05) in obese pigs both in serum and adipose tissue, corroborating data from obese mice and humans. However, circulating resistin and $TNF-{\alpha}$ showed no difference, while the values of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in adipose tissue were significantly higher in obese pigs, also in agreement with data from obese humans but not rodent models. Moreover, strong associations of skeletal muscle AMPK phosphorylation with plasma adiponectin and HOMA-IR index were obtained. Conclusion: AMPK impairment induced by adiponectin decrease mediates insulin resistance in high-fat and high-sucrose diet induction. In addition, Bama mini-pig has the possibility of a conformable model for human metabolic diseases.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.348-354
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• 2008

Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental endocrine disrupter, enters the human body continuously in food and drink. Young children are likely to be more vulnerable than adults to chemical exposure due to the immaturities of their organ systems, rapid physical development, and higher ventilation, metabolic rates, and activity levels. The direct effect of BPA on peripheral tissue might also be of importance to the development of insulin resistance. However, the influence that BPA has on insulin signaling molecules in skeletal muscle has not been previously investigated. In this study, we examined the effect of BPA on fasting blood glucose (FBG) in post-weaned Wistar rats and on insulin signaling proteins in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of BPA on insulin-mediated Akt phosphorylation in C2C12 myotubes. In rats, BPA treatment (0.1-1,000 ng/mL for 24 hours) resulted in the increase of FBG and plasma insulin levels, and reduced insulin-mediated Akt phosphorylation. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of insulin receptor (IR) was decreased after 24 hours of BPA treatment in C2C12 cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the mRNA levels of other insulin signaling proteins, including insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and 5'-AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), were unaffected. Treatment with BPA increased GLUT4 expression and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) activity in C2C12 myotubes, but not in protein levels. We conclude that exposure to BPA can induce insulin resistance by decreasing IR gene expression, which is followed by a decrease in insulin- mediated Akt activation and increased PTP1B activity.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.454-464
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• 2018

식품 원료로도 널리 애용되는 검은콩은 풍부한 천연 페놀 화합물을 함유하고 있기 때문에 기능성 소재로서의 개발에도 매우 유용한 자원이다. 본 연구에서는 3가지 검은콩 품종[소청자(SCJ), 소청2호(SC2) 및 청자2호(CJ2)]을 대상으로 TPCs과 항산화 능을 조사하였다. 그 중에서도 TPCs는 CJ2 $H_2O_2$ 처리에 의한 HaCaT 세포의 생존력 감소를 현저히 억제하여 산화적 스트레스에 대한 보호 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. SCJ와 SC2 전처리는 또한 HaCaT 세포에서 mitochondrial dysfunction의 차단과 pro-apoptotic Bax의 발현 변화의 정상화를 통해 $H_2O_2$에 의하여 유도된 apoptosis를 효과적으로 억제하였으며, DNA 손상에 대한 보호 효과와 연관성이 있었다. 또한 SCJ와 SC2는 Nrf2와 연관된 TrxR1의 발현을 효과적으로 유도하였으나, 산화적 스트레스에 대한 SCJ와 SC2의 보호 효과는 TrxR 억제제에 의하여 상쇄되었다. 이러한 결과는 SCJ와 SC2가 Nrf2 신호전달 경로 활성을 통하여 산화적 스트레스와 관련된 세포 손상을 차단함으로써 세포 보호 활성을 갖는다는 것을 의미한다. 결론적으로, SCJ와 SC2는 산화스트레스로 인한 피부 질환의 치료와 예방을 위한 응용 가능성이 높음을 보여주었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.341-345
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• 2010

Introduction: Skeletal homeostasis is normally maintained by the stability between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. However, the correlation between the inflammatory reaction and osteoblastic differentiation of cultured osteoprogenitor cells has not been fully investigated. This study examined the effects of inflammatory cytokines on the osteoblastic differentiation of cultured human periosteal-derived cells. Materials and Methods: Periosteal-derived cells were obtained from the mandibular periosteum and introduced into the cell culture. After passage 3, the periosteal-derived cells were further cultured in an osteogenic induction Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) medium containing dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, and $\beta$-glycerophosphate. In this culture medium, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ with different concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10 ng/mL) or interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ with different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, and 1 ng/mL) were added. Results: Both TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ stimulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression in the periosteal-derived cells. TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ increased the level of ALP expression in a dose-dependent manner. Both TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ also increased the level of alizarin red S staining in a dose-dependent manner during osteoblastic differentiation of cultured human periosteal-derived cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that inflammatory cytokines TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ can stimulate the osteoblastic activity of cultured human periosteal-derived cells.

• 해부∙생물인류학
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2016

레오나르도 다빈치는 르네상스 시대의 천재 예술가이다. 그는 예술가와 과학자, 발명가로서 뛰어난 업적을 남겼고, 식물학과 수학, 지질학, 천문학, 기하학, 광학 등의 다양한 분야에서 최고의 반열에 올랐을 뿐 아니라 오늘날의 과학에까지 크게 기여하고 있다. 또한 레오나르도는 예술가와 과학자, 발명가, 철학자로도 잘 알려져 있으며, 사람과 동물들을 직접 해부하여 관찰한 후 많은 해부 그림들을 남긴 위대한 해부학자였다. 레오나르도가 해부학에 관심을 가졌던 이유는 - 화가는 해부학에 무지해서는 안 된다 - 라는 예술가의 관점에서 사람의 구조와 기능을 알기 위함이었다. 그는 사람 몸의 구조와 기능에 더욱 관심을 갖게 되었고, 시체를 구하기 어려운 상황에도 불구하고 많은 시체를 직접 해부하여 관찰하였다. 이러한 그의 해부학적 탐구와 심취로 말미암아 그는 동시대의 사람들보다 100년 이상 앞선 위대한 해부학 업적을 남겼다. 레오나르도가 남긴 뼈대와 근육, 혈관, 신경, 비뇨생식계통에 관한 1,800여 개의 해부 그림들은 높은 예술성과 함께 과학적으로도 매우 가치가 높은 걸작들이다. 이 연구의 목적은 레오나르도의 해부학 분야의 업적과 사고를 살펴보고, 해부학 분야의 선구자인 레오나르도의 위대한 업적을 오늘날 사람들에게 널리 알리고자 하는 것이다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.501-518
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• 2013

Apart from thinning of cortical layers, the local bone curvature, varying along bone periphery, modulates ultrasound waves as well, which is however often underestimated or overlooked in clinical quantitative ultrasound (QUS). A dedicated three-dimensional finite element modelling technique for cortical bones was established, for quantitatively exploring and calibrating the effect of local curvature of cortical bone on ultrasound. Using a correlation-based mode extraction technique, high-velocity group (HVG) and low-velocity group (LVG) wave modes in a human radius were examined. Experimental verification using acrylic cylinders and in vitro testing using a porcine femur were accomplished. Results coherently unravelled the cortical curvature exerts evident influence on bone-guided ultrasound when RoC/${\lambda}$ <1 for HVG mode and RoC/${\lambda}$ <2 for LVG mode (RoC/${\lambda}$: the ratio of local bone curvature radius to wavelength); the sensitivity of LVG mode to bone curvature is higher than HVG mode. It has also been demonstrated the local group velocity of an HVG or LVG mode at a particular skeletal site is equivalent to the velocity when propagating in a uniform cylinder having an outer radius identical to the radius of curvature at that site. This study provides a rule of thumb to compensate for the effect of bone curvature in QUS.