• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.202-207
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• 2001

Covering an area of about 39 ha, Qingming Shanghe Park is located in the northwest of Kaifeng, formerly the capital of seven dynasties in China. It is intended to serve as a tourist attraction based on a painting 〃Qingming Festival at Riverside〃 by Zhang Zeduan of the Northern song Dynasty, which vividly illustrates a real life on the both sides of the Bian River as well as in the urban area, Kaifeng, in early Spring. The park is a collection of varied buildings such as shops, restaurants, tea-houses, theaters, and hotels in the North song style, with an introduction of the history of Kaifeng, this paper examines design philosophy and methodology of the park, and discusses the creative design of the first stage development known as known as The South Area of the park. Marked by the Rainbow Bridge and the City Gate, the South Area is divided into three parts, the rural, suburban, and urban parts which are organized according to the spatial order showed in the painting. The South Area proves to be very successful because of its amazing sense of history and interesting folk performance. Furthermore, the preliminary 9planning of the second stage development known as The North Area is presented with references to culture, history and customs. The North Area is proposed to include the Old Sports & Games Garden, the Exhibition Garden, and the Hot Spring Garden with an appearance of the imperial gardens in the Northern Song, integrated with participation of old sports and games, display of old science & technology achievements, and enjoyment of hot spring bath.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.15 no.4 s.42
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• pp.381-390
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• 2005

S City depends on the T River as source water for water supply. Arsenic and boron from the hot-spring waste-water discharged from the hot-spring spa resort and emerging from the fractures of bedrock of the river have been prevalent contaminant of the T River water. This research was conducted to propose the simple and quick surrogate parameter for water quality management easily. And through making hexa-diagram of principal ions in the water samples, existing state of the water and influence of the human activity or geological origin can be figured out. As a results of characteristics of the T River water quality using principal component analysis, the contributory percentages of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd principal components were $40.80\%,\;21.40\%\;and\;11.31\%$, respectively. Therefore it was clarified that the quality of the T River water could be explained by these three principal components. Concentration of the chloride ion, which is one of the characteristics of the hot-spring water, was well correlated to both arsenic and boron concentrations. Hence concentrations of the arsenic and boron in the raw water of the water reatment plant can be predicted by the measurement of concentration of the chloride ion.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.455-458
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• 2004

This study uses time series analyses to evaluate fluctuation of water levels in a geothermal water well due to pumping, in relation to rainfall at Dongrae hot-spring site on the southeastern coast of tile Korean peninsula. The volume of water pumped from the public study wells ranges from 542 to 993 m$^3$/month, and the minimum water level ranged from 35 to 144.7 m during the measured period. Autocorrelation analysis was conducted for the withdrawal rate at the public wells, water levels and rainfall. The autocorrelation of the withdrawal rate shows distinct periodicity with 3 months of lag time, the autocorrelation of rainfall shows weak linearity and short memory with 1 months of lag time, and the autocorrelation of water levels shows weak linearity and short memory with 2 months of lag time. The cross-correlation between the pumping volume and the minimum water level shows a maximum value 1 at a delayed time of 34 months. The cross-correlation between rainfall and the minimum water level shows a maximum value of 0.39 at a delayed time of 32 months.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.94-108
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• 2023

Onyanghaenggung Palace(temporary palace at Onyang) is an important cultural heritage that can substantially confirm the king's onhaeng(溫行) base on literature records such as <Ongungyeonggoedae(溫宮靈槐臺)>, <Oncheonhaenggungdo(溫泉行宮圖)> of 『Ongungsasil(溫宮事實)』『, Younggoedaegi(靈槐臺記)』and cultural property such as Yeonggoedae(靈槐臺) and Shinjeong Monument(神井碑). As the Onyang Tourist Hotel is located in the presumed site of the Onyanghaenggung Palace, even the identity of the Onyanghaenggung Palace site is being threatened without restoration efforts. The purpose of this study is to estimate the location of Onyanghaenggung Palace based on <Oncheonhaenggungdo> before the damages during the Japanese colonial period. To achieve these purposes, records related to Onhaeng during successive kings' terms in the Joseon Dynasty are first reviewed, before changes in the architecture of Onyanghaenggung Palace that took place in the Joseon Dynasty and damage suffered during the Japanese colonial period are summarized, and finally <Oncheonhaenggungdo>, <Eupji>, <Ancient Maps>, <Jijeokwondo> are reviewed. Based on these processes, the location of Onyanghaenggung Palace is estimated by comparing the current Onyang Tourist Hotel and the surrounding area. The results of this study are as follows. First, if the 1,758 cheok(尺) of 「Onyanggun eupji」 and 「Hoseo eupji」 are converted in Jucheok(周尺), the scope of Onyanghaenggung Palace is close to the inner circumference of the site(垈) in Jijeokwondo(1914). Second, the streamlet leading to Oncheoncheon(溫泉川) from the southern side of Onyanggwan(溫陽館), the hot spring hole in use of <Distribution Map of Hot Spring(溫泉分布見取圖)>(1925, 1928), and considering the relationship of the inner east gate(內東門), Bigak(碑閣), Sinjeong(神井) of <Oncheonhaenggungdo>, the building of Hermann Gustav Theodor Sander and the Copyright Commission's Onyang Hot Springs photograph can be estimated as the Onyanghaenggung Palace Hot-spring, namely Tangsil(湯室). Third, in the process of developing to amusement park, the transfer and relocation of the Yeonggaedae site(a governmentowned property) was requested by Gyeongnam Railway Company, but Chungcheongnam-do denied transfer and relocation of the Yeonggaedae because of the importance in the history of Onyang Hot Springs, so the government-owned Yeonggaedae Monument site were permanently preserved at the current location together with the hoe tree(Sophora japonica L.). Also, Yeonggoedae in <Tourists Attractions around Gyeongnam Railway in Joseon (朝鮮京南鐵道沿線名所交通図絵)> (1929) is shown to exist in its current location, and it can be seen that the Shinjeong Monument Pavilion was moved to the front of Shinjeonggwan (神井館). Based on the circumference of Onyanghaenggung Palace, the location of Onyanghaenggung Palace Hot Spring (Tangsil) and Yeonggaedae Monument Pavilion, changes in roads and lots of land during the Japanese colonial period and the modern period, as well as the location of Onyanghaenggung Palace and other major buildings, can be estimated to extend to the current Shimin-ro and Onyang Hot Spring Market.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.345-358
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• 1999

To study the influences of thermal effluents flowing from hot spring on epilithic algal community, seasonal survey was carried out at stream and its watersheds from Seokjeong hot spring in Chollabuk-Do, Korea. Totally 7 points were divided into three regions fur sampling of water and epilithic algae, such as the direct effected, uneffected and the mixed region, respectively. At the discharging points of effluents, a dark-green cyanobacterial mat were remarkably constructed, mainly by two cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria and Phormidium. The mat formation were more obvious at low temperature than any other season, and even result in disappear with downstream and season. Totally, one hundred and fifty-three taxa of epilithic algae were classified with 15 unidentified species. Among the, diatoms occupied 58％ of total species, whereas cyanobacteria was 67% of total biomass, comparatively. In terms of stream direction, relative abundance of cyanobacteria was only limited in the upstream in cold season, and result in this pattern disappeared with season change. Although all physicochemical variables at the discharging points, was very high, compare to other points, they were quickly decreased downstream. Among them, some heavy metals were not detected or below the detection levels at downstream. Nitrate nitrogen increased with downstream, as well as phosphorus and sulfate have a similar trend throughout, while ammonia quickly decreased in the initial period of discharging effluents. This suggest that although the thermal effluent with high temperature and organic compounds could polluted the small study stream, various contributions such as flowing water, intake of uneffected streawater and collaboration of cyanobacterial mat and stream bottom gradually induces a stable water system.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.85-110
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• 2011

As Gangwon-do Province needs an environmental-friendly alternative tourism according to low carbon green growth, this study analyzes specialized fields in green health industry, selects seven specialized fields in green health industry that is fit to Gangwon-do Province, and suggests a development strategy by conducting recognition surveys on preference and impotence of the specialized fields. Surveys and interviews are conducted of 106 students at Green Health Industry Education Center which is operating by Kwandong University and 84 persons who work at medical institutions and tourism related companies in Ganwondo. The surveys and interviews were completed from November 5 to November 19 in 2010, determined factors through a factor analysis when they have many questions, and analyzed by using SPSS 14.0. Out of the seven specialized fields, rest & recuperation field is highly recognized. In order to have competitive edge compared to other self-governing provinces, Ganwon-do Province should prioritize rest and recuperation field. A healthcare program in the green health industry specific to Ganwon-do Province includes hot springs and spa programs as a priority. Gangwon-do's hot springs are deemed to be competitive resources as global medical tourists prefer spa and sauna healthcare programs, while the province promotes its spring resources and builds medical tourism infrastructures. Gangwon-do Province can promote a medical tourism industry that is well suitable for the strength and characteristics of the province. It might pursue oriental medicine therapy tourism, which is related to a recuperating medical service that uses both oriental and western medicine. It can also run such programs as forest bathing (oxygen road), spring and spa, and sea water treatment, which are the specialized fields in green health industry with respect to recreation and healthcare.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.449-454
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• 1992

Eight healthy Holstein bulls, 4-6 years old were used to study the effect of season of the year on the incidence of the morphologically abnormal spermatozoa. Semen was collected twice a week by A. V. over one-year period. The percentage of total abnormal spermatozoa was $14.1{\pm}0.5$. Ejaculates collected during hot summer season had significantly higher incidence of abnormal spermatozoa than those collected during winter time. Warm spring had moderate semen abnormality. In addition to its effect on the total number of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa, season affected significantly the primary as well as the secondary types of abnormalities. The differences between incidence of primary and secondary types of abnormalities were not significant for all seasons and seasons pooled together. The ratio between the total forms of abnormality in the head, mid-piece and tail of spermatozoa was as 1:1.5:1. Head and mid-piece had defected more during summer compared with both winter and spring. There was no variation in tail abnormalities due to season. The significant effect of season on head was observed by large, pyriform, free and detached heads, while that on mid-piece was by swollen, coiled mid-pieces and protoplasmic droplets.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2016.10a
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• pp.132-133
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• 2016

This research team has developed single silk white bubble sheets to be used as surface sheath curing material for spring, summer, and autumn. But though its effects for spring and autumn temperature conditions have been proved, there haven't been any studies for summer temperature conditions. Therefore in this study, single silk white bubble sheets and single silk transparent bubble sheets as well as aluminum metalizing single silk bubble sheets have been applied to actual box-frame apartment slabs in construction, in order to compare temperature backgrounds of the concrete and other qualities. Upon application, the temperature of concrete cured in summer temperature conditions showed excellent scores, being the lowest for aluminum metalizing single silk white bubble sheets, then single silk transparent bubble sheets. But the aluminum metalizing single silk bubble sheet gave off a harmful glare, so for actual use, white single silk bubble sheets are recommended.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 2008

Nine wells have been developed for uses of thermal waters at the Icheon hot spa area. Drilling depths of those hot spring wells range from 166 to 294 m and their piezometric heads are located at about 50 m below the surface. Using the differences between the surface and bottom temperatures within all boreholes, we can simply estimate geothermal gradient in this area. Thus, we obtained the highest, lowest and average gradient values as $64^{\circ}C/km$ from SB-2 well, $45^{\circ}C/km$ from SB-1 well and approximately $54.28^{\circ}C/km$, respectively. However, observing the MRD-2 well additionally drilled into the depth of 996 m, we found out that this study area has widely experienced the temperature disturbance due to thermal groundwater penetration through the fracture systems within the depth of 720 m. Unlikely this phenomenon, we can conclude that the groundwater flow below the depth of 720 m does not exist. Therefore, using only those temperature data below the 720 m depth, we can estimate reasonable geo-thermal gradient values as $33^{\circ}C/km$ in this study area. Pumping test shows that outflowing temperature is $36^{\circ}C$ corresponding to the temperature logging data at 720 m depth.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.29-37
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• 1995

The national park should be preserved in accordance with the regulation, but the development planning or facilities management planning has not been faithful to the spirits of the regulation. Recently natural environment has been radically changed, and especially damaged by large scale development of Service Facilities Zone. Thus the effective land use planning of the national park is required. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose the alternative site for The Second Service Facilities Zone in Mt. Kyeryong National Park using the GIS, and to compare the alternative site with the existing development site. Site selection was based on Rules of Combination which covers topographic analysis, viewshod analysis, distance analysis from hot spring well, land use analysis, and forest stand analysis.