• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.19-29
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• 2009

Objectives : Antioxidant effects of Gagam-jangwonhwan(LMK01 and 02) water extract against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage and cell death were investigated in rat pheochromocytoma line PC 12. Methods : The cells were treated with LMK01 and 02 water extract and $H_2O_2$, oxidative damage-inducing materials for 24 h. The cellular viability was assessed by WST-1 assay, oxidative damages of the cells by 8-OHdG quantitation, apoptosis by Hoechst 33342 staining assay and activity of antioxidant enzymes by catalase and glutathione peroxidase assay. Results : 1. LMK01 and LMK02 water extracts improved significantly cell viability in $H_2O_2$-treated groups than $H_2O_2$-alone treated cells 2, LMK02 suppressed significantly oxidative damage in $H_2O_2$-treated groups than $H_2O_2$-alone treated cells but LMK01 didn't. Meanwhile, difference of oxidative damages in conditions treated with LMK01 or LMK02 was not significant, 3. The $H_2O_2$ induced-apoptosis in PC 12 cell lines was inhibited effectively by LMK01 and LMK02, and especially the features of apoptosis were obviously reduced in LMK02-treated cells. 4. LMK01 and LMK02 increased significantly activities of both catalase and glutathione peroxidase than those of $H_2O_2$-alone treated group and moreover, LMK02 showed significantly higher activities than those of LMK01. Conclusions : As shown, LMK01 and LMK02 suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage and cell death in PC 12 cell effectively. And they increased activity of major antioxidant enzymes in PC 12 cell line. Therefore, this study suggests the possibility of clinical usage over oxidative stress-induced neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.7-13
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• 2016

Objectives : Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) possesses a various beneficial effects such as free radical-scavenging, inactivation of urokinase in cancer cell proliferation, antibacterial, and hypotensive. Dental caries is one of the most common oral infectious disease in a human. Oral microorganisms play a significant role in the etiology of dental caries. An aberration to this ecology due to dietary habits, improper oral hygiene or systemic factors lead to an increase in cariogenic microorganisms. Cariogenic microorganisms like Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus encourage the accumulation and adherence of plaque biofilm by metabolizing sucrose into glucans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds of Camellia sinensis and R-carvone, monoterpenes, is can be found naturally in numerous essential oils, on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus .Methods : The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was determined by the broth microdilution method and checkerboard dilution assay to investigate the potential synergistic effects of each five compounds of Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) and R-carvone.Results : C. sinensis-isolated compounds and R-carvone were determined with MIC of more than 1,000 ㎍/mL. However, the combination test showed significant synergism against S. mutans and S. sobrinus, implicated in the lowered MICs.Conclusions : These results suggest that combinatory application of phenolic five compounds (theophyllin, l-theanine, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, and caffeine) from C. sinensis and R-carvone has a potential synergistic effect and thus may be useful as a mouthrinse in helping control cariogenic microorganism.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.443-447
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial and anti-oral malodor effect of Schizandra chinensis extracts against oral pathogens. S. chinensis methanol (MeOH) extract showed better antimicrobial activities against oral pathogens than the S. chinensis hot water extract did. In particular, ethylacetate (EA) fraction of S. chinensis MeOH extract had the greatest effects against Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguinis, S. salivaris subsp. thermophols and Porphyromons gingivalis. The anti-malodor effect of S. chinensis against the generation of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC), such as hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide, was estimated using oral chroma in a practical study. The results showed that 2% MeOH extract of S. chinensis against the production of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide had inhibitions of 91.15, 78.72 and 71.58%, respectively. These results showed that Schizandra chinensis extract had antimicrobial activity against several oral pathogens and exhibited significant effects on the inhibition of VSCs. Thus, Schizandra chinensis extract could be an alternative to available synthetic chemicals and oral hygiene products.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.467-474
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• 2013

This study demonstrated that the physiochemical properties and anti-oxidants activities of soy sauce with Oak mushroom (MK) and Astragalus memyranaceus (AK) improved in sensory acceptability and functionality during the ripening period of 30 days. The pH content was reduced and the total acidity content was increased with time. The total sugar of AK and MK was higher than traditional soy sauce (TK), and the changes in amino nitrogen of the AK increased dramatically from 0.50 to 0.98%. During the antioxidant experiments, the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents increased at a steady rate and studies showed that the DPPH free radical scavenging activities were higher in all treatments except in the traditional soy sauce. According to the results of this study, the antioxidant activities of the AK and MK were higher than the TK, while the preference for the AK and MK was higher than the TK. In conclusion, the AK could be used as a functional soy sauce.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.15-24
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• 2021

Objectives : The Glycyrrhiza new varieties, WONGAM and SINWONGAM, were developed through interspecific cross between Glycyrrhiza glabra and Glycyrrhiza uralensis by the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration in Korea. This in vitro study was undertaken to compare the antioxidant and cytotoxic effects between Glycyrrhiza new varieties (WONGAM and SINWONGAM) and official compendia (Glycyrrhiza glabra and Glycyrrhiza uralensis). Methods : Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhy drazyl), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis (3-rthylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) diammonium salt, Nitrite radical scavenging assay, and Reducing Power assay. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay and cell morphology was observed by an inverted microscope. Results : The DPPH, ABTS, Nitrite radical scavenging activities and reducing power of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, WONGAM, and SINWONGAM were evaluated at different concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 ㎍/㎖). Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, WONGAM, and SINWONGAM showed similar dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activities. The cytotoxic effects with increasing doses of Glycyrrhiza new varieties and official compendia did not differ in HCT116, HT29, A549, MDA-MB231, PC3, ACHN, and HeLa cells. However, significant difference in cytotoxicity were observed in AGS, MCF7 and Hep3B cells by Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, WONGAM, and SINWONGAM. Conclusions : These results showed that Glycyrrhiza new varieties and official compendia acts as a potent antioxidant. Also, the finding that equivalent cytotoxic potency was observed in a cell dependent manner. Our study suggests that Glycyrrhiza new varieties may offer a wide-variety of health benefits.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2017

Objectives : Infectious diseases by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a growing problem worldwide. Characteristic of MRSA is endlessly mutation to resist antibiotics. Daehwanggo (DHG) is one of the oriental medicine prescriptions contained in Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine. Daehwanggo was mainly used for external preparation from old times. The purpose of this study is to confirm possibility as supplementary drug of DHG about antibiotics through observation of synergy effect between DHG and commercial antibiotics and to observe restriction on growth of MRSA on any pathway through observation of mechanism. Methods : The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of DHG against MRSA is $500{\sim}2000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ by broth dilution method. In the checkerboard method, the combinations of DHG with antibiotics has partial synergistic effect or synergy effect and DHG markedly reduced the MICs of the antibiotics oxacillin (OX), gentamicin (GT) against MRSA. In the inhibition of resistance mechanism of DHG against MRSA, the expression of resistance gene and protein about ${\beta}-lactam$ antibiotic was reduced. Also, we observed the effect of DHG about cell membrane permeability against MRSA, and confirmed that DHG suppressed growth of strains by increasing cell membrane permeability. Results : Basis on the result, we speculate that DHG increase antibacterial activity of antibiotics against MRSA by changing the structure of cell wall of MRSA. Conclusions : These data suggest that Daehwanggo possesses possibility as supplementary drug about antibiotics against MRSA.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 1986

The blue-light effect on the grown as well as on the physiological activity of some major horticultural plants in Korea has been investigated. The light quality used for the work was obtained from sunlight filtered by an orangecolored polyethylene film which removed about 70% of visible light in the spectral region of $350㎚{\sim}500㎚$. The film was developed in this laboratory especially for the work and named BCR film meaning blue color-removing film. The light environment in the plastic house which was built with BCR film provided plants with the blue color-deficient sunlight. Thus, the photobiological effect of blue light could be examined conversely by comparing with the effect of white sunlight in a conventional plastic house built with colorless polyethylene film. In a sense of applicability to horticulture, two remarkable effects of the blue color-deficient sunlight on plant physiology were observed: First, it enhanced to a great extent the growth activity of plants-pepper, cucumber, zucchini, tomato, and leaf lettuce at the vegetative stage as well as at the reproductive stage, as demonstrated by their yield which were in average $40{\sim}50%$ increased compared with the control (under white sunlight). Second, it improved significantly the cold tolerance of plants, as exhibited with their resistance to chilling during treatment in a cold chamber maintained at a temperature which caused chilling injury to the plants of control. The visualized effects were reflected on the physiological activity of cells on organelle level. Chloroplast isolated from the plant leaves grown under BCR film showed considerably stronger photosynthetic activity, as judged by the increased electron transport rate of illuminated chloroplast, than that from leaves grown under white PE film. Mitochondria from leaves grown under BCR film maintained normal respiration activity until temperature decreased to a few degree($^{\circ}C$) lower than the temperature which caused respiratory inhibition to mitochondria obtained from leaves of the control.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.361-368
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of a mixture of rice bran and bodies of Sparassis crispa fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture had higher water, crude lipid and crude ash content than that of S. crispa. Insoluble dietary fiber contents of the dried powder of S. crispa and LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture were 46.13% and 33.46%, respectively. ${\beta}$-glucan was higher in dried S. crispa (38.03%) than in LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture (5.44%). Dried S. crispa contained mainly fructose and glucose instead of containing sucrose in LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture. No significant differences in the total polyphenol contents were found in between dried S. crispa and LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture. Total flavonoid content was significantly higher in LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture than in dried S. crispa. No significant differences were found in the DPPH radical scavenging activity and in the antioxidant index between dried S. crispa and LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture. Finally, ABTS radical scavenging activity of LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture was significantly higher than that of dried S. crispa. These results may provide the basic data for future studies for a better understanding of the biological activities of LAB-fermented S. crispa mixture.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2013

These studies were identified the effect of four types of non-perforated breathable (NPB) packing film and three sizes on storage ability of fresh-cut for ready to eat packaging at $5^{\circ}C$ for 25 days and $10^{\circ}C$ for 15 days storage in Salicornia herbacea. The fresh weight loss was less than 2% in every films at $5^{\circ}C$ condition after 25 days storage, and the $10^{\circ}C$ also had same result on 15 days storage except 100,000 cc NPB film. Compare with storage after 15 days, storage condition at $5^{\circ}C$ had shown better result under the 1% fresh weight loss rate. The 5,000 cc and $5^{\circ}C$ condition had been shown the characteristics of MA packaging in carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations. The ethylene concentration in vacuum film was higher 10 to 100 times than in NPB film treatments during storage. But ethylene concentration was not statistically significant differences among size treatments. Every conditions had been measured the anti-oxidant activity by DPPH method after storage at $5^{\circ}C$ for 25 days and $10^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. S. herbacea at $5^{\circ}C$ had been more than twice of activity compare with that at $10^{\circ}C$. 100,000 cc NPB film had been higher contents of anti-oxidant activity at $5^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$. As the fresh-cut sizes, 3 cm and 5 cm sizes had changed depending on film types but 10 cm were not effected by the film types in the DPPH activity. When panel test had been tried to measure the visual quality and off-flavor after storage, $5^{\circ}C$ with a filme of 5,000 cc treatment had established higher value than other treated conditions. As these results, it's may be suggested that the $5^{\circ}C$ with 5,000 cc non-perforated breathable film for MA storage in Salicornia herbacea at fresh cut distribution system. Fresh cut size 10 cm with 100,000 cc NPB film also had the good quality for 15 dyas storage at $10^{\circ}C$, and this result can be applied for short term distribution system in Korea.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.833-846
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• 2023

Onions are essential vegetables for Koreans' diet and have various physiological activities. However, problems arise every year due to the imbalance between production and demand. Therefore, in this study, nutritional and functional components, and antioxidant activity were analyzed for each growth period in order to utilize onions at the disposal period. Whole onions harvested before June showed higher values of general ingredients, inorganic ingredients, organic acids, spiraeoside, quercetin, total chlorophyll, and antioxidant activity than bulbs harvested in June. On the other hand, the free sugar content was higher in the bulb of the harvest season in June than in whole onions. The total thiosulfinate content was similar to that of whole onions and bulbs in the early stages of growth. In addition, as a result of comparing the flavonoid compound and antioxidant activity of each onion variety, whole onions harvested at 25 weeks were higher in content than onion bulbs harvested in June. In conclusion, onions before the harvest season in June had excellent utilization value as food. Harvesting before 21 weeks is desirable for growing onions with excellent nutritional value, while harvesting after 23 weeks is recommended for excellent functional components and antioxidant activity in onions.