• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.51-51
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• 2022

Water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.) is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows wild throughout Korea. As of 2020, 24,819 tons (51.7% of open field, 48.3% of facility) are produced in 1,278 ha (59.9% of open field, 40.1% of facility) nationwide. Water dropwort, which is rich in nutrients such as vitamins and iron, is mainly cultivated by vegetative propagation method using local traditional species, however, seed propagation and breeding of cultivars are insufficient so far. Since securing, propagating and continuous characterization of various genetic resources are required to breed new cultivars, this study was conducted to compare the main characteristics of domestic genetic resources and to improve their utilization. Growth characteristics such as plant height, fresh weight, plant type, and flowering date were investigated for the 89 varieties of genetic resources owned by Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services after vegetative propagation in the individual pots. Also, the morphological image information of leaves and flowers was constructed. Genetic resources were collected nationwide and originated in 30 regions including Hwaseong, Siheung and Jeju. Their plant types could be classified into straight, intermediate and creeping types according to their morphological characteristics, and at this time, the number of intermediate types accounted for the largest proportion. Flowering was carried out under high-temperature and long-day conditions in summer. According to the flowering date, they could be classified into early, middle and late flowering varieties, and at this time, the middle flowering varieties occupied the largest proportion. As a result of the investigation of vegetative growth characteristics, varieties with long plant height, heavy fresh weight and thick stem thickness were identified. Along with this result, it is thought that classification and selection of genetic resources for various purposes will be possible through additional investigations such as analysis of components and antioxidant activity. Moreover, it is judged that such results can be used as basic data for breeding new water dropwort cultivars in the future.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2015

A lipase producing bacterium was isolated from button mushroom bed, which showing high clear zone on agar media containing Tributyrin as the substrate. The strain was identified as Burkholderia cepacia by analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequence. Crude lipase (CL) was partially purified from 70% ammonium sulfate precipitation using the culture filtrate of B. cepacia. Immobilized lipases were prepared by cross-linking method with CL from B. cepacia and Novozyme lipase (NL) onto silanized Silica-gel as support. Residual activitiy of the immobilized CL (ICL) and immobilized NL (INL) was maintained upto 61% and 72%, respectively. Biodiesel (Fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) was recovered by transesterification and methanolysis of Canola oil using NaOH, CL and ICL as the catalysts to compare the composition of fatty acids and the yield of FAME. Total FAME content was NaOH $781mg\;L^{-1}$, CL $681mg\;L^{-1}$ and ICL $596mg\;L^{-1}$, in which the highest levels of FAME was observed to 50% oleic acid (C18:1) and 22% stearic acid (C18:0). In addition, the unsaturated FAME (C18:1, C18:2) decreased, while saturated FAME (C16:0, C18:0) increased according to increasing the reaction times with both CL and ICL, supporting CL possess both transesterification and interesterification activity. When reusability of ICL and INL was estimated by using the continuous reaction of 4 cycles, the activity of ICL and INL was respectively maintained 66% and 79% until the fourth reaction.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.537-548
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of 9 kinds of medicinal plants against crown gall in grapevine. The medicinal plants extracted with several solvent systems were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity by the disc diffusion method. The ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from magic lily flowers, tachys roots, asian plantain flowers and seeds, sweet wormwood leaves, stems and flowers, immature bitter melon fruits, cockscomb flowers, and peach tree resin showed in vitro antimicrobial activities against Rhizobium vitis with growth inhibition zones ranging from 10 to 27 mm in diameter. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of extracts against R.vitis ranged from 10,000 in Asian plantain flower and 50,000 fold diluted extracts in sweet wormwood flowers, stems, leaves, cockscomb leaves and immature bitter melon fruits. The active fractions of ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts from the medicinal plants were partially separated through silica gel column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The active fractions were separated at Rf 0.36, 0.69, 0.75, 0.84, and 0.94 in sweet wormwood extracts, Rf 0.96 and 0.99 in cockscomb flower extracts, Rf 0.92 and 0.97 in cockscomb leaf extracts, and Rf 0.85 in immature bitter melon fruit extracts in TLC analysis developed with hexane:ethyl acetate (20:80, v/v) and methanol:chloroform (20:80, v/v). Among extracts from plants with in vitro antimicrobial activities, sweet wormwood, cockscomb leaves, and immature bitter melon fruits showed in vivo antimicrobial activities with inhibition activity of 100, 67, and 83.3%, respectively, in 'Kyoho' grapevine inoculated with R. vitis compared with the untreated control. These findings indicate that extracts of medicinal plants could be used as sustainable candidates to control crown gall disease caused by R. vitis in grapevines.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2011

Individual ion concentrations and ionic contributions to EC reading in the circulated nutrient solution are the important factors to be considered for stable EC-based closed-loop soilless culture. This study was conducted to determine appropriate ion-analysis intervals of the circulated nutrient solutions based on ion concentration, ion balance, and ion electrical conductivity under different renewal intervals in EC-based nutrient control systems for sweet peppers (Capsicum annum L. 'Fiesta') in early growth stage. Average node numbers of the plants were 13 and 18 when the experiment started and finished, respectively, and three plants were grown in each rockwool slab. Four different renewal intervals of circulated nutrient solutions such as 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks were used as treatment. Nutrient solutions were supplied to the plants based on integrated radiation. Drainage was collected into drain tanks after irrigation ended in the day and then mixed with fresh water until the EC reaches 2.69 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. The replenished nutrient solution was supplied to the plants in the next day. Ion concentrations of the individual ions periodically analyzed in the circulated nutrient solutions showed no significant differences among the treatments during the experimental period. Ion concentrations of $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $NO_3{^-}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, ${PO_4}^{3-}$, and $Cl^-$ varied within 5-8, 11-14, 2.0-2.7, 0.5-0.6, 14-19, 4-5, 1-4, and 0.3-0.5 $meq{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. Ion balance showed a consistent tendency over all the treatments and especially $K^+$ : $Ca^{2+}$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ : ${PO_4}^{3-}$ played great roles in the cation and anion balances in the nutrient solutions, respectively. Activity coefficients of ions such as $K^+$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $H_2PO_4{^-}$ varied within 0.8-0.9 and those of $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ varied within 0.5-0.6, showing little changes with time. Ionic contributions of $K^+$ and $NO_3{^-}$ to EC reading were the greatest followed by $Ca^{2+}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ in the order. From the results, we thought that allowable ranges in ion concentration, ion balance, and subsequent individual ionic contributions to EC reading would be obtained within 4-week renewal interval of nutrient solution in EC-based closed-loop soilless culture for sweet pepper plants.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.453-463
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• 2021

This study investigated that comparison of the nutrients (including fatty acids, amino acids, and minerals) and ginsenoside, total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents and antioxidant activities in 5-year-old cultivated ginseng (CG), mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG), and whole plant parts of MCG (WPMCG). The contents of total fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids were determined highest in MCG (1215.9 and 751.2 mg/100 g), and saturated fatty acid was determined highest in WPMCG (486.4 mg/100 g) respectively. Characteristically, the α-linolenic acid content was detected up to 10 times higher in MCG (139.3 mg/100 g) and WPMCG (194.4 mg/100 g) compared to CG (18.1 mg/100 g). Total free and essential amino acid contents were high with CG < MCG < WPMCG (1006.35 mg/100 g and 839.46 mg/100 g). Notably, γ-aminobutyric acid and arginine were detected as the main non-essential amino acids with highest levels detected in WPMCG (163.10 mg/100 g) and MCG (305.23 mg/100 g), respectively. Total mineral content was high in CG (30.36 mg/100 g) and WPMCG (29.82 mg/100 g). Particularly, Calcium (Ca) was detected more than twice as high in WPMCG (6.68 mg/100 g) as compared to CG and MCG. TP and TF contents were 5.12 gallic acid mg/g and 3.04 RE mg/g respectively. Ginsenoside content was the highest in WPMCG (42.44 mg/g) in general and the highest antioxidant activity was also observed in WPMCG.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.283-288
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• 2014

Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) has been quarantined by many countries in the world. Recently, the usage of methyl bromide should be limited, application by gamma irradiation on the agricultural production is raised as an alternative method. In this study, the level of gamma irradiation which could decrease of population of Xcc in the suspension or on the surface of citrus fruit was investigated. The $D_{10}$ value of Xcc, which is radiation dose required to reduce the number of the microorganism, was 55 and 28 Gy in the suspension and on the surface of citrus fruit, respectively. Furthermore, disease severity was suppressed on the citrus leaves inoculated with Xcc suspension pre-treated with gamma irradiation. Based on this study, it is suggested that Xcc on the citrus fruit could be eradicated by gamma irradiation and the results of this study may be valuable for application of gamma ray in quarantine activity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.174-181
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• 2010

The yeast strains used for fermentation are known to influence the qualities of wine. We investigated the effects of fermentation using different yeast strains on the properties of wine produced from 'Hayward' kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). The physicochemical characteristics of wine produced using various yeast strains for fermentation were also analyzed. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gervin No.5 strain (GVN), S. bayanus Lavin strain EC1118 (EC1118), and S. cerevisiae Red star Davis No. 796 (No.796) are commercial dry yeast strains selected for optimization of fermentation. Although the soluble solid contents of samples fermented by all three yeast strains decreased by a similar extent, the levels of alcohol production differed, particularly during the first week of fermentation. Use of the GVN strain resulted in the highest alcohol concentration (13.8%, v/v), whereas fermentation with No.796 and EC1118 strains yielded alcohol contents of 13.0% and 12.5% (both v/v), respectively. Upon sensory evaluation, GVN-fermented wine had a strong taste and bitterness, with high acid and alcohol contents. Wine fermented using No.796 had a chemical profile similar to that of GVN-fermented product, but the taste remained sweet, consistent with the lower alcohol content. EC1118-fermented wine was soft and sweet in taste, high in flavor, and had a low alcohol content. Total phenolic levels and antioxidant activities in wine fermented by EC1118 were significantly higher than in wines prepared using No.796 or GVN. When previously described characteristics were additionally considered, EC1118 was selected as an optimum strain for further study. In conclusion, fermentation of kiwifruit using different yeast strains yielded wines with distinct characteristics. The yeast strain EC1118 had the most desirable properties, and is considered suitable for kiwifruit fermentation. Valuable attributes of wine fermented by this yeast include overall sensory acceptance, an appropriate level of total phenolics, and good antioxidant activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.911-916
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• 2013

This study investigated changes in the chemical components and enzyme activities from hydroponic-cultured ginseng roots (HGR) and leaves (HGL) with various heating temperatures (90, 110, 130, and $150^{\circ}C$) for 2 hours. The UV-absorbance and browning intensity of heated ginseng significantly increased with heating temperature. 5-HMF contents also significantly increased with increasing heating temperature. The free sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) were detected and sucrose content decreased, but fructose and glucose content increased with increasing heating temperature. Malic, citric, lactic, and oxalic acid contents were 817.52, 722.25, 122.06, and 18.43 mg%, respectively, in HGR and 682.84, 338.21, 90.37, and 0 mg%, respectively, in HGL at $150^{\circ}C$. Tyrosinase and ACE inhibitory activities significantly increased with heating temperature. These results show that various components and activities of HGT and HGL significantly increase with heating temperature.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.19-29
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• 2009

Objectives : Antioxidant effects of Gagam-jangwonhwan(LMK01 and 02) water extract against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage and cell death were investigated in rat pheochromocytoma line PC 12. Methods : The cells were treated with LMK01 and 02 water extract and $H_2O_2$, oxidative damage-inducing materials for 24 h. The cellular viability was assessed by WST-1 assay, oxidative damages of the cells by 8-OHdG quantitation, apoptosis by Hoechst 33342 staining assay and activity of antioxidant enzymes by catalase and glutathione peroxidase assay. Results : 1. LMK01 and LMK02 water extracts improved significantly cell viability in $H_2O_2$-treated groups than $H_2O_2$-alone treated cells 2, LMK02 suppressed significantly oxidative damage in $H_2O_2$-treated groups than $H_2O_2$-alone treated cells but LMK01 didn't. Meanwhile, difference of oxidative damages in conditions treated with LMK01 or LMK02 was not significant, 3. The $H_2O_2$ induced-apoptosis in PC 12 cell lines was inhibited effectively by LMK01 and LMK02, and especially the features of apoptosis were obviously reduced in LMK02-treated cells. 4. LMK01 and LMK02 increased significantly activities of both catalase and glutathione peroxidase than those of $H_2O_2$-alone treated group and moreover, LMK02 showed significantly higher activities than those of LMK01. Conclusions : As shown, LMK01 and LMK02 suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage and cell death in PC 12 cell effectively. And they increased activity of major antioxidant enzymes in PC 12 cell line. Therefore, this study suggests the possibility of clinical usage over oxidative stress-induced neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.7-13
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• 2016

Objectives : Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) possesses a various beneficial effects such as free radical-scavenging, inactivation of urokinase in cancer cell proliferation, antibacterial, and hypotensive. Dental caries is one of the most common oral infectious disease in a human. Oral microorganisms play a significant role in the etiology of dental caries. An aberration to this ecology due to dietary habits, improper oral hygiene or systemic factors lead to an increase in cariogenic microorganisms. Cariogenic microorganisms like Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus encourage the accumulation and adherence of plaque biofilm by metabolizing sucrose into glucans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds of Camellia sinensis and R-carvone, monoterpenes, is can be found naturally in numerous essential oils, on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus .Methods : The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was determined by the broth microdilution method and checkerboard dilution assay to investigate the potential synergistic effects of each five compounds of Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) and R-carvone.Results : C. sinensis-isolated compounds and R-carvone were determined with MIC of more than 1,000 ㎍/mL. However, the combination test showed significant synergism against S. mutans and S. sobrinus, implicated in the lowered MICs.Conclusions : These results suggest that combinatory application of phenolic five compounds (theophyllin, l-theanine, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, and caffeine) from C. sinensis and R-carvone has a potential synergistic effect and thus may be useful as a mouthrinse in helping control cariogenic microorganism.