• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2008

차수성이 요구되는 제체나 댐체에 대하여 안정성을 판단하고자 할 경우 파이핑 현상발생 여부를 검토한다. 제체나 댐체는 층 다짐을 수행하면서 축조되므로 투수성은 수평방향 투수계수($k_x$)와 연직방향 투수계수($k_y$)가 서로 다른 이방성이 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 여러 가지 투수계수 비(k-ratio=$k_y/k_x$k)에 따른 침투해석을 수행하여 유출동수경사와 침투유속을 파악하고, 이론식에 의한 한계동수경사와 경험식에 의한 한계유속과 각각 비교.검토하여 파이핑에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 연구결과 투수계수 비는 한계동수경사 개념으로 파이핑 현상발생에 대한 안정성을 검토할 경우 매우 중요한 요소로 작용하나, 한계유속 개념에 대해서는 상대적으로 중요도가 매우 낮은 것으로 확인되었다.

• 천문학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.45-62
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• 1980

Defining a metal parameter $(Sp)_c$, which is related to the morphological parameters of C-M diagrams, we have estimated metal abundances for 97 globular clusters in our Galaxy. A correlation between absolute magnitude of the horizontal branch and metal abundance is derived, which is used for the determining distances to globular clusters whose visual magnitudes of the horizontal branch are known. The space distribution of globular clusters and the chemical evolution of the halo are examined. Our analysis suggests an initial mean gradient of metallicity to be d[Fe/H]/$dr_G$ = -0.06 $kpc^{-1}$ for the halo in galactocentric distance, $r_G$<20 kpc. Our findings also imply a slow collapse of protogalaxy.

• 한국공간구조학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공간구조학회 2006년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집 제3권1호(통권3호)
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• pp.110-117
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• 2006

This study presents an effective stiffness-based optimal technique to consider floor rigid diaphragm action and a technique to evaluate the structural behavior characteristics and efficiency for tall shear wall outrigger system subject to horizontal loads. To this end, isoparametric plane stress element with rotational stiffness is used for shear wall element and stiffness gradient is calculated. Also, the approximation concept to solve effectively the large scaled problems, member grouping technique and resizing technique are considered. To verify the effectiveness and usefulness of this technique, the efficient evaluation method for three types of 50 story model with core and outrigger system is presented.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.935-944
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• 2003

Forced convective boiling heat transfer coefficients were predicted for an annular flow inside a horizontal tube for pure refrigerants and nonazeotropic binary refrigerant mixtures. The heat transfer coefficients were calculated based on the turbulent temperature profile in liquid film and vapor core considering the composition difference in vapor and liquid phases, and the nonlinearity in mixing rules for the calculation of mixture properties. The heat transfer coefficients of pure refrigerants were estimated within a standard deviation of 14% compared with available experimental data. For nonazeotropic binary refrigerant mixtures, prediction of the heat transfer coefficients was made with a standard deviation of 18%. The heat transfer coefficients of refrigerant mixtures were lower than linearly interpolated values calculated from the heat transfer coefficients of pure refrigerants. This degradation was represented by several factors such as the difference between the liquid and the overall compositions, the conductivity ratio and the viscosity ratio of both components in refrigerant mixtures. The temperature change due to the concentration gradient was a major factor for the heat transfer degradation and the mass flux itself at the interface had a minor effect.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2002

Using results obtained from field surveys in the outflow region of the Keum River in winter (February 22), spring (May 9), summer (July 31) and autumn (October 17) in 2000, it was described the nutrient front relating to the hydrography. It showed that the horizontal gradients was sharp in the distributions not only in salinity but also in nutrients in the region of the mouth of estuary far away about 20 km from the dyke of the Keum River during the year. The two layer structure was a ubiquitous feature in the inner estuarine side of the region showing the maximum horizontal gradients in salinity and nutrients. Although the absolute values in salinity and nutrient concentrations were distinguished by season, the nutrient front seperates the saltier and nutrients poor water in the open sea from the brackish and nutrients rich water of the plume. These results suggest that the nutrient front coincides with the esturine front in the region of freshwater influence (ROFI) of the Keum River.

• 한국결정학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.64-72
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• 1996

증기압 제어를 위한 저온부를 없애고, 고온부의 단일 온도영역만으로 GaAs 단결정을 성장 시키는 단일 온도대역 수평 Bridgman(1-T HB: single temperature zone horizontal Bridgman)방식에서는 증기압에 상응할만한 반응관 내부의 압력을 As 초과 유입량의 기화에 의하여 유지해야 하므로 그 양을 정밀하게 결정해 주어야 한다. 이것을 위하여, 우선적으로 Ga-As 계에서의 열화학적 특성을 규명하였고, 이에 근거하여 단일 온도대역 수평 Bridgman 법으로 결정성장할 때의 As 초과 유입량을 GaAs 장입량, 반응관 칫수, 온도구배 등에 의한 일반해로 유도하였다. 따라서 단일 온도대역 수평 Bridgman 법에 의한 GaAs 단결정 성장의 이론적 근거를 마련하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.581-591
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• 1998

Numerical analysis was peformed for the two-dimensional turbulent natural convection for a long horizontal line with different end temperatures. The turbulent model has been applied a standard k-$\varepsilon$ two equation model of turbulence similar to that the proposed by the Launder and Spalding. The dimensionless governing equations are solved by using SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations) algorithm which is developed using control volumes and staggered grids. The numerical results are verified by comparison with the operating PWR test data. The analysis focuses on the effects of variation of the heat transfer rates at the pipe surface, the thermal conductivities of the pipe material and the thickness of the pipe wall on the thermal stratification. The results show that the heat transfer rate at the pipe surface is the controlling parameter for mitigating of thermal stratification in the long horizontal pipe. A significant reduction and disappearance of the thermal stratification phenomenon is observed at the Biot number of 4.82$\times$10$^{-1}$ . The results also show that the increment of the thermal conductivity and thickness of the wall weakens a little the thermal stratification and somewhat reduces temperature gradient of y-direction in the pipe wall. These effects are however minor, when compared with those due to the variation of the heat transfer rates at the surface of the pipe wall.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.658-668
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• 1999

The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of experimental parameters on the hydrodynamic characteristics in a horizontal tee-type evaporator using R-22. The experimental apparatus consisted of an unheated tee-type test section, a liquid-vapor separator, a preheated, mass flow meters, a plate heat exchanger, pump, and other measurement devices. The experimental parameters were mass flux(500 and 600kg/$m^2$s), inlet quality(0.1~0.3) and separation ratio(0.3~0.7). Absolute pressure at the inlet of the test section was 0.652 MPa. The branch-to-inlet inner diameter ratio was 0.61. Pressure gradient at the branch section was larger than that at the run section at the same separation ratio. Pressure drop per unit length increased at the run section and decreased at the branch section as the separation ratio increased. Pressure drop predicted by the separated flow model agreed with experimental data within -35 to +16%. Generally, predicted values showed similar trend with the data. Mass flow ratio of vapor refrigerant was affected by the inlet quality more than the mass flux.

• 태양에너지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 1988

The characteristics of thermal instabilities of natural convection in a horizontal fluid layer bounded below by a rigid plate and above by an interface with a passive gas is presented. The critical Grashof number decreases as the surface tension gradient effect (Marangoni effect) at the interface increases and the flow remains unstable for a critical Marangoni number depending on Prandtl numbers. These results are in substantial agreement with those of Smith and Davis.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.159-164
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• 2005

조절과 폭주기능은 밀접하게 연관된 합동운동으로 폭주와 조절 어느 한 쪽이 자극되면 양기능이 동시에 일어난다. 이 중 조절자극에 의해 일어나는 폭주를 조절성 폭주라고 하며, 눈의 굴절상태에 따라 과부족이 있다. 본 연구는 조절성 폭주비와 사위와의 관계를 규명하기 위해 그래디앤트(Gradient)법과 헤트로포리아(Heterophoria)법 둘 다 모두 사용하여 안과적 질환이 없는 성인 남녀 41명을 대상으로 검사하였다. 1. 원거리 사위분포를 조사한 결과, 정위 5명, 외사위 32명, 내사위 4명으로 외사위가 가장 많은 비율을 차지하고 있었다. 근거리 사위분포도는 원거리보다 넓게 퍼져서 분포하고 있었다. 2. 수정체의 조절력을 이완시킨 상태에서 수평사위량 측정시, 38명이 외사위량이 증가하였다. 3. 정상 AC/A ratio에 해당하는 $4{\sim}6{\Delta}/D$를 갖는 사람이 Heterophoria법에서는 27명으로 약 66%를, Gradient 법에서는 16명으로 39%를 각각 차지하고 있었다.