• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.398-414
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• 2011

The flora in the region of Mt. Sobaeksan National Park ($N36^{\circ}50^{\prime}-37^{\circ}50^{\prime}$, $E128^{\circ}20^{\prime}-128^{\circ}43^{\prime}$) was surveyed from April of 2005 to October of 2011. The vascular plants from 27 field surveys were revealed to total 869 taxa, comprising 112 families, 429 genera, 756 species, four subspecies, 91 varieties and 18 forms. Sixty-eight taxa were the first records from this region. This field study discovered significant plants in various categories. Korean endemic plants numbered 25 taxa, and 18 taxa designated by the Korean Forest Service as rare plants were investigated in this region. The taxa in category II of rare and endangered plants and higher than the third degree among the floristic regional indicator plants designated by the Korean Ministry of the Environment were three taxa and 75 taxa, respectively. From a geographical perspective, limited distribution of Saxifraga octopetala, Corydalis grandicalyx, Aegopodium alpestre, and Polygonatum acuminatifolium at a latitude higher than that of Sobaeksan National Park suggest that Sobaeksan National Park might be the limit line of the distribution of the taxa. Stewartia koreana demonstrate a reversed pattern from the taxa above, occurring at a latitude lower than that of Sobaeksan National Park. In addition, naturalized plants of 53 taxa were recorded.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.77 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2014

Background: It is valuable to find the potential activity of regulating the excessive mucin secretion by the compounds derived from various medicinal plants. We investigated whether aqueous extract of the root bark of Morus alba L. (AMA), kuwanon E, kuwanon G, mulberrofuran G, and morusin significantly affect the secretion and production of airway mucin using in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Methods: Effect of AMA was examined on hypersecretion of airway mucin in sulfur dioxide-induced acute bronchitis in rats. Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with ethanolic extract, kuwanon E, kuwanon G, mulberrofuran G, or morusin for 30 minutes and then stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 24 hours. The MUC5AC mucin secretion and production were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: AMA stimulated the secretion of airway mucin in sulfur dioxide-induced bronchitis rat model; aqueous extract, ethanolic extract, kuwanon E, kuwanon G, mulberrofuran G and morusin inhibited the production of MUC5AC mucin induced by PMA from NCI-H292 cells, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that extract of the root bark and the natural products derived from Morus alba L. can regulate the secretion and production of airway mucin and, at least in part, explains the folk use of extract of Morus alba L. as mucoregulators in diverse inflammatory pulmonary diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.122-129
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• 2017

This study presents the results from a technical analysis of a portal system that is compatible with MRV regulations and utilized to examine energy efficiency in international shipping, in relation to the implementation of a mandatory data collection system by the International Maritime Organization. The details of the SEEMP guidelines, including the data collection system and methods for collecting data on fuel use, were reviewed. Strategies for domestic shipping companies toward MRV have been recommended by identifying differences with the EU MRV, and the technical adequacy of the MRV system was assessed. The MRV system enhances cost and work efficiency by managing emissions data from the early stage to the final stage. It is capable of collecting and reporting emissions data while adhering to the reporting procedures of shipping companies. By granting different access privileges to users, the system supports shipping companies in their data collection and reporting, and also supports verifiers in their data verification activities. Moreover, it makes possible the submission of reports in electronic from, thereby enabling shipping companies to adopt an integrated response to international MRV regulations.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.389-399
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• 2018

Background: The antioxidant effects of Panax ginseng have been reported in several articles; however, little is known about the antimelanogenesis effect, skin-protective effect, and cellular mechanism of Panax ginseng, especially of P. ginseng calyx. To understand how an ethanol extract of P. ginseng berry calyx (Pg-C-EE) exerts skin-protective effects, we studied its activities in activated melanocytes and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced keratinocytes. Methods: To confirm the antimelanogenesis effect of Pg-C-EE, we analyzed melanin synthesis and secretion and messenger RNA and protein expression levels of related genes. Ultraviolet B (UVB) and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) were used to induce cell damage by ROS generation. To examine whether this damage is inhibited by Pg-C-EE, we performed cell viability assays and gene expression and transcriptional activation analyses. Results: Pg-C-EE inhibited melanin synthesis and secretion by blocking activator protein 1 regulatory enzymes such as p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), and cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate response element-binding protein. Pg-C-EE also suppressed ROS generation induced by $H_2O_2$ and UVB. Treatment with Pg-C-EE decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and hyaluronidases and increased the cell survival rate. Conclusion: These results suggest that Pg-C-EE may have antimelanogenesis properties and skin-protective properties through regulation of activator protein 1 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein signaling. Pg-C-EE may be used as a skin-improving agent, with moisture retention and whitening effects.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.428-434
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• 2008

Introduction: Piezosurgery device is one of the most commonly used instrument on the intraoral surgery such as maxillary sinus lift and autogeneous bone graft. Piezosurgery instrument also contains the tips that are manufactured especially for the convenient bone graft, which now many surgeons apply them for collecting bone graft materials in the curettage method for the restoration of skull defects. However, objective data has not been shown concerning the effects about bone graft with using Piezosurgery. Therefore we investigated the effects of Piezosurgery on the rabbit-skull defect healing. Materials & Methods: To investigate the regeneration of the bony defect with various bone graft, 10 adult New Zealand white rabbits (average weight : $2.8{\pm}0.3kg$, about 12weeks) were used. The four circular bony defects measuring 6mm in diameter were made with Piezosurgery device on each rabbit cranial bone. The harvested bone tissues during defect formation were also used for autogeneous bone graft. They were grafted into the defects in a various type; block type (Group 1), particulated type by the bone mill (Group 2), chopped type by curette shaped Piezosurgery tip (Group 3), the defect without any graft was served as control (control group). The animals were sacrificed after 6 weeks and bone regeneration capacity was evaluated histomorphometrically. Result & Conclusion: Autogeneous bone graft harvested using a Piezosurgery instrument showed satisfactory bone regeneration. There was no conspicuous difference bone prepared among by bone mill or Piezosurgery and block bone graft. Therefore, the bone harvested from the intraoral site near the operation field using the piezosurgery device can be a feasible and reliable graft for intraoral bony defects.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.658-665
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• 2011

An wild boar species which has been known as an extinct species on Jeju Island, was recently observed in the surrounding areas of Mount Halla. Based on the molecular techniques, this study examines whether they are crossbred with domesticated pig breeds. Intraspecific genetic relationships with other wild boar populations and molecular sexing were examined as well. Total of four molecular markers on mitochondrial DNA(control region and ND2) and nuclear DNA(MC1R and KIT) were applied to test crossbreeding between with domesticated pig breeds, such as Landrace, Large White, Berkshire, Hampshire, and Duroc. All individuals of wild boar population had identical mtDNA control region(CR) sequences. In addition, the sequences were the same as those of some native pig breeds which are distributed in Northeast China, but different from those previously reported from the Korean Peninsula up to date. These results suggest that this population may have originated from a genetic lineage had been not previously studied and genetically related to Chinese native pig breeds. Molecular sexing results show that there are twice as many females as male. Thus the population is under expansion and its size will dynamically increase if not controlled.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.77-90
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• 2002

The condition of initial movement for the river bed revetment using rip rap is a limit condition beyond which the lining is progressively destroyed as the separate elements are removed by the flow. In the case of the river bed revetment using mattress, however, after the initial movement the containment offered by the mesh remains. A new situation of equilibrium with a deformed river bed revetment using mattress is obtained, allowing it to withstand more severe conditions without compromising the resistance and without further bed deformation. Shield's coefficient for the river bed revetment using mattress is twice the value of that for the river bed revetment using rip rap. This means that with the same hydraulic behavior conditions, the average dimension of the rocks to be used in the river bed revetment using mattress is half that of the river bed revetment using rip rap rock. When the same size rocks are used the allowable velocity for the river bed revetment using mattress is more than twice, even as much as 3 or 4 times that for the river bed revetment using rip rap.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.308-314
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• 2007

To investigate effects of fermentation on volatile components, we analyzed volatile organic compounds of raw and fermented Rhus verniciflua S. bark. A 50%(w/v) sugar solution was used for fermentation. Volatile organic compounds of raw and fermented Rhus verniciflua S. were extracted by the simultaneous steam distillation and extraction(SDE) method, with a mixture of n-pentane and diethylether(1:1, v/v) and analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. A total of 51 and 27 volatile organic compounds were detected in raw and fermented samples, respectively, and were mainly alcohols. Compounds such as ethyl acetate, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 3-methylbutanal, 1-octen-3-o1, 3-methyl-2-butanone, hexanal and pentanal were detected as the primary compounds in the raw sample. The fermented sample showed sour different volatile compounds, such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate and 3-methylbutanol. Thus, a number of volatile organic compounds were synthesized after fermentation of Rhus verniciflua S. bark.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1005-1011
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• 2010

$\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA transporters (GATs) control extracellular GABA levels by reuptake of released GABA from the synaptic cleft. However, how GATs are regulated has not yet been elucidated. Here, we used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify the specific binding protein(s) that interacts with the carboxyl (C)-terminal region of GAT1, the major isoform in the brain and find a specific interaction with the ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (Usp14), a deubiquitinating enzyme. Usp14 protein bound to the tail region of GAT1 and GAT2 but not to other GAT members in the yeast two-hybrid assay. The C-terminal region of Usp14 is essential for interaction with GAT1. In addition, these proteins showed specific interactions in the glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay. An antibody to GAT1 specifically co-immunoprecipitated Usp14 from mouse brain extracts. These results suggest that Usp14 may regulate the number of GAT1 at the cell surface.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.617-625
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect that using mind map instruction has on the students' scientific inquiry skill and science-related attitudes in 11th grade in the earth science instruction. The objects of this study were consisted of two classes with 11th graders at K public high school in Kimhea city. The experimental group using mind map was lessoned 2 hours a week for 10 weeks. On the other hand, the controlled group was traditionally taught. Each group was consisted of 34 students. Student's science inquiry skills and science-related attitudes were assessed in pre-test, and then each group was instructed. The post-test was conducted after the instruction. Findings were as follows: First, As for the scientific inquiry skill, the result revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups. This finding means that the mind map instruction was more effectiveto improve students' scientific inquiry skills. Second, Regarding the science-related attitudes, the t-test analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups. This result implies that the mind map instruction was more effective in promoting students' attitudes toward science. In conclusion, the earth science instruction using mind map showed more effectiveness on the high school students' improvement of their science inquiry skills and science-related attitudes.