• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2017

This study was investigated in order to occurrence of weed flora in orchard (apple, grape, peach, pear etc.) fields and to the establishment of weed control basic data in these weeds. And this study was survey on 2015. As a result of the study on orchard weeds, there were total of 492 weeds including 63 families. Among all the weeds, 159 species were annual, 97 species were winter annual and 236 were perennial. Each fruit tree patterns of occurrence weeds, 306 species 50 families in apple orchard, 304 species 50 families in pear orchard, 286 species 50 families in grape orchard, and 288 species 48 families in peach orchard. Dominance was the highest with Digitaria ciliaris followed by Artemisia princeps, Stellaria aquatica, Commelina communis, Acalypha australis etc. in order. And exotics weeds occurred 127 species. Trifolium repens was the highest in importance analysis and the followings were in order of Conyza canadensis, Chenopodium album, Taraxacum offcinale, Rumex crispus etc. Changes in weed vegetation in orchard during 30 years, did not very many changed. In 1990, D. ciliaris, Persicaria hydropiper, Portulaca loeracea were dominant. In 2003, D. ciliaris was the most abundant species, followed by A. australis, A. princeps species. And in 2015, also D. ciliaris was the most dominant, followed by A. princeps, S. aquatica.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2018

We surveyed the distribution of exotic weeds in Korean paddy fields, uplands, orchards and pastures from 12,568 sites during 3 years, 2013, 2014 and 2015. As a result, 166 species in 28 families were identified and 7, 130, 126, and 80 species were surveyed from paddy fields, uplands, orchards, and pastures, respectively. Among the 166 species, 128 species were annual weed and 38 species were perennial weed. Especially, winter annual exotic weeds were 63 species (37.8%). 46, 16, and 104 exotic weeds were classified to their introduction period of $1^{st}$ (1876-1921), $2^{nd}$ (1922-1963), and $3^{rd}$ (1964-now) period, respectively. The exotic weeds introduced in $2^{nd}$ and $3^{rd}$ period, included 12 Invasive Alien Species. The weeds from $1^{st}$ period, however, could be grouped into native weeds as the 'naturalized weed' and managed the same as the native weeds. Especially, some exotic weeds such as common groundsel were widely distributed in Korean crop lands, and they will become more problematic in near future. Therefore, systemic research from the biology to management should be conducted and the results from the studies should be applied practically.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 1999

Purpose : The expression of p53, P211WAF/CIP, Bcl-2, and Bax underlying the radiation-induced apoptosis in different pH environments using SCK mammary adenocarcinoma cell line was investigated. Materials and Methods Mammary adenocarcinoma cells of hi) mice (SCK cells) in exponential growth phase were irradiated with a linear accelerator at room temperature. The cells were irradiated with 12 Gy and one hour later, the media was replaced with fresh media at a different pHs. After Incubation at 37Microbioiogy, College of Medicine Dong A University for 0$\~$48 h, the extort of apoptosis was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. The progression of cells through the cell cycle after irradiation in different pHs was also determined with flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to monitor p53, p211WAFfCIP, Bcl-2, and Bu protein levels. Results : The induction of apoptosis by irradiation in pH 6.6 medium was markedly less than that in pH 7.5 medium. The radiation-induced G2IM arrest in pH 6.6 medium lasted markedly longer than that in pH 7.5 medium. Considerable amounts of p53 and p21 proteins already existed at pH 7.5 and increased the level of p53 and p21 significantly after 12 Gy X-irradiation. An incubation at pH 6.6 after 12 Gy X-irradiation did not change the level of p53 and p21 protein levels significantly. Bcl-2 proteins were not significantly affected by radiation and showed no correlation with cell susceptibility to radiation-induced apoptosis in different pHs. An exposure to 12 Gy of X-rays increased the level of Bax protein at pH 7.5 but at pH 6.6, it was slight. Conclusions : The molecular mechanism underlying radiation-induced apoptosis in dinerent pH environments using SCK mammary adenocarcinoma cell line was dependent of the expression p53 and P211YVAF/CIP proteins. We may propose following hypothesis that an acidic stress augments the radiation-induced G2iM arrest, which inhibiting the irradiated cells undergo post-mitotic apoptosis. The effects of environmental acidity on anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic function of Bcl-2 family was unclear in SCK mammary adenocarcinoma cell line.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.992-997
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• 2008

In this study, we investigated the indirect effect of silk-fibroin on osteoclastic differentiation of RAW264.7 cells. The conditioned medium were collected from MC3T3-E1 osbeoblasts treated with $0.001\;mg/mL{\sim}0.1\;mg/mL$ silk fibroin for 6 days, mixed in 1:1 ratio with osteoclast medium, and then added into RAW264.7 cells with receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), a differentiation inducer for 3 days. Of osteoclastic cytokines in the conditioned medium, the protein expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) with silk-fibroin was not significantly different. However, the protein expression of interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ was specifically lower in a dose dependent manner. In RAW264.7 cells, the conditioned medium with silk-fibroin inhibited RANKL induced osteoclastic differentiation as total number of multinucleated tartrate-resistant alkaline phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts in a dose dependent manner. Taken together, we demonstrated that the conditioned medium of silk-fibroin treated osteoblasts inhibits RANKL induced differentiation of osteoclasts with inhibiting selective expression of IL-$1{\beta}$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.701-707
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• 2020

Gene editing technology using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and the CRISPR associated protein (Cas)9 has been highly anticipated in developing breeding techniques. In this study, we discuss gene scissors as a tool for silkworm molecular breeding through analysis of Bombyx mori Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase (BmKMO) gene editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and analysis of generational transmission through mutagenesis and selective crossing. The nucleotide sequence of the BmKMO gene was analyzed, and three guide RNAs (gRNAs) were prepared. Each synthesized gRNA was combined with Cas9 protein and then analyzed by T7 endonuclease I after introduction into the BM-N silkworm cell line. To edit the silkworm gene, K1P gRNA and Cas9 complexes were subsequently microinjected into the silkworm embryos; the hatching rate was 18% and the incidence of mutation was 60%. The gene mutation was verified in the heterozygous G0 generation, but no phenotypic change was observed. In homozygotes generated by self-crossing, a mutant phenotype was observed. These results suggest that silkworm molecular breeding using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is possible and could be an effective way of shortening the time required.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2009

Objective: To compare the clinical outcomes of ICSI with sperm retrieved from testicular tissue in patients with obstructive azoospermia (OA) or hypospermatogenesis (HS). Methods: From January 2003 through December 2006, 155 patients with OA (241 cycles) and 28 patients with HS (34 cycles) were included in this study. We compared clinical outcomes of ICSI with testicular sperm such as fertilization rate, implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate and delivery rate. Data were statistically analyzed using t-test and ${\chi}^2$-test. Results: Testicular spermatozoa could not be retrieved in 1 out of the 21 cycles where fresh testicular sperm extraction in HS patients. Fertilization rate (FR) was significantly higher in OA than HS (75.6 % vs. 62.6%, p<0.001). Cleavage rate (CR) per fertilized zygote was also significantly higher in OA than that in HS (66.8% vs. 54.8% p<0.001). However, there were no significant differences in good embryo rate (GER), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), implantation rate (IR) and delivery rate (DR). Conclusion: Our results show that testicular sperm of HS does not affect CPR, IR, and DR although it has shown reduced FR and CR.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.693-702
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• 2015

In order to identify the species and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship of rook populations found in Jeju-do Province in winter seasons, we determined the sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene and analyzed the genetic structure of maternal lineages and phylogenetic relationship. The rook DNAs were isolated from the post-mortem specimens and plumages collected from agricultural farms in Jeju-do Province including U-do Island. The obtained COI sequences (n=41) showed over 97.0% identities with those previously reported from Corvus frugeligus. Three COI haplotypes (J01-J03) were detected from COI sequences of the rooks obtained in Jeju-do Province but those did not show the site-specific patterns, showing that they might be derived from a common maternal origin. Eight maternal haplotypes were detected from all COI sequences obtained. Among those three haplotypes contained the COI sequences from Northeast Asia including eastern Russia, Mongolia and South Korea. On the other hand, the other five haplotypes contained the COI sequences reported from Central Asia, Middle East, western Russia and European countries. The COI sequences from Jeju-do Province were located on three haplotypes (CF01-CF03) belonging to Northeast Asian rook lineages. The NJ tree showed the distinct branch patterns suggesting two different maternal lineages of C. frugilegus, which proposed as two parapatric subspecies, C. f. frugilegus (Western) and C. f. pastinator (Eastern). These findings using DNA barcoding approaches will be contributed to provide the information about avian fauna for understanding the genetic structure of maternal lineage, phylogenetic relationship and their molecular ecology.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2006

In year 2003, a soybean(Glycine max) sample showing severe dwarfing symptom was collected from a farmers' field in Cheongsong in Korea. The results from the diagnosis of the sample by RT-PCR revealed that it was infected by Soybean dwarf virus(SbDV), SbDV-L81. This study could be the first report of the occurrence of the virus in Korea. To further characterize the virus, the partial nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of SbDV-L81 was determined by RT-PCR using species-specific primers. The sequences were analyzed and subsequently compared to previously characterized strains of SbDV based on the pattern of symptom expression and vector specificities. The intergenic region between ORF 2 and 3 and the coding regions of ORF 2, 3 and 4 were relatively similar to those of dwarfing strains(SbDV-DS and DP) rather than those of yellowing strains(SbDV-YS and YP). Likewise, the result from the analysis of 5'-half of the coding region of ORF5 indicated that SbDV-L81 was closely related to strains(SbDV-YP and DP) transmitted by Acyrthosiphon pisum. These data from the natural symptom and the comparisons of five regions of nucleotide sequences of SbDV suggested that SbDV-L81 might be closely related SbDV-DP.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2010

Purpose: The purposes of this study was to evaluates shear bond strength between zirconia core and veneer-ceramic in order to examine the clinical practice of colored zirconia block fabricated by infiltration method into the metal chloride solution. Material and methods: CNU block and $Everest{(R)}$ ZS blank were used. VITA In-$Ceram{(R)}$2000 YZ Coloring liquid (LL1) and 3 aqueous metal chloride solutions containing chromium and molybdenum ingredients were used. 40 zirconia specimens were prepared into cuboid shape ($5{\times}5{\times}10 mm$). All specimens were divided into 5 groups by infiltrating into the coloring liquids. After that, porcelain was build up into the shape of $5{\times}5{\times}4mm^3$, followed by sintering. The maximum loading and shear bond strength was measured. Failure patterns and failure sites were examined. Results: 1. There were no statistical differences in shear bond strength between zirconia blocks (P > .05). 2. There were no statistically significant differences in shear bond strength between non-colored and colored zirconia blocks, while shear bond strength of non-colored zirconia blocks is higher than that of colored specimen (P > .05). 3. In the comparison with shear bond strength among colored zirconia blocks, there were no statistical differences according to kinds of coloring liquid (P > .05). 4. Mixed failure patterns were mainly observed in the failure between zirconia and veneering ceramic. The veneering ceramic failure of all specimens was observed in either interface of zirconia or veneering ceramic. Conclusion: Shear bond strength between colored zirconia and veneering ceramic shows lower tendency than non-colored zirconia, but there was clinically allowable value.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.510-521
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• 2006

This investigation was undertaken to examine the extent to which tooth size and arch dimension each contribute to dental crowding. The sample included 50 subjects with well aligned dentition (25 males, 25 females) and those of 40 subjects with gross dental crowding(20 males, 20 females). Plaster model and digital model made from alginate impression taken at the one visit. Tooth size, arch length, arch perimeter, intercanine width and intermolar width was measured on the plaster and digital models. The findings in this study lead to the following conclusions. 1. In maxilla, the mesiodistal diameters of lateral incisor and premolars of the crowded group were significantly larger than those of the normal occlusion group (P<0.05). 2. In mandible, the mesiodistal diameters of central incisor, canine and premolars of crowded group were significantly larger than those of the normal occlusion group (P<0.05). 3. In maxilla, arch perimeter and intermolar width of crowded group were significantly smaller than normal occlusion group but intercanine width of crowded group were larger than normal occlusion group (P<0.05). There was no significantly difference in arch length (P>0.05). 4. In mandible, arch perimeter of crowded group was smaller than normal occlusion group(P<0.05). There were no difference in arch length intermolar width and intercanine width (P>0.05) 5. In the analysis of correlation coefficients of arch length discrepancy with variables, arch perimeter, intermolar width and mesiodistal width of 2nd premolar showed positive correlations in maxilla. 6. There was a significant difference between tooth width measurements made by the 2 methods, with all the digital model measurement larger than plaster model measurements (P<0.05) : the magnitude of the differences does not appear to be clinically relevant. 7. In the analysis for reproducibility, the plaster model measurement was showed lower degree of correlation between 1st and 2nd measurement than digital model.