• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.486-491
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• 1992

The aboveground activities of the larger black chafer (Holotrichia morosa Waterhouse) and the Korean black chafer (H. diomphalia Bates) adults were investigated in the field and laboratory from 1991 through 1992. In a field cage, H. morosa adults emerged from the ground between 7 : 40-9 : 00 p.m. and H. diomphalia adults emerged between 7 : 30-10 : 00 p.m. After emergence, both females and males flied actively for less than one minute in H. morosa, while males flied inactively and females did not fly at all in H. diomphalia. Once emerged, adults of the two species mated or fed on plant leaves and seemed to stay aboveground till dawn. H. mOTOsa adults were attracted to a blacklight trap mainly between 8 : 10-10 : 00 p.m. in the field. H. morosa males and females emerged from soil every other day in a glass cistern.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.174-179
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• 1991

Patterns of ginseng damage by larvae of Holotrichia diomphalia Bates in spring were investigated in 3rd year ginseng fields from 1986 to 1990. Ginseng damages were more serious in outer areas than inner areas of ginseng fields, which seemed to be due to nocturnal migration behavior of adult females. Damaged parts of 3rd year ginseng plants due to 3rd instar larvae were top, middle, bottom or whole of main roots, and rarely underground stems. Mean inhabitation depth of 3rd instar larvae were 3.2cm, 5.6cm, 6.6cm and 4.9cm in 1st, 2nd and 3rd year ginseng fields and mugwort fields, respectively. Larval feeding damage of ginseng in spring oc¬curred mainly from mid-May to early July and appeared to decrease temporarily when rainfalls increased.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.222-229
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• 1990

The flight activities of Holotrichia morosa Watershouse and H. diomphaia Bates adults were monitored by blacklight traps for six years from 1984 to 1989. The flight activity of H. morosa adults was most prominent from late June to early August with a peak flight in mid July, and that of H. diomphalia adults mainly occurred from early May to late June of odd years with the peak flight dates varying year by year. The flight activities of the two species during the fight period became vigorous after moderate to heavy rainfalls. The overwintered adults of H. diomphalia seemed to begin flying when the daily mean temperature rose above $15^{\circ}C$. The ratios of the females to the total adults collected by the blacklight traps were 53.3% for H. morosa and 0% for H. diomphalia, although the female sex ratio of the latter species was 57.4% in the field.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2006

1. Objectives and Methods The original insect of $Q\'{\i}C\'{a}o$ is described as the larvae of Holotrichia diomphalia Bates (Scarabaeidae) in oriental medicine literatures. Traditionally $Q\'{\i}C\'{a}o$ inhabit on rotting wood, compost, and organic debris of soil or thatched roofs. They have the very important distinguishing mark that wriggle along on their back through rotting wood, compost etc. and they never do inflict the living crops. but, Holotrichia diomphalia Bates as the $Q\'{\i}C\'{a}o$ is not right because of many questions, such as Holotrichia are the harmful insects eat into farm products, and those don't match well with korean farmers' moods if their cultivated lands are turned over for collecting $Q\'{\i}C\'{a}o$ larvae, and especially they don't go on using their back. 2. Results and Conclusions Accordingly, in the conclusion of this subject it is reported that the original insect of $Q\'{\i}C\'{a}o$ is the larvae of Korean Cetoniidae(Coleoptera; Scarabaeoidea) insects including Genus Protaetia Burmeister(Protaetia orientalis submarmorea Burmeister, P.brevitarsis seulensis Kolbe, etc.) and the larvae of Korean Cetoniinae insects. Also, those were the original larvae of $Q\'{\i}C\'{a}o$ that were applied to not only 'DongEuiBoGam' but also 'Dongyi Suse Bowon prescriptions'. Those feed on rotting wood, compost, and organic debris of soil or thatched roofs.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1988

In order to establish the integrated management of white grubs in ginseng field damages of ginseng plants (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) by the larvae of the larger black chamfer (Holotrichia morose Waterhouse) and the Korean black chamfer (Holotrichia diomphalia Bates) were investigated. Most of ginseng damages due to H, morose usually occurred in September through October, mainly on 2nd year plants. However, the damage by H. diomphalia occurred in September through October (usually in odd number of years) on 2nd year plants and in the following May and June on 3rd year plants. Therefore, in the fall of every odd number of years, synchronized occurrence of the two species caused severe damage on ginseng plants. Both of the 3rd instar larvae of the forementioned two species damaged ginseng roots regardless of the age of the plants when ginseng plants were artificially infested with them. Ginseng fields located at the slopes with good drainage are most likely damaged by them.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.158-165
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to clarify the origins of grubs which were used in the experiments, and to determine many other effects that are now written in the classical medical and herbal books. We compared the efficacy of grubs written in the herbal and medical books on the one hand, and studied the origins of grubs used in the experiments, on the other hand. The following results were obtained. There are three kinds of grub species for medicinal uses. Holorichia diomphalia Bates mainly produced in China, Cetoniidae species mainly produced in Korea, and Protaeria brevitarsis in Korean folk remedy are three species. Grubs were used in 25 experiments. Of these experiments, Holotrichia diomphalia were used 12 times, Larve of Protaeria brevitarsis 3 times, and Protaetia orientalis was used once. So, of total 25 experiments, 36%(9 experiments) did not clarify the origins of grubs used in the experiments. Currently, the grubs, which are imported from China and used in Korea, are Holotrichia diomphalia Bates from China. Current experimental study shows that grubs have efficacy for protecting liver. So the use of grubs in folk medicine is believed to be based on the scientific evidence. Efficacy of grubs, though it is not recorded in the medical books, has the effects of anti-cancer(anti-tumor), antioxidant, and anti-diabetes mellitus. The ingredients of Holotrichia are protein, peptide, fat, enzyme, mineral, and other several nutrients. Study on the grubs so far has a tendency to be done with little focus on the differen of origin of grubs. So, from now on, it needs that the origin of grubs be clarified, and the study on the efficacy from each origin be done. Considering the effects that the classical herbal books have recorded, it is necessary that more profound study proceed to prevent and treat diseases on eyes and ears, on the basis of the fact that grub has multiple ingredients to replenish the vital essence.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.265-270
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• 1991

Oviposition activities of the larger black chafer(HolotTichia mOTosa Waterhouse) and Korean black chafer(H. diomphalia Bates) were examined in the laboratory and field from 1985 to 1990. In H. mOTosa and H. diomphalia, total durations of oviposition were 31.70$\pm$17.33 days and 61.17$\pm$23.15 days, numbers of days of actual oviposition were 9.00$\pm$5.03 days and 22.33 $\pm$11.72 days, total numbers of eggs laid laid per female were 23.43$\pm$16.26 and 65.67$\pm$37.97, and numbers of eggs laid per female per day were 2.60$\pm$2.50 and 2.94$\pm$2.34, under laboratory conditions. Difference of total numbers of eggs per female between both species seemed to be due mainly to numbers of days of actual oviposition. Oviposition period under laboratory conditions was considerably delayed behind that in the field in H. morosa but the two oviposition periods were almost overlapped in H. diomphalia. In the field, rates of gravid females of H. diomphalia were obviously higher than those of H. mOTosa, but numbers of eggs per gravid female were almost same in the two species, H. diomphalia adults did not show marked oviposition and feeding preference among several species of weed plants in the insect net chamber.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.194-199
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• 1988

The seasonal movements of Holotrichia morosa and H. diomphalia in soil were investigated during the period from 1984 to 1986 in Suwon. Most cf the eggs, active larvae and adults of the two species could be found at the soil depth of I-IDem. The larvae began downward movement in late October and early November in order for overwintering when soil tempe¬rature at 5cm below ground reached about $10^{\circ}C$. The overwintering depths of the larvae were 10-40cm for H. morosa and 30-80cm for H. diomPhalia. After the overwintering, pupation and adult emergence of H. morosa occurred at the overwintered sites, \vhereas H. diomPhalia larvae returned to near soil surface next April, and resumed feeding. H.diomphalia larvae began to move downward again in late June for pupation and adult emergence, and overwintered thereafter as adults at the depth of 1O-40cm.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1988

A study was carried out to investigate the morphological characteristics and life histories of H. morosa and H. diomPhalia during the period from 1984 to 1986. The head capsule width and bOdy length of H. Morosa larvae were slightly greater than those of H. diomPhalia. Otherwise, the two species looked very similar and were hard to be differentiated from each other in all life stages. H. morosa adults emerged in late June and laid eggs in soil during the period between mid July and mid August. Larvae developed by September to the last(3rd) instar which overwintered to pupate in late May. H. diomPhalia adults emerged from mid August but remained under the soil until next spring after which females laid eggs in soil from late May to early July. Larvae developed in most cases to the last instar by September and overwintered thereafter. Unlike H. morosa, they resumed feeding next April and began to pupate in late July. The egg periods of H. morosa and H. diomPhalia did not significantly differ but the larval and pupal periods of the latter were longer than those of the former.