• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.611-616
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• 2003

Through the whole period of the twentieth century, Chinese Traditional Medicine has been affected by the political and cultural changes of Chinese society. Before the 1949 Communist Revolution, Chinese Traditional Medicine was regarded as a dark past which should be cleared off. But Chinese Traditional Medicine has been reevaluated as a national medicine and spreaded quickly since the 1949 Communist Revolution. Moreover, 'the bare foot doctor' who received short term training appeared during the Cultural Revolution. It enhanced the status of Chinese Traditional Medicine. At the same time, it was estimated as a model of the self-reliant development of Third World countries. But the direction of development of Chinese Traditional Medicine was changed again recently. Chinese government has adapted the open-economy policy since the late 1970s. Accordingly Chinese Traditional Medicine also has been changed. Nowadays it pursues the professional development strategy. This paper inquired the following research questions. First, what kind of historical changes in the development strategy of Chinese Traditional Medicine has happened? Second, how much Chinese Traditional Medicine has accomplished the professionalization? Third, what kind of problems Chinese Traditional Medicine has met in the process of professionalization? Finally, why Chinese Traditional Medicine has adapted the professional development strategy?

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

Cameroon, with her numerous resources, still depends on foreign aid while the rate of poverty remains high. Thus, even though historical evidence gives impetus to the impasse over role of developmental aid, from the top down approach through to development as a springboard raising states from the doldrums of poverty, it is still very difficult to draw a substantial relationship between developmental aid and poverty reduction. Against this backdrop of controversy, I find it apt to put Cameroon on a balance scale. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to critically assess the implications of developmental aid on poverty reduction and agro-rural development in Cameroon, using the RUMPI Area Development Project in the South West region of Cameroon as a case study. The study will situate and contextualize the top-down and bottom-up approaches to development within the basis of a Cameroonian perspective, using the Sachs-Easterly debate. The RUMPI Project was introduced with the objective of improving agriculture and empowering the rural woman; thereby fighting poverty within the South West region of Cameroon. Despite its criticism of the barriers to development created by corruption, political pressure and limited use of local and grass-root partnerships, the study, in assessing these failures also tries to outline vital ways in which the project can be improved upon.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.699-705
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• 2016

Although it has been well known that the Saemaul Undong had a direct relation with the water resources development during 1970's, its contribution to the water resources and increased income in rural communities has not been thoroughly quantified so far. In order to assess the contribution of the Saemaul Undong in terms of rural water resources development, we investigated various historical data produced by the central and local governments in relation to water resources development. The results show the direct and indirect contribution of the Saemaul Undong to the water resources development in rural communities such as sewage works, water supply facilities, shared wells, and river works. The results also showed a positive relation between per-house income in rural communities and areas of irrigated paddies, which were rapidly increased during 1970's. These results can be utilized to transplant the positive aspect of the Saemaul Undong to developing countries focusing on water resources development in rural areas.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.741-748
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to find out how to empower the community in developing Unique Javanese Agro Tourism in the Klaten regency, Central Java Indonesia. Community economic empowerment is carried out by 1) conservation-based development, namely the pattern of community development while maintaining the authenticity of ecosystems by seeking to preserve natural, historical, cultural, and recreational natural resources. Community development can be done in stages, that is, carried out before the area becomes an object of agro-tourism and after the area becomes an object of agro tourism, 2) Community empowerment in the development of unique Javanese agro-tourism can be done with the development of community-based agro-tourism, intended to pattern community development that places agrotourism as empowering farmers to obtain good value from agricultural products as well as from tourist visits; the dual effect of absorption of agricultural products by tourism businesses and developers of agro-tourism areas/regions; by the government as an area to develop agrotourism; synergy between communities; and the role of tourism institutions and agricultural institutions in fostering agro-tourism so that this can enhance the aesthetic value and beauty of nature.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.201-219
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the historical changes of information literacy instruction in Japanese school libraries and in-depth research into recent educational situations. Related literature researches, the publication of School Library Association, The Courses of Study have been reviewed in this paper. As results of this research, information literacy education in Japanese school library has been developed from introductory period of the library use guidance after late 1940's, seek period of teaching method development after late 1950's, establishment period of information literacy instruction after 1980's, and enlargement period of inquiry based learning after 2000's.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2012

Lead poisoning is one of the earliest identified and most known occupational disease. Its acute effects have been recognized from antiquity when this condition principally afflicted manual workers and slaves, actually scarcely considered by the medicine of that time. The Industrial Revolution caused an epidemic of metal intoxication, urging scientists and physician of that period to study and identify specific symptoms and organ alterations related to chronic lead poisoning. During the 20th century, the acknowledgment of occupational and environmental toxicity of lead fostered public awareness and legislation to protect health. More recently, the identification of sub-clinical effects have greatly modified the concept of lead poisoning and the approaches of medicine towards this condition. Nowadays, lead poisoning is rarely seen in developed countries, but it still represents a major environmental problem in certain areas. Consequently, it may appear as a paradigm of "occupational and environmental disease," and the history of this condition seems to parallel the historical development of modern "Occupational and Environmental Health" as a more complete medical discipline.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.93-100
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• 2015

Purpose: Ballparks of KBO which were built by local governments and operated for baseball game-centered have been required more sustainable development according to going into low growth phase in Korea recently. MLB ballparks with the teams having 100 year old tradition have been sustainable-developed economically, socially, environmentally and culturally. This research is to study the characteristics of cultural sustainability in architectural design of 30 MLB parks. Method: To begin with comparison analysis of usage rate of 10 ballparks of KBO with 30 ballparks of MLB, and architectural designs of facades, fields, accommodations, sculptures, greens, roof gardens, etc. are analyzed in the MLB ballpark. And finally, the characteristics of cultural sustainability in the architectural design are analyzed. Result: MLB ballparks have played role as core-space of urban community, accumulated space of citizens' memory being originated in natural climatic feature of region, historical image of city and tradition of home-ballpark. A basis of these characteristics could is nature of cultural sustainability, that is to say local community, historical restoration, social solidarity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2004

Rapid economic development in Korea caused functions of city functions such as concentration of population, deterioration of the quality of living environment and traffic congestion. Korean cities have lost their identity becausr they are merged functionally and physically with neighboring cities, forming one mesa-city. Unified shape and disorganized streets of cities often cause confusion among foreigners and visitors. It is very difficult for them to find their image in strange cities. It is, however, important to correctly analyze the image and meaning of cities for understanding its identity. The purpose of this study is to develop a method to analyze the city image by focusing on some of the main cities in Korea. For this purpose, the adjective questionnaire and multi-dimension scaling (MDS) are applied to the analysis of city image. Image analysis graph by MDS can visually present the general and integrate images. The results of this study are summarized as follows: The important factors for interpretation of city image are historical and industrial character. Seoul, Taegu and Pusan have industrial and complex city images. Kongju has historical city image, while Changwon has a modern image. Chuncheon belongs to a soft and small image. Each city has an alternative solution against a negative image, according to the image analysis graph.

• Asian review of World Histories
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.133-163
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• 2016

This essay critically analyses the legacy of Eisenstadt's The Political Systems of Empires for the comparative political history of pre-industrial empires. It argues that Eisenstadt has given us a rich toolkit to conceptualize the formation, maintenance, and dissolution of empires by theorizing the structural relationships between social groups in large-scale polities and among such polities, and by analysing global patterns of development in the distribution of the sources of social power. The Political Systems of Empires provides an inventory of key questions and dynamics that a comparative history of power relationships in empires cannot ignore. This essay, furthermore, discusses three methodological problems in Eisenstadt's work which have had a significant impact on comparative empire studies between the 1980s and the 2000s. The essay argues that certain shared features of comparative studies of pre-industrial empires help perpetuate Eurocentric analyses: the foregrounding of select empires and periods as ideal types (typicality), the focus on macro-historical structures and dynamics without the integration of social relationships and actions in historical conjunctures (the lack of scalability), and the search for convergence and divergence. These features need to be overcome to make Eisenstadt's legacy viable for comparative political history.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.52-75
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• 2014

The purpose of this research is to classify the historical features of mid-to-late twentieth century Korean fashion with a focus on 'Nora Noh', who is a first generation Korean fashion designer. The specific questions of this research are as follows: how did mid-to-late twentieth century Korean fashion and the Nora Noh brand develop and what is the relationship between the two? What are the important features of Korean women's fashion design in the mid-to-late twentieth century? What are the characteristics exhibited in each decade in Korean women's fashion and Nora Noh's fashion? This paper conducted the research by focusing on the Korean fashion development as a background of simplification in the way of dressing and specific historical incident. Researchers deployed a qualitative research method providing a systematic review of the previous studies by analyzing content as well as eleven oral statement interviews and the case study of Nora Noh. The result shows that Nora Noh is one of the first generation of Korean fashion designers who led fashion trend and system in Korea. The designer also influenced Korean commercial fashion in the 1970s and American fashion trends in the 1980s.