• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.25-35
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• 1999

This thesis is to newly understand the value and the meaning of Chonju Palkyong(全州八景) by the specific gravity in making a counter-proposal in other to improve the landscape identity of modern city and at the same time. I intended to group the grafting device for the preservation and regeneration of modern history cultural environment through the interpretation of landscape construction. The meaning system of Chonju Palkyong showed the symbolic system which a landscape construction, four directions and two places has and exhibited the landscape shape possessing a luxuriant local feature peculiar to Chonju, preserving visual bound language of a classical Palkyong. Especially, it implies the use of the substantial landscape experienced factor, the expressions about natural phenomena and the matter which has melted human living circumstances. The landscape construction and it's form show the system which forms the different time field, a far landscape and a mid distance landscape and a near landscape, etc., under the visual, psychological, scenic influenced area, preserving the feature of the similar and typical type of Sosang Palkyoung（瀟湘八景) which intended to seek the local reappearance of the famous site experienced type and natural matter which famous place and local conduct were combined. The object space of Chonju Palkyong area representing the nature of historical landscape cultural assets, pushed by the greater part of the development based theory, shows injured aspects, but needs to play a part to seek such a up-to-date successive plan as the reconstruction of the destroyed historical landscape area which motivated Palkyong, the establishment of useful area, the embodiment of the cultural identity of Palkyong area and the becoming of the educational cultural life space. The analysis of the landscape construction of Chonju Palkyong and the grouping of the modern successive plan which I considered in this thesis, will be able to become a fundamental data to carry out the preservation of historical landscape and the landscape plan in the city.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.13-24
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• 2010

Beopseongpo has been one of the most thriving ports of the Jeolla region since the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392). During the time of King Seongjong (r. 1469-1494) of Choseon Dynasty, a navy garrison had been deployed and the port was named Beopseongjin, as recorded in the 1485 edition of Grand code for state administration (Gyeongguk daejeon). Dangsan forests and Bibo forests have been maintained by local residents since hundreds of years ago. Dangsan forests have been applied to the scale of government and public offices. The objectives of this study were to understand the characteristics of the "Wooded Fortress of Beopseongjin in Yeonggwang" as "Scenic Site No. 22", and to investigate the conservational problem of the wooded fortress of Beopseongjin and seashore. The "Wooded fortress of Beopseongjin in Yeonggwang" consists of a Dangsan forest and two Bibo forests. But, the presence of the Dangsan forest has not been well known to the public. Although the wooded fortress has been somewhat disturbed by cultural activities, the Dangsan rituals have been held until the present every January 15 by lunar calendar. On the other hand, the seashore in front of Beopseongpo plays an important role as a scenic view. It was one of the reason that the "Wooded fortress of Beopseongjin in Yeonggwang" had been designated as a national cultural property of "Scenic Sites". However, the sandbar was reclaimed in 2009 to build commercial buildings. An integrated plan should be prepared to conserve the landscape of "Wooded fortress of Beopseongjin in Yeonggwang", which requires close partnership among local residents, experts, and local government. At present, four new buildings have been built. Although we have lost the sandbar, it is indispensable to secure the visibility of Wooded Fortress of Beopseongjin at the entrance of the village.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.34-49
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• 1993

This research aimed to analize the cognitive intensity of valuation(C.I.V) on urban environment as a first stage of the works on evaluative urban image under the hypothesis that it could be interpreted with a correlation analysis between the C.I.V and attitude(Satisfaction of unsatisfaction Intensity) toward urban environment. As a method of a study, 118 cognitive elements were selected representing an urban environment, and each of elements was suggested to citizens of Kyungju with 7 point Likert Scale. The analysis of C.I.V was operated under the three criteria: The first, three of urban space scale(urban scale, neighborhood scale, and housing scale), the second, four elements of urban living environment(safety, amenity, healthfulness, and effectiveness), and the last, thirteen urban unit environment(housing, traffic, education, tourism, medical/health, culture, etc.). The results were as follows: C.I.V to each of 118 elements was cleary defined, showing the possibilities of being applied to a method for subjective, or cognitive evaluation on urban environment: It was revealed that citizens'C.I.V was rather higher in non-physical, qualitative elements than in physical and quantitative ones. This shows well the limitation of the objective method of evaluation of urban environment: The results of the others' studies on the image of Kyungju based on the cognitive approach, being focused on the analysis of the visual aspects of urban structure, cultural assets, historic site and tourism, were almost same as this study but it was quite different for this research to reveal well the citizens' cognition on their living environment of traffic, education, medical, etc..

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.555-563
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• 2016

For several years, we have conducted a series of studies on the patterns of ancient parasitism prevailing in the soil of rural and urban areas of past Kingdom of Korea. Actually, during our survey of paleoparasitology in archaeological sites of Korean peninsula, numerous ancient parasite eggs were discovered in the samples from the city districts of Hansung (Joseon) and Buyeo (Baikje), the palace moat at Gyeongju (Silla), shell-midden site at Bonghwang-dong (Silla to Joseon), and the reservoir found in Hwawangsansung fortress (Silla). By the paleoparasitological studies, with respect to parasitism in the high-density populations of ancient towns and cities, we have managed to catch glimpses of the patterns prevalent therein: a serious parasitic contamination of the soil in ancient urban areas, but not in rural areas of the past. Our historical research also proposed the plausible mechanism of parasite infection very serious indeed among urban populations in Korean history. Although city dwelling doubtless has accrued significant benefits for people and populations with agriculture, it can be equally supposed that living in such highly populated areas might have facilitated the spread of parasite infection.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.118-126
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is a suggestion which is a way for preservation and management the Jongmyo landscape based on its landscape visibility and land use. To do this, we had done a field investigation and a literature examination. The investigations are as following; we researched current application which for changing the actual condition near the Jongmyo. According to this research site could notice that landscape visibility can be affected by not only the height of building the Jongmyo. The visibility can be affected by photograph's undulation, too. Furthermore, we notice that even some building are located far from the view point and view corridor, it can be a factor which decrease the quality of the landscape visibility. Finally, we can propose how to make way for conservation and management by through restrict land use which based on changing the actual condition, landscape visibility and land use around the cultural assets.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.89-113
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to develop means to apply GIS and remote sensing technology to the analysis of Korean urban open spaces. To achieve this objective, a framework of analysis of urban open spaces was developed, and then the framework was applied for the evaluation of the potential and suitability of open spaces of Ansan City, which is a new town developed to accomodate industries relocation from Seoul, Korea, mainly due to their pollution problems. The software used in this study are IDRISI, a grid-based GIS, and KMIPS, a remote sensing analysis system. Both packages are based on IBM PC/AT computers with Microsoft DOS. Landsat MSS and TM data were used for the land use classification, land use change detection, and analysis of transformed vegetation indices. The size of the geographic data base is 110 rows and 150 columns with the spatial resolution of 100m$\times$100m. The framework of analysis includes both quanititative and qualitative analysis of open spaces. The quantitative analysis includes size and distribution of open spaces, urban develpment of open spaces, and the degree of vegree of vegetation removal of the study area. The qualitative analysis includes evaluative criteria for primary productivity of land, park use potential, major visual resources, and urban environmental control. The findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the size of builtup areas increased 18.73km$^2$, while the size of forest land decreased 10.86km$^2$ during last ten years. Agricultural lands maintained its size, but shifted toward outside of the city into forest. Second, the potential of open spaces for park use is limited mainly due to their lack of accessibility and connectivity among open spaces, in spite of ample acreage and good site conditions. Third, major landscape elements and historic sites should be connected to the open space system of the city by new accesses and buffers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.27-34
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• 2019

This study explores the emergence of a modern form of Cheongju-eup townscape in the late 1930s by re-examining the 1960s restoration model of Seongan-dong and Jungang-dong in Cheongju, one of the historic cities in South Korea. According to the acquired data from the restoration model, it is found that the construction of a new urban area during the late 1930 was resulted from the following events: the development of a railroad station located outside of the north gate of Cheongju-eup since 1921, the completion of Musimcheon embankment outside the south gate in 1932, and the construction of Chungcheongbuk provincial office outside the eastern gate in 1937. In this period of development, which the author named 'Cheongju-eup period', the streets in the old castle, consisting only of two-story financial buildings, had been expanded from the existing area at the Seongan-gil intersection to the outside the east gate of Cheongju-eup. In addition, public government buildings, which were mainly located in both Seongan-gil and Yulgok-ro in the east-west direction, were newly constructed during the late 1930s in Seokgyo-dong, a new area in which a large number of commercial buildings including department stores, clothing stores, shoes shops, and watch stores were also built along the streets. Moreover, the modern form of Cheongju-eup was to be formed by several construction projects in the area of Jungang-ro in the late 1930s. Until the 1920s, the townscape outside the northern gate of Cheongju-eup, were composed of primary, agricultural, and female schools built on a largest site of Gyoseo-ro and Daeseong-ro as well as a transportation warehouse and a railway office near the Cheongju station. Then, entering the 1930s, new school buildings and domestic industrial shops and factories were built around the area of Jungang-ro ranging from the railway outside the northern gate to Bangadari. As a result, the expansion of townscape with newly constructed buildings in the late 1930s marked the emergence of a modern form of Cheongju-eup.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.98-114
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• 2016

The this study aimed to expand urban heritage using Public Goods and to suggest the assemblage of urban heritage and urban spaces in order to improve landscape conservation and management scheme of urban heritage exposed to a rapidly changing urban environment. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follows: First, in order to improve understanding of the heritage in urban spaces, urban heritage were illustrated on a 1:1000 map with all the public facilities surrounding it using a cultural heritage conservation map listed on the Cultural Heritage Administration's web site, standards for changing present condition, and a topographic map. Second, the status and changes of urban heritage and surroundings were analyzed using the minutes of Historical Cultural Heritage Division Committee for 10 years from 2005 to 2014 to create a status map of urban heritage. Land uses surrounding the urban heritage were investigated the areas of conservation potential and the places that can enhance the to find out values of urban heritage. Also, a profile was created to examine the site characteristics surrounding urban heritage, and photos were taken at important heritage areas and public facilities in order to record the field. Third, analyzed were the relationship of the distance, location, function, and distribution between urban heritage and public facilities surrounding the heritage. using visual features and moving routes in order to identify their impacts on urban heritage and their functions as potential resources. In addition, the role of Public Goods in urban spaces and the plan for revitalizing surrounding areas asset were examined. Fourth, selections were made on Public Goods that have direct or indirect effects on urban heritage. The role of public asset was investigated through visual, areal, and linear elements. The results were summarized to suggest improvement landscape and management mauser on of urban heritage.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.48-56
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• 2010

Since ancient times, Korea has been called a land of beauty. Scenic sites under the Cultural Properties Protection Act include picturesque places that are famous for their natural scenic beauty as well as their historical and cultural value. Scenic sites are managed as natural assets to promote their preservation and use. However, the management of scenic sites can produce adverse effects on regional development and ownership rights. Moreover, the purpose of their designation as cultural assets is not fully understood because scenic sites are managed by focusing on restraint on users' act the same as was applied to historic sites. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to protect inhabitants' rights of ownership by arranging the boundaries of designated areas and by providing standard permission for condition changes in the Buryeongsa Valley, which was designated as a Scenic Site in 1979. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, arranging the boundaries of the designated area includes the arrangement of the edge lines standardized on the visual range of the mountain ridge, preventing the loss of landscape beauty in the designated district; the internal clearing district focuses on the existing settlement. Gearing the designated areas after the arrangement of the boundaries results in $11,928,932m^2$, 38.6% compared to the existing designated areas. Second, it establishes a 500m buffer zone inside the radius of the boundary of the cultural asset as a standard for condition changes that seriously affect landscape preservation. Third, the standards for permission on building 'height regulations' are divided into flat and gable, according to the roof shape. The adopted standard is 8m high for 2 story flat roofs, and 12m high for 2 story gable roofs.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.22-43
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• 2019

Mureung Valley was designed as a place of scenic beauty. It was called a utopia because of its unexplored regions. Many people traveled to this place and wrote poetry and prose describing it. It represented a culturally historic site and an example of the changing of cultural spaces. Mureung Valley was one of the nameless valleys in Duta Mountain, but "Mureunggye" was named by Kim Hyon Won, who was a governor of Samcheok.. The valley acquired a reputation for many people's visiting. It was a famous space because local residents liked the place, and famous people also loved the place. This place was adapted into a cultural place with a link to the immortal world and an educational place by people's travel stories. The place maintained a reputation until now and took center stage as a famous travel space. One of the reasons it became a place of famous scenic beauty is travel. People who travel to Mureung Valley created poetry and prose containing their excitement and travel stories. As the poetry and prose had esthetic images of Mureung Valley, people understood the place. The poetry and prose showed the meaning of the place and the changing process. These codified the reputation in the place. Mureung Valley was pointed out in one of the Cheokju-Palkyoungs. However, Mugye-Palkyoung (only for Mureung Valley) was made. It was understood as the most beautiful scenery in the place and it had the meaning of the ethics place which embodied Neo Confucianism. Mureung Valley has a great natural landscape and cultural history background. That is how this place of scenic beauty was created.