• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.441-456
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• 2010

While the Dong Hae was originally named for the point of the compass, it became a proper noun containing knowledge on the long history. The Dong Hae has played host to a number of historic events and cultural meanings and is a geographical space in the nature. This study examined the geographical cognition of ancestors about the Dong Hae among the historic and cultural meanings of Dong Hae and a variety of figurations described in literature. Intellectuals of the Joseon period identified the global geography on a higher level an recognized the geography and topography of the land in the structure that they identified. In this aspect, Mt. Baekdu, one of two mountains which dominated the world, ruled the geography of Liaodong field, the Korean peninsula and Japnn. Historical geographers mentioned the Dong Hac whenever discussing Mt. Baekdu and Baekdudaegan (Great Range) from long ago. Baekdudaegan and the Dong Hae are the complete symbol of national territory with great size, depth, height, width, dignity and magnanimity. The cultural figurations of the Dong Hae were classified into four categories. In Korean literature, the Dong Hae strengthened the spirits of those who lived in the Korean peninsula. Second, the Dong Hae was the basis to see through and deliberate the reasons of life and the world. Third, the view of the Dong Hae from Baekdudaegan changed the cognition about the land. Finally, the Dong Hae was where the hard life of people in the fishing villages occurred and a variety of customs and trades were dynamically deployed.

• Journal of the speleological society of Korea
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• no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 1996

The coastal plains of the Puna and Ka' u Districts of the island of Hawaii are a contradiction to the popular view that the island of Hawaii is a tropical rain forest or a vegetated landscape with abundant water sour This section of the island lies in the rain shadow of Mauna Loa a Kilauea Volcanoes and receives less than 30 inches of annual precipita When rain does come. it is in the form of sudden down pours. givi residents of the area little time to collect and conserve water. Due to porous nature of the rock. there is no standing surface water. In spite of these harsh climatic conditions. archeological evidence indic that an extensive agriculture complex existed not only along the coast. into the most remote parts of what is called the Ka'u Desert. Pass through these agricultural areas are historic and pre - historic t systems. These trail systems apparently played a significant suppor role for exchange between the ahupua's (classic land divisions of Haw and the geopolitical districts. The question arises as to how could vast agricultural complexes a heavy foot travel over miles of arid land exist without dependable wa sources\ulcorner While planting - pits and mounds were designed to make most efficient use of available water and conserve moisture(Carter 19 9). people involved in planting also needed potable water for surv Most publications and research papers dealing with the early population this area make only oblique reference to springs and wells which t populations depended upon. The Federal Cave Resource Protection Act(1988) has served as imprtus for the National Park Service to look closer at the lava tu caves and fault cracks within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. P visitors to these underground areas found large volumes of standing wa in fault cracks. and abundant drip areas with the lava tubes. Re observes noted that in most cases. where the cracks and caves we located in the arid sections of the park. there has been extens modifiacation or utilization of these water sources by the early Hawaii and others. The variety of western containers used for collection indica that these water sources were used during historic times. William E described similar water sources in his narrative of his trip around island in 1823(Eills 1979), This report is directed at documenting recent observations and a stimulating further research into early Hawaiian water collection syst It also explores the implications that power and political influence of e chiefs in the arid portions of Hawaii could have been linked to the con of the water resources.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.26-44
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• 2017

Regarded as Korea's traditional pond, Gungnamj Pond was surmised to be "Gungnamji" due to its geological positioning in the south of Hwajisan (花枝山) and relics of the Gwanbuk-ri (官北里) suspected of being components to the historical records of Muwang (武王)'s pond of The Chronicles of the Three States [三國史記] and Sabi Palace, respectively, yet was subjected to a restoration following a designation to national historic site. This study is focused on the distortion of authenticity identified in the course of the "Gungnamji Pond" restoration and the invention of tradition, whose summarized conclusions are as follows. 1. Once called Maraebangjuk (마래방죽), or Macheonji (馬川池) Pond, Gungnamji Pond was existent in the form of a low-level swamp of vast area encompassing 30,000 pyeong during the Japanese colonial period. Hong, Sa-jun, who played a leading role in the restoration of "Gungnamji Pond," said that even during the 1940s, the remains of the island and stone facilities suspected of being the relics of Gungnamji Pond of the Baekje period were found, and that the traces of forming a royal palace and garden were discovered on top of them. Hong, Sa-jun also expressed an opinion of establishing a parallel between "Gungnamji Pond" and "Maraebangjuk" in connection with a 'tale of Seodong [薯童說話]' in the aftermath of the detached palace of Hwajisan, which ultimately operated as a theoretical ground for the restoration of Gungnamj Pond. Assessing through Hong, Sa-jun's sketch, the form and scale of Maraebangjuk were visible, of which the form was in close proximity to that photographed during the Japanese colonial period. 2. The minimized restoration of Gungnamji Pond faced deterrence for the land redevelopment project implemented in the 1960s, and the remainder of the land size is an attestment. The fundamental problem manifest in the restoration of Gungnamji Pond numerously attempted from 1964 through 1967 was the failure of basing the restorative work in the archaeological facts yet in the perspective of the latest generations, ultimately yielding a replication of Hyangwonji Pond of Gyeongbok Palace. More specifically, the methodologies employed in setting an island and a pavilion within a pond, or bridging an island with a land evidenced as to how Gungnamji Pond was modeled after Hyangwonji Pond of Gyeongbok Palace. Furthermore, Chihyanggyo (醉香橋) Bridge referenced in the designing of the bridge was hardly conceived as a form indigenous to the Joseon Dynasty, whose motivation and idea of the misguided restoration design at the time all the more devaluated Gungnamji Pond. Such an utterly pure replication of the design widely known as an ingredient for the traditional landscape was purposive towards the aesthetic symbolism and preference retained by Gyeongbok Palace, which was intended to entitle Gungnamji Pond to a physical status of the value in par with that of Gyeongbok Palace. 3. For its detachment to the authenticity as a historical site since its origin, Gungnamji Pond represented distortions of the landscape beauty and tradition even through the restorative process. The restorative process for such a historical monument, devoid of constructive use and certain of distortion, maintains extreme intimacy with the nationalistic cultural policy promoted by the Park, Jeong-hee regime through the 1960s and 1970s. In the context of the "manipulated discussions of tradition," the Park's cultural policy transformed the citizens' recollection into an idealized form of the past, further magnifying it at best. Consequently, many of the historical sites emerged as fancy and grand as they possibly could beyond their status quo across the nation, and "Gungnamji Pond" was a victim to this monopolistic government-led cultural policy incrementally sweeping away with new buildings and structures instituted regardless of their original space, and hence, their value.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.14-30
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• 2020

This study focuses on the fact that pictorial maps in the late Joseon Dynasty were conceptual diagrams with the place names perceived by the people at the time of their production. In this regard, targeting on five pictorial maps, the humanistic landscape characteristics of Pyongyang, which had cultural identities such as a historically old, commercial, and Pungnyu(appreciation for the arts) city, were derived as follows. First, the historic legitimacy of Pyongyang Castle was represented by ritual and religious facilities. They include 'Dangunjeon' and 'Gijagung' related to the nation founder, 'Munmujeong': the remains of Goguryeo, 'Sajikdan' & 'Pyongyanggangdan': the place of the national rites, Hyanggyo and Seowon: education & rite functions, Buddhism and Taoist facilities, 'Yongsindang', 'Sanshindang', and 'Jesindan': folk religion facilities. Gija-related facilities, which became symbols of Pyongyang due to the importance of Small-Sinocentrism and Gija dignity tendency, were distributed throughout Pyongyang Castle though, the facilities related to King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo and the spaces of religion praying for blessings are spread in Bukseong and on the riverside of Daedonggang each. Second, as a Pyongando Province's economic center, Pyongyang's commercial landscape was represented by logistics and transportation facilities. The Daedonggang River, which was in charge of transportation functions, had many decks such as 'Yangmyeongpo', 'Cheongryongpo' and 'Waeseongjin' and bridges, such as 'Yeongjegyo' and 'Gangdonggyo', which connected major transportation routes. The road network was created in Oeseong area to facilitate logistics transportation and management, and many warehouses named after the jurisdiction of Pyongyangbu were distributed near the roads and Provincial Offices of the main gates. In addition, it was characterized by the urban area systematically divided with hierarchical roads, 'Bukjangnim' of willow trees planted on the main entrance roads of Pyongyang Castle, a linear landscape created by 'Simnijangnim' consisting of mixed forests with elm trees. Third, Pungnyu City is realized by the distribution of amusement facilities. The riverside of Daedonggang adjacent to Naeseong exhibits characteristics of artificial landscape such as a canal leading to the inside of the castle, a docking facility with embankments, and a port with cargo ships anchored. However, Bukseong of the natural surroundings had numerous pavilions and platforms such as 'Bubyeongnu', 'Eulmildae', 'Choeseungdae', 'Jebyeokjeong' and engraved letters such as 'Cheongnyubyeok', 'Jangbangho'. 'Osunjeong', 'Byeogwolji', 'Banwolji' near 'Sachang', and 'Aeryeondang', built on the island of a square pond, created waterscape in Naeseong invisible from the Daedonggang, and for practical purposes, ponds and repeated willow vegetation landscape related to Gija were placed in the western rampart of Jungseong. In addition, 'Seonyeondong', a cemetery of Gisaeng, located near by Chilseongmun, was used as poem titles and themes by literary people, contributing to the creation of the Pungnyu image of Pyongyang.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

Ssangsanjae was created in the mid-1800s, It is located at Jiri Mountain to the north and the Seomjin River to the south. This garden has not changed much even though it has passed through the sixth generation since its creation, so it still retains the features of a private garden in the late Joseon Dynasty. This study focused on the changing landscape of Ssangsanjae as a historical garden; through field surveys, interviews and analysis of builder's collection, boards and couplets. Ssangsanjae is largely classified into inner and outer gardens, and the inner is divided into an entry space, a residential space, and a backyard. The backyard consists of Seodangchae, it's garden, Gyeongamdang, and swimming pool, and is connected to the Sado Reservoir area, which is the outer garden. The distinct vegetation landscape of Ssangsanjae are a 13,000m² bamboo and green tea field, Peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. and Paeonia lactiflora var. trichocarpa(Bunge) Stern) planted on both sides of the road that crosses the lawn, the view through a frame(額景) shown by the twisted branches of Camellia and Evergreen spindletree, and a fence made of Trifolia Orange(Poncirus trifoliata) and Bamboo. Ssangsanjae stands out for its spatial composition and arrangement in consideration of the topography and native vegetation. The main building was named by the descendants based on the predecessor's Aho(pseudonym), and it is the philosophical view of the predecessors who tried to cultivate the younger students without going up on the road. The standing stone and white boundary stone built by Mr. Oh Ju Seok are Ssangsanjae's unique gardening facilities. The stone chairs, and swimming pool which were created by the current owner for the convenience of families and visitors also make a distinctive landscape. Ssangsanjae, for residents, was a place for living, exchanging friendships, training himself and seculusion, for children was a place for learning, but now is 'the private garden' where many people can heal themselves. Over the 200 years, the landscape of Ssangsanjae's inner and outer gardens experienced large and small changes. As such, it is necessary to recognize the historical gardens with changing properties as a living heritage. This study is significant in that, as the first study to approach Ssangsanjae in the view of landscape research, it provides basic data on Ssangsanjae as a destination of garden tourism.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.82-91
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• 2002

The site for this plan is located at the foot of Mt. Unseo at Galcheon-ri, Changsu-myon, Youngdeok-gun. On the site stands Jangyutsa Temple, built by priest Naong in 1355 (in the 4th year of King Gongmin during Koryo Kingdom). The purpose of this plan is to widely publicize and commemorate priest Naong by designing a district centering around the temple. The basic directions of design can be summarized as follows 1) A special Buddhists'pilgrimage and sight-seeing district aimed at commemorating priest Naong will be developed to preserve the historic figure of priest Naong. To this end, a facility will be built to collect, preserve and exhibit materials related with the great priest in order to preserve his legacy and enhance the image of the space. 2) Special fractions which are rare in other districts will be introduced to create an image different from the conventional memorial districts or sight-seeing zones. To this end, the district will be divided into the Jangyuksa Temple area proper and a district memorial area, each of which will have its own unique characteristics with different functions. On the other hand, the two different areas will be related with each other and complemented by each other. Such planning techniques as articulation and superimposition will be used for a synergistic effect. 3) The plan will accommodate various programs centering around historical and cultural assets, and at the same time will allow tourists to have various experiences and access to the natural environment as well as to a variety of events. 4) In order to plan such landscapes as shown in the traditional mountain temples, the traditional tectonic forms will be used for the facilities. It is expected that the district surrounding Jangyuksa Temple will become a popular sight-seeing destination, and with new historical and cultural environments will become a valuable resource to widely publicize the culture of Youngdeok-gun.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1057-1066
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• 2010

An ecological learning center is defined as a place which can establish the correct relationship between human and environment. Human can learn ecosystem and importance of environment throughout observation of nature and participation in program of ecological learning center. The most important aspects of ecological learning center planning are to reflect on user's demand and preservation of ecosystem. The prime goals of this study is to analyze user's characteristics in the Young Wheol Mulmurigol Ecological Learning Center. The second goal of this study is to find out the satisfaction model based on user's perceived performance of each program and facility in the center. For this study, questionnaire survey with 204 individuals was completed. The data from the questionnaire were analyzed statistical method by SPSS. There are several significant results from the study as following First, this ecological learning center as a newly operating facility is used not for educational purpose but for resting and relaxation purpose. It is due to that the most of users in this center are package tourists with historic scenes. Second, user's perceived performance evaluated by 23 attributions of programs and facilities, and these attributions could be classified by 5 factors such as environment friendly design, educational function, preservation of environment, provision of various bio-top and provision of resting area. Third, the user satisfaction model indicates that user satisfaction is depended on various factors such as preservation of environment, provision of various bio-top, provision of resting area. Among these factor affecting the satisfaction, provision of various bio-top is the most influence on user satisfaction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.159-171
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• 2014

This study discusses developing historical trails and ecological trails in rural area. Since the leisure time and interests in environment and health have been increasing, the number of hikers who enjoy the beautiful landscape and regional culture through the exploration of natural regions has been growing. However, these various road haven't been related to the rural village in many cases, so it is necessary to make some alternatives for revitalizing the region and improving incomes of non farm. Therefore this study suggested the applications of rural trail plan that fits for a scale of the rural village and local characteristics. This research divided forms of the rural village road into type of the natural landscape resource (Gangreung Anbandegi Village) and that of the historical culture resource (Yongin Hakil Village) according to amenity resources of objective village. The plan for village road basically made by the best of valuable resources of village unit, connected existing 'Trail' of other departments to the village and suggested a case of plan applied to the field so as to emphasize characteristics of rural area. It should be possible to induce hikers to rural area and be suggested as a measure for improvement of village image, regional vitalization and incomes of non farm.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.105-117
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• 2004

The Pasadena Freeway follows the Arroyo Seco through foothills and scenic passes to link Downtown Los Angeles with Pasadena. The approximately 10 mile road was the first freeway built in the West during the 1930's and is today designated as a Historic Parkway. As it approaches Pasadena, it terminates at a traffic light intersection at Glenarm Street, and then becomes a commercial road the Arroyo Parkway. This one and a quarter mile long, north south road moves significant volumes of traffic both into and out of Pasadena. The Arroyo Parkway is thus a major 'gateway' and an important axis of orientation and movement, terminating in the City's core civic, commercial and retail district. Planting, lighting, signage, paving, furnishing and fixtures ought to all be properly designed and coordinated to create a distinctive 'gateway' experience arriving to Pasadena and driving along the Arroyo Parkway. Alternate design studies, developed in discussion with City officials and others involved in the redevelopment of the area, would need to be done to properly decide on the best direction. Issues of heritage and traditional streetscape will likely have to be reconciled with both the reality of the vehicular character of the road and more contemporary themes. Obviously with such large parcels of property available in the Arroyo Fair Oaks corridor, there is a huge potential for redevelopment and building. This potential would only be strengthened by the Light Rail Line and its stations, the improvements to the Arroyo Parkway, and the redevelopment of the Arts Center College of Design. Guides and controls to the development process, including programming and physical design studies, would need to be developed in order to ensure that the maximum potential for the corridor be realized. This concept proposal suggests that the whole strip might be developed as a Arts and Technology corridor, with special emphases on education, public culture, media and lifestyle. The full programming possibilities need to be further developed. Additionally, appropriate urban design guidelines to ensure high quality development also need to be incorporated into an overall development plan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.34-49
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• 1993

This research aimed to analize the cognitive intensity of valuation(C.I.V) on urban environment as a first stage of the works on evaluative urban image under the hypothesis that it could be interpreted with a correlation analysis between the C.I.V and attitude(Satisfaction of unsatisfaction Intensity) toward urban environment. As a method of a study, 118 cognitive elements were selected representing an urban environment, and each of elements was suggested to citizens of Kyungju with 7 point Likert Scale. The analysis of C.I.V was operated under the three criteria: The first, three of urban space scale(urban scale, neighborhood scale, and housing scale), the second, four elements of urban living environment(safety, amenity, healthfulness, and effectiveness), and the last, thirteen urban unit environment(housing, traffic, education, tourism, medical/health, culture, etc.). The results were as follows: C.I.V to each of 118 elements was cleary defined, showing the possibilities of being applied to a method for subjective, or cognitive evaluation on urban environment: It was revealed that citizens'C.I.V was rather higher in non-physical, qualitative elements than in physical and quantitative ones. This shows well the limitation of the objective method of evaluation of urban environment: The results of the others' studies on the image of Kyungju based on the cognitive approach, being focused on the analysis of the visual aspects of urban structure, cultural assets, historic site and tourism, were almost same as this study but it was quite different for this research to reveal well the citizens' cognition on their living environment of traffic, education, medical, etc..