Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.14700/KITLA.2017.35.2.26

The Abuse and Invention of Tradition from Maintenance Process of Historic Site No.135 Buyeo Gungnamji Pond  

Jung, Woo-Jin (Korea-China Cultural Research of Sangmyung University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture / v.35, no.2, 2017 , pp. 26-44 More about this Journal
Abstract
Regarded as Korea's traditional pond, Gungnamj Pond was surmised to be "Gungnamji" due to its geological positioning in the south of Hwajisan (花枝山) and relics of the Gwanbuk-ri (官北里) suspected of being components to the historical records of Muwang (武王)'s pond of The Chronicles of the Three States [三國史記] and Sabi Palace, respectively, yet was subjected to a restoration following a designation to national historic site. This study is focused on the distortion of authenticity identified in the course of the "Gungnamji Pond" restoration and the invention of tradition, whose summarized conclusions are as follows. 1. Once called Maraebangjuk (마래방죽), or Macheonji (馬川池) Pond, Gungnamji Pond was existent in the form of a low-level swamp of vast area encompassing 30,000 pyeong during the Japanese colonial period. Hong, Sa-jun, who played a leading role in the restoration of "Gungnamji Pond," said that even during the 1940s, the remains of the island and stone facilities suspected of being the relics of Gungnamji Pond of the Baekje period were found, and that the traces of forming a royal palace and garden were discovered on top of them. Hong, Sa-jun also expressed an opinion of establishing a parallel between "Gungnamji Pond" and "Maraebangjuk" in connection with a 'tale of Seodong [薯童說話]' in the aftermath of the detached palace of Hwajisan, which ultimately operated as a theoretical ground for the restoration of Gungnamj Pond. Assessing through Hong, Sa-jun's sketch, the form and scale of Maraebangjuk were visible, of which the form was in close proximity to that photographed during the Japanese colonial period. 2. The minimized restoration of Gungnamji Pond faced deterrence for the land redevelopment project implemented in the 1960s, and the remainder of the land size is an attestment. The fundamental problem manifest in the restoration of Gungnamji Pond numerously attempted from 1964 through 1967 was the failure of basing the restorative work in the archaeological facts yet in the perspective of the latest generations, ultimately yielding a replication of Hyangwonji Pond of Gyeongbok Palace. More specifically, the methodologies employed in setting an island and a pavilion within a pond, or bridging an island with a land evidenced as to how Gungnamji Pond was modeled after Hyangwonji Pond of Gyeongbok Palace. Furthermore, Chihyanggyo (醉香橋) Bridge referenced in the designing of the bridge was hardly conceived as a form indigenous to the Joseon Dynasty, whose motivation and idea of the misguided restoration design at the time all the more devaluated Gungnamji Pond. Such an utterly pure replication of the design widely known as an ingredient for the traditional landscape was purposive towards the aesthetic symbolism and preference retained by Gyeongbok Palace, which was intended to entitle Gungnamji Pond to a physical status of the value in par with that of Gyeongbok Palace. 3. For its detachment to the authenticity as a historical site since its origin, Gungnamji Pond represented distortions of the landscape beauty and tradition even through the restorative process. The restorative process for such a historical monument, devoid of constructive use and certain of distortion, maintains extreme intimacy with the nationalistic cultural policy promoted by the Park, Jeong-hee regime through the 1960s and 1970s. In the context of the "manipulated discussions of tradition," the Park's cultural policy transformed the citizens' recollection into an idealized form of the past, further magnifying it at best. Consequently, many of the historical sites emerged as fancy and grand as they possibly could beyond their status quo across the nation, and "Gungnamji Pond" was a victim to this monopolistic government-led cultural policy incrementally sweeping away with new buildings and structures instituted regardless of their original space, and hence, their value.
Keywords
Restoration; Palace Pond; Authenticity; Invention of Tradition; A Landscape Architecture of Historic Site;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Lee, S. H.(2012). Ancient Topography Restoration for Historic City: Focus on Baekje Sabi Capital City(역사도시 연구를 위한 고대 지형 복원: 백제 사비도성을 중심으로). Master's Thesis of Hanyang University, Seoul.
2 Hong, S. J.(1970). Gungnamji Pond and Earthenware(궁남지와 토기). Korean Journal of Art History 106-107: 34-37. p.36.
3 Hong, S. J.(1961). Baekje Culture and Buyeo(백제문화와 부여). Seoul: Hakwonsa Publishing Co.. p.149-154.
4 The Construction Project of Gungnamji Building(궁남지 전각 건립 공사)(1971). National Archives of Korea: BA0120306.
5 The Restoration of Gungnamji Pond(궁남지 복원)(1972). National Archives of Korea: BA0120591
6 The Repair Works of Gungnamji Bridge(궁남지 교량 보수공사) (1981). National Archives of Korea: BA0123013.
7 Historic Site No.135 Buyeo Gungnamji Pond(사적 제135호 궁남지) (1970's). National Archives of Korea: CET0063531
8 The Foreground of the Gungnamji Pond(궁남지 전경) (1973). National Archives of Korea: CET0061080
9 Development Project of Baekje Cultural Area(백제문화권개발)(1)), National Archives of Korea(BA0806641)
10 Yoon, J. U.(1998). The 100 Years of Buyeo City from Photograph (사진으로 보는 부여의 백년). Daejeon: AllGraphics. p. 229.
11 Construction of Buyeo Gungnamji Wooden Bridge(부여 궁남지 목교 설치공사)(1987), National Archives of Korea(CA0015705)
12 National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage(2007). Transformational History of Gyeongbokgung Palace(경복궁 변천사) vol.2. Daejeon: National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. p.137.
13 Bae, H. H. and Lee, S. R.(1981). Now this Joseon Saw has rusted (이제 조선 톱에도 녹이 슬었네). Seoul: 'Deep-rooted Tree' Publishing Co.. p.178.
14 Jung, W. J., Song, S. H. and Sim, W. K.(2013). Study on the Transformation of Ponds and the Account of Reconstruction at Jondeokjeong Area in the Rear Garden of Changdeok Palace(창덕 궁 후원 존덕정 일원 지당의 변형과 조영경위에 관한 고찰). Journal of Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture 31(1): 71-86.
15 Busan Museum(2009). The Modern Landscapes from photo postcards(사진엽서로 보는 근대 풍경) vol.4. Busan: Minsokwon. p.132, 139.
16 Kim, N. K.(1990). Reflection and Task of Realization of Traditionality in Process of Development Korean Modern Construction(한국 현대건축의 전개과정에서 본 전통구현의 반성과 과제). Review of Architecture and Building Science 34(2): 24-27.
17 Oh, M. S.(1998). Public Discourse on National Culture and Cultural Policy in 1960s and 1970s(1960-70년대의 문화정책과 민족문화담론). CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES 4: 121-152. pp.128-130.
18 Jeon, J. H.(1998). Nationalism and the Use of History : Traditional Culture Policy in Park Jung Hee's Political Regime(민족주의와 역사의 이용 : 박정희 체제의 전통문화정책) Social Science Research 7: 83-106. p.90.
19 Hong, J. S.(1981). A Study of Sabi-castle Town in Backje - Focused on Remains and Relics-(백제 사비성 연구 -유물, 유적을 중심으로-). Master's Thesis of Dongguk University, Seoul.
20 Seung, J. T.(1982). A Study of Sabi-castle Town in Backje(백제 사비도성 연구). The Paekche Yonku(백제연구) 13: 5-56. pp.31-33.
21 Kang, J. W.(2016). Changes in the Political Situation and the Construction of Mireuksa Under the King Mu in the Baekje Kingdom(백제 무왕대의 정국변화와 미륵사 조영). Baekje Culture 54: 285-310. p.292.
22 Kim, S. B.(2005). The Current States and Future Prospects of Excavation Survey from Buyeo Gungnamji Pond(부여 궁남지 유적 발굴조사 현황과 전망). The Research of Backje Culture. 34: 111-125.
23 Yeo, H. K.(2001). A Study on structure and characteristics of Sabi citadel, Baekje(백제 사비도성의 구조와 성격). Master's Thesis of Danguk University, Seoul. p.56.
24 Kim, N. J.(2011). The Palatial Garden of Baekje(백제 궁성의 원지와 후원). The Paekche Yonku 53: 21-49. pp.26-27.
25 Kim, K. T.(2012). A Tentative Idea on the Change of Drainage System of Sabi- Capital-town(사비도성의 배수체계 변천에 대한 시론적 고찰). Journal of Korea Ancient History(한국상고사학보) 77: 37-62. p.57.
26 Lee, D. H.(2015). Review of Iksan Province in Baekje History(백제사 속의 익산에 대한 재조명). Mahan, Baekje Cultures(마한, 백제문화) 25: 93-112. pp.103-103.
27 Choi, J. Y.(2015). The Story of our land Finding through History and Origin of a word(역사와 어원으로 찾아가는 우리 땅 이야기). Paju: 21th Books Poblishing Co.. p28, p.118.
28 Choi, S. W.(2015). Changes in the History of Modern and Contemporary Cartography(근현대 지도제작 기술의 변천). The Korean Cartographic Journal: 15(2): 103-105. p.106.   DOI
29 Hobsbawm E. J. and Ranger T. O.(1983). The Invention of tradition. New York : Cambridge University Press. pp.1-2; p.263.
30 National Heritage Center(2010). A Basic Study on the Standards Establishment about Landscape Maintenance of Historic Site - Landscape Maintenance Plans of Confucian Academy(사적지 조경 정비 기준확립을 위한 기초조사 연구-서원의 조경정비 방안-). Daejeon: National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. p.37.
31 Lee, J. S.(1997). Current Situations and Issues of Development of Back-Je Cultural Zone(백제문화권 개발의 현황과 과제). The Chungnam Review 10: 13-29. p.14.
32 Jung, D. O.(1986). Korean Garden(한국의 정원). Seoul: Minumsa Publishing Co.. p.49.