• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2004

Objective : This study obtained normative values for variable parameters of lumbar function with the isoinertial triaxial dynamometer in patients with chronic low back pain. Subjects and Methods : 30 patients(male 15, female 15) with chronic low back pain in this study. Variable parameters that were measured with the Isostation B-200 were lumbar range of motion, isometric maximum torques, and maximum velocities in three axis. Results : In patient male group mean R.O.M. was $82.9{\pm}12.5$ degrees in lumbar rotation, $76.5{\pm}17.1$ degrees in lumbar flexion/extension, and $64.3{\pm}14.5$ degrees in lumbar lateral flexion. In patient female group mean R.O.M. was $78.4{\pm}18.5$ degrees in lumbar rotation, $71.7{\pm}20.4$ degrees in lumbar flexion/extension, and $63.2{\pm}14.4$ degrees in lumbar lateral flexion. In patient male group mean isometric maximum torques was $64.7{\pm}23.8ft-lbs$ in lumbar rotation, $81.1{\pm}42.0ft-lbs$ in lumbar flexion, $122.2{\pm}43.6ft-lbs$ in lumbar extension, and $101.0{\pm}37.0ft-lbs$ in lumbar lateral flexion. In patient female group mean isometric maximum torques was $41.9{\pm}9.2ft-lbs$ in lumbar rotation, $49.9{\pm}23.9ft-lbs$ in lumbar flexion, $90.1{\pm}26.8ft-lbs$ in lumbar extension, and $62.0{\pm}16.7ft-lbs$ in lumbar lateral flexion. In patient male group mean maximum velocity of isoinertial exercise with low (25%) resistance was $102.4{\pm}28.8deg/sec$ in lumbar rotation, $108.9{\pm}32.2deg/sec$ in lumbar flexion/extension, and $103.5{\pm}30.4deg/sec$ in lumbar lateral flexion. In patient female group mean maximum velocity of isoinertial exercise with low (25%) resistance was $84.1{\pm}24.4deg/sec$ in lumbar rotation, $93.2{\pm}32.9deg/sec$ in lumbar flexion/extension, and $98.5{\pm}33.7deg/sec$ in lumbar lateral flexion. In patient male group mean maximum velocity of isoinertial exercise with high (50%) resistance was $74.0{\pm}20.9deg/sec$ in lumbar rotation, $98.7{\pm}32.8deg/sec$ in lumbar flexion/extension, and $85.0{\pm}25.8deg/sec$ in lumbar lateral flexion. In patient female group mean maximum velocity of isoinertial exercise with high (50%) resistance was $67.3{\pm}26.4deg/sec$ in lumbar rotation, $82.5{\pm}31.0deg/sec$ in lumbar flexion/extension, and $79.7{\pm}23.9deg/sec$ in lumbar lateral flexion. Conclusion : Maximum isoinertial velocities were more reliable and more significant than isometric maximum torque for the objective assessment of chronic low hack pain.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.243-248
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• 2019

The respiratory tract is an essential part of the respiratory system involved in the process of respiration. However, if stenosis occurs, it interferes with breathing and can even lead to death. Asthma is a typical example of a reversible cause of airway narrowing, and the number of patients suffering from acute exacerbation is steadily increasing. Therefore, it is important to detect airway narrowing early and prevent the patient's condition from worsening. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), which has high resolution, is suitable for observing the microstructure of tissues. In this study we developed an endoscopic OCT system. We combined a 1300-nm OCT system with a servo motor, which can rotate at a high speed. A catheter was pulled back using a linear stage while imaging with 360° rotation by the motor. The motor was selected considering various requirements, such as torque, rotational speed, and gear ratio of pulleys. An ex vivo rabbit tracheal model was used as a sample, and the sample and catheter were immobilized by acrylic structures. The OCT images provided information about the structures of the mucosa and submucosa. The difference between normal and stenosed parts in the trachea was confirmed by OCT. Furthermore, through a three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction process, it was possible to identify and diagnose the stenosis in the 3-D image of the airway, as well as the cross-sectional image. This study would be useful not only for diagnosing airway stenosis, but also for realizing 3-D imaging.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2012

Military vehicles, compared to conventional vehicles, require higher driving performance, quieter operation, and longer driving distances with minimal fuel supplies. The series hybrid electric vehicle can be driven with no noise and has high initial startup performance, because it uses only a traction motor that has a high startup torque to drive the vehicle. Moreover, the fuel economy can be improved if the vehicle is hybridized. In series hybrid electric vehicles, the electric generation system, which consists of an engine and a generator, supplies electric energy to a battery or traction motor depending on the vehicle driving state and battery state of charge (SOC). The control strategy determines the operation of the generation system. Thus, the fuel economy of the series hybrid electric vehicle relies on the control strategy. In this study, thermostat, power-follower, and combined strategies were compared, and a 37% improvement in the fuel economy was implemented using the combined control strategy suggested in this study.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2003

Silicone composites for high voltage insulator (HVI SC) were prepared by adding aluminum trihydrate(ATH) treated by surface treatment agent to base silicone compound at the ratio oi 100:20, 100:40, 100:60, 100:80, and 100:100, respectively And also, ATH was treated by various surface treatment agents, such as stearic arid, acryl silane, and vinyl silane under compounding process. Mechanical properties and electrical properties were investigated for the various contents of ATH and surface-treatment agents. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation, and tear strength decreased as the load of ATH increased. Volume resistivity, AC break down strength, and tracking resistance for HVI SC containing ATH treated by vinyl silane were better than those for HVI SC containing ATH treated by other surface treatment agents, such as stearic acid and acryl silane. Polymer-filler interaction of silicone composites according to surface treatment agents was studied by measuring bound rubber contend(BR). From the experimental results, BR of silicone composite containing ATH treated with vinyl silane was higher than that of the others. The degree of rule for silicone composite was investigated using Rheometer. Maximum torque of silicone composites contaning ATH treated with vinyl silane was higher than that of silicone composite contaning ATH treated with other surface agents.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2023

Due to the development of the industrial revolution, regulations on exhaust emissions have been continuously strengthened to reduce the rapidly increasing greenhouse gas emissions. The use of environmentally friendly fuels is essential to meet these regulations. Hydrogen has been attracting attention as a future environmentally friendly fuel, but due to its material properties, it faces significant challenges in handling and storage. As an alternative, ammonia has been proposed. Ammonia can be easily liquefied at room temperature compared to hydrogen and has a high energy density. In order to examine the applicability of ammonia as an engine fuel, experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of changes in combustion control parameters in a direct injection ammonia combustion engine. The experiments were conducted by varying two variables: spark timing and excessive air ratio. Observations were made on combustion stability and the trends of exhaust emissions such as nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia under the conditions of an engine speed of 1,500 rpm and medium to high loads (brake torque of 200 Nm). By optimizing the combustion control parameters, conditions for stable combustion even when using ammonia as the sole fuel were identified, and plans are underway to apply strategies for future expansion of the operating range.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.7-24
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• 1977

This paper is the forth and fifth one of the study on balanced type oscillating mole drainer. In the light of the results from previous reports about the model tests, some design criteria were established and a prototype machine was set up for experimental purpose. Motion characteristics and functionof the each parts of the machine were checked and analyzed. After that, performance tests of the prototype machine were carried out in thefield. Obtained results are summarized as follows ; 1. Ten centimeter of the bullet diameter was determined so as to be able to attach it to the tractors with capacity of 30 PS to 40 PS. 2. To maintain the balance between the moments of the front shank and rear shank, the oscillating amplitude of the rear bullet was determined to be larger than that of the front bullet. At the same time , the oscillating direction of the rear bullet was designed with the inclines of ten to thirty degrees. 3. An octagonal dynamo transduced was developed for measuring the compressive force of the upper link is measuring the draft force of the machine. Acceptable linear relationship between forces and strain responses from O.D.T. was obtained. 4. Analysing the balancing mechanism of the acting part of the machine , it was found that the total draft force of the machine was equal to the difference between the sum of the draft force produced from the right and left side bending moments of the lower drawber and the compressive force on the upper link. 5. There are acceptable linear relationship between the strain and twisting moment by driving shaft, and between strain and shank moment. Above results enable us to carry out the field experiment with prototype machine. 6. When the test machine was used in the field, it was possible to reduce the oscillating acceleration by forty percent in average as compared it with the single bullet mole drainer. 7. When the test machine was used under the oscillating condition, the dratt torce was reduced by 27 percent to 59 percent as compared it with the test machine under non-oscillating condition, while the draft force was increased by 7 percent to 20 percent as compared it with the mole drainer having oscillating single bullet. The reasoning behind this fact was considered as the resistance force due to the rear shank and bullet. 8. As the amplitude and frequency of the bullet were increased, the torque was increased accordingly. This tendency could be varied with the various characteristics of the given soils. And the larger frequency and amplitute, the more increasing oscil\ulcornerlating power but decreasing draft brce were needed, and draft force was increased as the velocity was increased.9. When the amplitude of the rear bullet was designed to be larger than that of the front bullet, the minimum value of the moment was lowered and oscillating acceleration was reduced. And when the oscillating direction of the rear bullet was declined back\ulcornerwards, oscillating acceleration was increased along with the increasing angle of decli\ulcornernation. When the test machine was operated in high speed, the difference between maximum moments and minimum ones became narrow. This varying magnitude of moments appeared on the moment oscillogram seems to be correlated to the oscillating acceleration and draft force. 10. From the analysis of variance, it was found that those factors such as frequency, amplitude, and operating velocity significantly affected in the oscillating acceleration, the draft resistance, the torque, the moment, and the total power required. And interaction between frequency and amplitude affected in the oscillating acceleration. 11. Within the given situation of this study, the most preferable operating conditions of the test machine were 7 Hz in oscillating frequency, 0.54 m/sec in operating velocity, and 39.1 mm in oscillating amplitude of front and rear bullets. However, it is necessary to select the proper frequency and magnitude of oscillation depending on the soil properties of the field in which the mole drainer is practiced by use of a bal1nced type oscillating mole drainer. 12. It is recommended that a comparative study of the mole drainers would be performed in the near future using two separate balanced oscillating bullet with the one which is operated by oscillating the movable bullet in a single cylinder or other balanced type which may be single oscillating bullet with spring, damper or balancing weight, and that of thing. To expand the applicability of the balanced type oscillating mole drainer in practical use, it is suggested to develop a new mechanism which perform mole drain with vinyl pipe or filling material such as rice hull.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.80-88
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• 2018

Purpose: Implant surface modification and implant design are the principle targets for achieving successful primary stability. The aim of this study was to measure implant stability quotient (ISQ) values of sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) implants with tapered straight body design during the healing period, and to determine the various factors affecting implant stability. Materials and Methods: To measure implant stability, resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was performed in 26 patients (13 women and 13 men) with 44 SLA implants with tapered straight body design. Implant stability (ISQ values) was evaluated at baseline and healing abutment connection (12 weeks), and the correlations between RFA and insertion torque (IT), bone quality, and jawbone were determined. Results: The mean ISQ value of the implants was $69.4{\pm}10.2$ at the time of implant placement (baseline) and $81.4{\pm}6.9$ at the time of healing abutment connection (P < 0.05). Significant differences were found between RFA and bone quality and between RFA and jawbone (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between RFA and IT, insertion area, fixture diameter, and implant length (P > 0.05). Conclusion: ISQ values of SLA implants with tapered straight body design were high at baseline and healing abutment connection. It was concluded that SLA implants with tapered straight body design show improved primary and secondary stability, and that immediate or early loading may be applicable.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.27-31
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• 2014

This paper presents a study on the strength safety of the weak parts at Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 in the valve structure for LPG cylinder by using the finite element method. The maximum Von Mises stress of 27.5MPa was occurred at the corner edge of a valve Part 1 for the valve thickness of 1.5mm and LPG pressure of 3.5MPa. And the maximum Von Mises stresses for the valve thickness of 1.5mm and LPG pressure of 3.5MPa were 41.5MPa at Part 2 and 46.5MPa at Part 3. The FEM computed results show that the maximum Von Mises stresses at Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 are very low value of 9.2~15.5% compared with the yield strength of a copper alloy, C3604. This means that the valve thickness for LPG cylinder is so over designed for the conventional valve. Thus, this paper recommends that the thickness at Part 1 and Part 2 is reduced for a light weight of a copper valve. But, the thickness at Part 3 may be better for a thick valve as a conventional valve for high torque strength.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2018

Using hydrogen fuel is expected to be suitable as a reciprocating internal combustion engine with heightened interest in HALE(High Altitude Long Endurance) UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). Hydrogen is hightest energy density per mass so it can continue to charge for long periods of time and have positive part of the environmental effects. However, it is estimated that there is less research on hydrogen fuel engine currently applied, and many studies need to be done. Depending on the operation, there are factors that result in supercooling due to reduced radiation or reduce cooling performance due to low air density. Therefore, the experiment was to change the temperature of the cooling water and investigate the effect on engine combustions. The limitation of the stable operation range due to backfire is dominated by the excess air ratio rather than the effect of the cooling water temperature change. When the cooling water temperature increases, the volumetric efficiency decreases and the torque decreases. As the cooling water temperature decreases, the heat loss was increased and consequently the thermal efficiency was decreased.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.39 no.sup2
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• pp.287-291
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• 2009

Purpose: The objective of this clinical presentation was to present a clinical case series report of socket preservation, sinus augmentation, and bone grafting using a horse-derived biomaterial. Methods: A horse-derived biomaterial was used in 8 patients for different indications including socket preservation following tooth extraction, osseous bone grafting, and sinus augementation procedures. Surgeries were performed by a well trained specialist and clinical radiographs were obtained at designated intervals. Biopsy cores of 2 ${\times}$ 8 mm prior to implant placement was obtained following a healing interval of 4 - 6 months. A clinical and histologic evaluation was performed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and biocompatibility of the biomaterial. Results: All surgeries in 8 patients were successful with uneventful healing except for one case with membrane exposure that eventually resulted with a positive outcome. Radiographic display of the healing phase during different intervals showed increased radiopacity of granular nature as the healing time increased. No signs of adverse effect or infection was observed clinically and the tissues surrounding the biomaterial seemed well-tolerated with good intentional healing. The augmented sinuses healed uneventfully suggesting in part, good biocompatibility of the biomaterial. Dental implants placed following socket preservation were inserted with high initial torque suggesting good initial stability and bone quality. Conclusions: Our results show that at least on a tentative level, a horse-derived biomaterial may be used clinically in socket preservation, sinus augmentation, bone grafting techniques with good intentional healing and positive results.