• 제목/요약/키워드: Hexagonal-shaped

검색결과 76건 처리시간 0.028초

Al-Zn 혼합물의 열 증발을 이용한 ZnO 결정의 합성에서 결정의 형상에 미치는 합성 온도와 시간의 영향 (Effect of Synthetic Temperature and Time on the Morphology of ZnO Crystals Fabricated by Thermal Evaporation of Al-Zn Mixture)

  • 김민성
    • 한국재료학회지
    • /
    • 제25권6호
    • /
    • pp.265-268
    • /
    • 2015
  • ZnO micro/nanocrystals at large scale were synthesized through the thermal evaporation of Al-Zn mixtures under air atmosphere. The effect of synthetic temperature and time on the morphology of the micro/nanocrystals was examined. It was found that the temperature and time affected the morphology of the ZnO crystals. At temperatures below $900^{\circ}C$, no crystals were synthesized. At a temperature of $1000^{\circ}C$, ZnO crystals with a rod shape were synthesized. With an increase in temperature from $1000^{\circ}C$ to $1100^{\circ}C$, the morphology of the crystals changed from rod shape to wire and granular shapes. As the time increased from 2 h to 3 h at $1000^{\circ}C$, tetrapod-shaped ZnO crystals started to form. XRD patterns showed that the ZnO crystals had a hexagonal wurtzite structure. EDX analysis revealed that the ZnO crystals had high purity. It is believed that the ZnO nanowires were grown via a vapor-solid mechanism because no catalyst particles were observed at the tips of the micro/nanocrystals in the SEM images.

Experimental Investigation on Air-Distribution in a Water-Flowing through a G1-Rod Bundle with Helical Spacers

  • Chung, Moon-Ki
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
    • /
    • 제10권2호
    • /
    • pp.79-86
    • /
    • 1978
  • 본 연구의 목적은 수직 연료봉 집합체에서 물-공기 2상 유동일 경우 공기분포현상에 관한 실험적 데이타를 얻는데 있다. test-section은 6각형, 61개의 연료봉 집합체로 구성되며, 각 연료봉은 helical spacers로 감겨져 있고, 사용되는 유체는 공기와 물이다. 실험은 크게 2부분으로 나누어서 물의 유량을 일정하게 하고 공기의 유량을 증가시킬 경우와 물자 공기의 유량을 동시에 증가시킬 경우의 공기분포현상에 관해 실시하였다. 공기는 4구멍을 통해 각각 주입시켰다. 보이드율의 측정은 전기적 Void-needle 방법을 적용하였으며 그 결과는 도표를 통해 보여주고 있다. 이 실험의 결과로써 물의 유랑을 증가시킬 수록 공기분포는 균일하게 되며, 공기 공급 위치는 공기분포에 큰 영향을 미치고 있음이 입증되었다.

  • PDF

TiAl에 석출한 질화물의 결정구조와 형태 (Crystal Structure and Morphology of Nitride Precipitates in TiAl)

  • 한창석;구경완
    • 한국재료학회지
    • /
    • 제18권1호
    • /
    • pp.51-56
    • /
    • 2008
  • The crystal structures and morphologies of precipitates in $L1_0$-ordered TiAl intermetallics containing nitrogen were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Under aging at an approximate temperature of 1073 K after quenching from 1423 K, TiAl hardens appreciably due to the nitride precipitation. TEM observations revealed that needle-like precipitates, which lie only in one direction parallel to the [001] axis of the $L1_0$-TiAl matrix, appear in the matrix preferentially at the dislocations. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern analyses showed that the needle-shaped precipitate is perovskite-type $Ti_3AlN$ (P-phase). The orientation relationship between the P-phase and the $L1_0$-TiAl matrix was found to be $(001)_P//(001)_{TiAl}\;and\;[010]_P//[010]_{TiAl}$. By aging at higher temperatures or for longer periods at 1073 K, plate-like precipitates of $Ti_2AlN$ (H-phase) with a hexagonal structure formed on the {111} planes of the $L1_0$-TiAl matrix. The orientation relationship between the $Ti_2AlN$ and the $L1_0$-TiAl matrix is $(0001)_H//(111)_{TiAl}\;and\;_H//_{TiAl}$.

열차 하중 작용 시 특정형상 인공자갈이 혼합된 도상층에서의 침하 거동 평가 (Evaluation of settlement behavior of ballasted layer mixed with specially shaped artificial ballasts under train loading)

  • 김대상
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
    • /
    • 제21권6호
    • /
    • pp.35-40
    • /
    • 2020
  • 도상 자갈층은 열차하중을 분산하고 지지하는 중요한 역할을 수행하나, 큰 공극으로 인하여 열차 동하중 작용시 침하가 발생하여 지속적인 유지보수가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 특정한 형상의 인공자갈 3종류 (정사각 형상, 테트라 포드 형상, 육각 형상) 를 혼합한 도상 자갈층을 2 차원 개별 요소 해석법을 이용하여 모델링하고, 열차 동하중에 의한 도상 층의 침하 특성을 평가하기 위하여 침목에 의한 반복 재하 시험을 실시하였다. 동 해석 결과 침목 하부에서 작은 힘의 전달경로가 형성된 테트라 포드형의 인공 자갈이 포함된 도상 층에서 침하가 가장 작게 발생하였다. 또한, 도상층 내 접촉력 분포로부터 오목 형상을 갖는 테트라 포드 형상을 포함한 인공 자갈 혼합 도상에서 힘의 다중 전달 경로를 형성하기 쉬우며, 이를 통하여 도상 층으로 전달된 열차 하중이 보다 다양한 경로로 균등하게 분산될 수 있는 것을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과로부터 반복 열차 하중 재하 시 오목 형상의 인공 자갈이 혼합된 도상 층에서 훨씬 효과적으로 침하 발생을 저감시킬 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 도상 층에서의 이와 같은 침하 저감 효과는 유지보수를 절감할 수 있는 자갈궤도 구조에 대한 가능성을 보여준다.

Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium carbonate in Ca(OH)2-CO2-H2O System by the Continuous Drop Method of Ca(OH)2 Slurry

  • Ahn, Ji-Whan;Lee, Jae-Sung;Joo, Sung-Min;Kim, Hyung-Seok;Kim, Jong-Kuk;Han, Choon;Kim, Hwan
    • 한국세라믹학회지
    • /
    • 제39권4호
    • /
    • pp.327-335
    • /
    • 2002
  • Experiments were conducted to investigate the synthesis characteristics of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate(for short PCC) in Ca(OH)$_2-CO_2-H_2O$ system by the continuous drop method of Ca(OH)$_2$ slurry into the solution containing $CO_2$(aq). When the flow rate of $CO_2$(g) increases and the concentration of Ca(OH)$_2$ slurry become low, the absorption rate of $CO_2$(g) become faster than the dissolution rate of Ca(OH)$_2$. Consequently, the growth of the calcite crystal plane is facilitated resulting in synthesis of $1.0{\mu}m$ of rhombohedral calcite. On the other hand, when the flow rate of $CO_2$(g) decreases and the concentration of Ca(OH)$_2-CO_2-H_2O$ slurry become high, new nuclei is created along with the crystal growth resulting in synthesis of $0.1{\mu}m$ of prismatic calcite. Maintaining 1.0wt% of Ca(OH)$_2-CO_2-H_2O$ slurry, 120 drops/min of drop rate and $25^{circ}C$ of temperature, the shape of PCC shows colloidal and spherical agglomerate at 100 mL/min of the flow rate of $CO_2$(g); the mixture of rhombohedral and plate-shaped calcite, at 200∼500 mL/min. Therefore, as the flow rate of $CO_2$(g) increases, the shape of PCC changes from colloidal and rhombohedral calcite to plate-shaped calcite. Maintaining 500 mL/min of the flow rate of $CO_2$(g), 120 drops/min of the drop rate of Ca(OH)$_2$ slurry, and $25^{circ}C$ of temperature, the shape of PCC shows the plate-shaped calcite at 1.0∼3.0 wt% of Ca(OH)$_2$ slurry; the hexagonal plate-shape calcite of the thickness of $0.1{\mu}m$ and the width of $1.0{\mu}m$, at 4.0 wt%.

PVT 법으로 성장 된 bulk AlN 단결정의 열 산화 공정에 관한 연구 (A study on the thermal oxidation process of bulk AlN single crystal grown by PVT)

  • 강효상;강승민
    • 한국결정성장학회지
    • /
    • 제30권5호
    • /
    • pp.168-173
    • /
    • 2020
  • AlN의 열 산화 공정에서 발생하는 거동 및 메커니즘을 확인하기 위해 bulk AlN 단결정에 대해 대기분위기에서 온도에 따라 열처리를 수행하였다. 800℃의 온도에서 bulk AlN의 본격적인 산화 및 Al-oxide 들의 성장이 일어난 것을 확인하였고, 온도가 증가함에 따라 산소 성분의 wt%가 증가하는 반면 질소 성분의 wt%는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 900℃에서 열처리하는 경우, 성장 된 Al-oxide은 이웃한 Al-oxide와 merging되어 α-Al2O3 다결정을 형성하기 시작했다. 1000℃의 온도에서 열처리하는 동안, 육각 피라미드 형 α-Al2O3 다결정이 명확히 형성되었음을 확인하였다. X-선 회절 패턴 분석을 통해 bulk AlN의 온도에 따른 표면 결정 구조의 변화를 자세히 조사하였다.

Shape Dependent Coercivity Simulation of a Spherical Barium Ferrite (S-BaFe) Particle with Uniaxial Anisotropy

  • Abo, Gavin S.;Hong, Yang-Ki;Jalli, Jeevan;Lee, Jae-Jin;Park, Ji-Hoon;Bae, Seok;Kim, Seong-Gon;Choi, Byoung-Chul;Tanaka, Terumitsu
    • Journal of Magnetics
    • /
    • 제17권1호
    • /
    • pp.1-5
    • /
    • 2012
  • The coercivity of a single 27 nm-spherical barium ferrite (S-BaFe) particle was simulated using three models: 1) Gibbs free energy (GFE), 2) Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG), and 3) Stoner-Wohlfarth (S-W). Spherically and hexagonally shaped particles were used in the GFE and LLG simulations to investigate coercivity with the different shape anisotropies. The effect of shape was not included in the S-W model. It was found that the models using a spherical shape resulted in a coercivity higher than the models using the hexagonal shape with both shapes having the same diameter. The coercivity estimated with the S-W model was approximately the same as that for the spherical-shape models, which indicates that spherical shape has no significant effect on the particle's coercivity at nanoscale.

One-dimensionally Ordered Array of Co and Fe Nanoclusters on Carburized-W(110) via Template Assisted Self-Assembly

  • Kim, Ji-Hyun;Yang, Serlun;Kim, Jae-Sung;Lukashev, Pavel;Rojas, Geoffrey;Enders, Axel;Sessi, Violetta;Honolka, Jan
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국진공학회 2012년도 제42회 동계 정기 학술대회 초록집
    • /
    • pp.135-136
    • /
    • 2012
  • Carbon atoms near the surface of W(110) induce reconstructions such as $R(15{\times}12)$ -C/W(110) which consists of two characteristic parts, one square shaped and bright protrusion and two smaller ones. In the atomic resolution STM image, the bigger protrusion shows the periodicities of clean W(110), indicating that it is almost carbon poor region. The smaller protrusion contains hexagonal carbide surface layer of ${\alpha}$-W2C on W(110). Employing this carburized W(110) as templates, we grow Co and Fe clusters of less than ten atoms. Due to the selectivity of bonding sites, growth of larger cluster is highly unfavorable for Co and the size of clusters is very uniform. Since Co atoms prefer to sit on the bigger protrusion rather than smaller one, Co cluster can be arranged one-dimensionally in $R(15{\times}12)$-C/W(110) with quite uniform size distribution. However, Fe clusters sit on both sites without favored site, but still with uniform size distribution. On the other hand, Fe clusters can be grown with quasi one-dimensional order in $R(15{\times}3)$-C/W(110), which consists of only smaller protrusions. We investigate the magnetic properties of the ordered nano-sized clusters. Experiments using XMCD reveals little magnetic moment of Co cluster on $R(15{\times}12)$-C/W(110). This observation is consistent with the predictions of our first principles calculations that small Co clusters can be nonmagnetic or antiferromagnetic with low mean magnetic moment per atom.

  • PDF

Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Using ZnO Nanorods Coupled with Cobalt-Based Catalysts

  • Jeon, Tae-Hwa;Choi, Sung-Kyu;Jeong, Hye-Won;Kim, Seung-Do;Park, Hyun-Woong
    • Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
    • /
    • 제2권4호
    • /
    • pp.187-192
    • /
    • 2011
  • Photoelectrochemical performances of ZnO electrodes are enhanced by coupling with cobalt-based catalyst (CoPi) in phosphate electrolyte (pH 7). For this study, hexagonal pillar-shaped ZnO nanorods are grown on ZnO electrodes through a chemical bath deposition, onto which CoPi is deposited with different photodeposition times (10-30 min). A scanning electron microscopic study indicates that CoPi deposition does not induce any change of ZnO morphology and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis shows that inorganic phosphate ions (Pi) exist on ZnO surface. Bare ZnO electrodes generate the current of ca. $0.36mA/cm^2$ at a bias potential of 0.5 V vs. SCE, whereas ZnO/CoPi (deposited for 10 min) has ca. 50%-enhanced current ($0.54mW/cm^2$) under irradiation of AM 1.5G-light ($400mW/cm^2$). The excess loading of CoPi on ZnO results in decrease of photocurrents as compared to bare ZnO likely due to limited electrolyte access to ZnO and/or CoPi-mediated recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. The primary role of CoPi is speculated to trap the photogenerated holes and thereby oxidize water into molecular oxygen via an intervalency cycle among Co(II), Co(III), and Co(IV).

상온에서 토착박테리아를 이용한 방연석의 용출 특상 (Bioleaching of Galena by Indigenous Bacteria at Room Temperature)

  • 박천영;김순오;김봉주
    • 한국광물학회지
    • /
    • 제23권4호
    • /
    • pp.331-346
    • /
    • 2010
  • 방연석으로부터 유용금속이온을 용출시키기 위하여 토착박테리아를 실험실온도에서 최적의 pH 조건이 아닌 상태로 용출실험을 실시하였다. 이와 같은 조건에서도 $0.4{\times}0.2{\mu}m$에서 $0.5{\times}1.7{\mu}m$ 범위의 막대 모양 박테리아들이 방연석 표면에 부착하였다. 미생물 용출실험 19일 후에, Pb, Fe, Zn 이온 함량이 비교시료에서 보다 박테리아 시료에서 각각 약 347, 222, 1.7배 이상으로 높게 용출되었다. 수많은 육각형 주상의 결정들이 방연석의 표변에 형성된 것이 관찰되었으며, 이들 결정들은 토착 박테리아의 미생물학적 산화작용에 의하여 방연석으로부터 생성된 것으로 생각된다. XRD 분석에서, 황산연광에 해당되는 회절선이 방연석 시료에서 관찰되었다. 만약 박테리아가 최적으로 생존할 수 있는 pH 조건과 온도 조건을 조성해 준다면 더 많은 유용금속 이온이 방연석으로부터 용출 될 것으로 기대된다.