• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.370-375
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• 2009

Overproduction of peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) causes a variety of disease such as atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus or obesity. Peroxynitrite scavenging activities and HPLC analysis on the five Oriental medicinal drugs belonging to the genus Citrus, Aurantium or Poncirus (Rutaceae family) and HPLC analysis were taken to evaluate flavanone glycosides with peroxynitrite scavenging activity. The $IC_{50}s$ of the five crude drugs were shown as follows: Aurantii nobilis Pericarpium (Jinpi, 18.3 ${\mu}g$/ml), Citrii unshiu Pericarpium (Chungpi, 7.50${\mu}g$/ml), Citrii unshiu Semen (Gyulhaek, >50.0${\mu}g$/ml), Aurantii Fructus (Jigak, 18.3${\mu}g$/ml), and Poncirii Fructus (Jisil, >50.0${\mu}g$/ml) where Korean crude drug's names are noted in the parenthesis. Peroxynitrite scavenging effect of flavanones or their glycosides usually contained in Citrus species were observed as follows: hesperetin (1.89 ${\mu}g$/ml), naringenin (7.77 ${\mu}g$/ml), hesperidin (8.44 ${\mu}g$/ml), poncirin (>50.0 ${\mu}g$/ml)and ponciretin(>50.0 ${\mu}g$/ml). The activities of naringin and poncirin with ${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl($1{\rightarrow}2$)-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl moiety were weak. HPLC analytical data revealed that Jinpi (the peels of mature fruits of Citrus unshiu) and Chungpi (the peels of immature fruits of C. unshiu) had high quantities of hesperidin as the value of 142.1${\pm}$0.21 and 104.51${\pm}$1.10 mg/g dried weight, respectively. Poncirin was clearly detected in only Jisil and naringenin and naringin were not observed on the HPLC chromatogram of the five crude drugs.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.323-331
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• 2013

Hesperidin (Hes) has known to having some functions like protection of blood circulatory system, anti-tumor effect, antioxidant effect and anti-inflammatory effect. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the relationship between Hes and inflammatory through in vitro and in vivo studies using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) film including Hes as a tissue engineered scaffold. To confirm the proliferation of cells on fabricated scaffold, cells (RAW 264.7 and NIH/3T3) were seeded on PLGA/Hes film then analyzed with MTT and SEM at 1 and 3 days after seeding. The results from ELISA, RT-PCR, and FACS for anti-oxident and anti-inflammatory effect showed that inflammatory response of PLGA/Hes film decreased more than that of PLGA film. Also, in vivo result confirmed that inflammatory response by implanted PLGA/Hes film decreased more comparing with PLGA film. This is because of anti-inflammatory effect of Hes reducing induced inflammatory cell and accumulation of fibrous capsule. The results showed that PLGA/Hes film's capacity on reducing inflammatory is better than PLGA film because of Hes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.157-157
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• 2003

우리나라에서 생산되는 감귤은 지리적 기후 조건으로 내한성이 강한 만다린계 온주밀감이 주종을 이루나 최근 과잉생산으로 인한 가격하락과 수입자유화에 따른 대처의 일환으로 경쟁력이 높은 품종을 장려 보급하고 있다. 감귤의 국내 연간 생산량은 56만 톤으로 과일 전체 생산량의 약 30%를 차지하며 과실의 약 20%가 과피로서 그 일부가 한약재로 쓰이나 대부분이 버려지고 있다. 감귤의 과피에는 carotenoids, bioflavonoids, pectin 및 terpenes가 풍부하게 함유되어 있으며, 천연에서 발견되고 있는 약 300여종의 carotenoids계 색소 중 115종이 감귤에 존재한다. 감귤 과피의 주요 carotenoids로는 비타민 A의 역할을 하는 $\beta$-carotene과 cryptoxanthin을 비롯한 $\beta$-citraurin이며 천연 착색제로 활용되고 있다. 또, 주요 bioflavonoids로는 모세혈관의 수축을 촉진시켜 고혈압 예방과 이로 인한 각종 질환을 방지하는 작용을 가진 hesperidin과 혈액내 LDL 콜레스테롤의 양을 줄이는 작용이 알려진 naringin이 있다. 그 외의 감귤 flavonoids도 항산화작용, antimutagen 활성, 항암, 항알레르기 및 항바이러스 효과가 알려져 있다. 밀감 과피의 bioflavonoids는 약 60여종이 분리되어 그 구조가 밝혀져 있으나 90% 이상이 hesperidin이다. 또 과피유에는 $\delta$-limonene을 주성분으로 하는 휘발성 향미성분이 함유되어 있어 향미 개선제로서의 활용이 기대되고 있다. 본 연구는 최근 식생활의 서구화로 쌀 위주의 식생활에 많은 변화를 가져와 쌀 소비량은 해마다 줄어들고 있는 반면 기능성을 가미한 쌀의 소비가 늘고 있음을 감안하여, 우리나라 제주도에서 생산되고 있는 감귤 과피의 물 균질액을 쌀에 코팅하여 아름다운 색상과 기능성을 지닌 유색미를 제조함과 동시에 그 취반 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 유색미의 색상은 진노랑(L＊; 63.6, a＊; -7.87, b＊; 46.35)으로 취반 후에도 유사한 색상을 나타내었다. Total carotenoids는 감귤과피에서는 10.74mg%, 과피의 물 균질액에는 0.46mg%이었으며 유색미에는 0.l2mg%, 유색미 취반에는 0.05mg%를 나타내었다. Hesperidin은 과피, 물 균질액, 유색미 및 유색미 취반에서 각각 2173.l2mg%, 108.65mg%, 21.73mg% 및 8.67mg%이었으며, naringin은 각각 1468.40mg%, 73.38mg%, 14.62mg% 및 5.87mg%를 나타내었다. 감귤과피의 유리아미노산은 asparagine이 94.22mg%로 가장 높았으며, methionine이 24.88mg%, alanine이 19.64mg%, ${\gamma}$ -aminoisobutylic acid가 15.37mg%로 이들 4종의 아미노산이 전체 유리아미노산함량의 70%를 나타내었다. 유색미 취반에는 백미 취반에 비하여 총 유리아미노산의 함량이 15%정도 증가되었으며, 그 중에서 glutamic acid는 2.5 배가 증가되었다. 감귤과피의 주요 무기질은 K(652.60mg%)와 Ca(222.50mg%)로 전체 무기질 함량의 86%를 차지하였으며 유색미 취반은 백미 취반에 비하여 K는 2.3배, Mn는 76%, Ca, P, Mg은 16~26%, Fe는 13%가 각각 증가되었다. 취반의 경도, 점착성 및 깨짐성은 유색미 취반과 백미 취반간에 차이가 없으나 응집성과 탄력성은 유색미 취반에서 높았다. 색상에 대한 기호도, 구수한 맛 및 종합적인 기호도는 유색미 취반에서 높았으며 단맛, 쓴맛은 백미 취반과 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 1976.10a
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• pp.190.4-190
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• 1976

Naringinase 생산 균주로 분리 선정된 Asp. niger S-1은 동시에 Hesperidinase도 강력히 생산함이 확인 되었으며 이 균의 효소학적 특성을 요약하여 1. 최적 반응 온도는 $60^{\circ}C이며$ $80^{\circ}C에서$ 30분 열처리 하여도 65%을 활성을 가지며 pH 5.0부위에서 최적반응과 안정성을 보였으며 Mg(이온)은 반응을 활성화 하였다. 2. Aceton을 60% 처리하여 조효소를 11배 정제하였으며 35%가 회수되었고 유안 0.4-0.6 포화로 48배 정제되었으며 13%가 회수되었다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.23-26
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• 2001

Five flavonoids and one aromatic acid were isolated from the leaves of Zanthoxylum piperitum. The structures of compounds were elucidated as quercetin, afzelin, quercitrin, hyperoside, hesperidin and protocatechuic acid on the basis of spectral evidence.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.55-58
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• 1997

It is well known that Poncirus trifoliata harmonizes the Stomach dissipates the Nodules of Liver and manages Vitality. This herb has been used for stomachache, vomitting, nausea, abdominal distension and swelling of testis in the Oriental Medicine. A major components of Poncirus trifoliata consist of a various flavonoids such as poncirin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, rhoifolin, poncimarin, poncitrin. Generally pharmacological activities of an oriental medicinal drug may be different due to diverse origin, harvest season and storage Period. In this study, we aimed to measure the contents of poncirin and naringin, major flavonoid of this herb, to determine the quality of Poncirus trifoliata.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.257-261
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• 2013

A total of 96 pigs [(Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc] with an initial BW of $27.94{\pm}0.92kg$ were used in a 6-week experiment to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with fruit by-product extracts on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted to four treatments : 1) CON (basal diet), 2) PRO (CON + 0.5% procyanidin), 3) HES (CON + 0.5% hesperidin), 4) TAN (CON + 0.5% tannin). There were six replications per treatment with four pigs per pen. Supplementation had no effect (p>0.05) on average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and G/F. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and nitrogen was increased (p<0.05) in the HES treatment relative to the PRO treatment. Pigs fed the HES and TAN diets had greater (p<0.05) ATTD of energy than pigs fed PRO diet. The ATTD of ash was greatest (p<0.05) in HES treatments. In addition, the ATTD of calcium was greater (p<0.05) in HES treatments than in CON and PRO treatments. Overall, the results of this study indicated that dietary supplementation with 0.5% fruit by-products did not affect growth performance, but inclusion of 0.5% hesperidin increased nutrient digestibility in growing pigs.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2013

Samchulgeonbi-tang (SC) is well-known traditional herbal medicine which is composed of fourteen medicine herbs. SC has been used for the treatment of the chronic gastritis, indigestion, gastric ulcers, gastroptosis and diarrhea disease. The variation in the amount of bioactive components of SC and its fermentation SC with ten Lactobacillus strains were investigated via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of seven bioactive compounds; paeoniflorin, liquiritin, hesperidin, liquiritigenin, kaempferol, atractylenolide III, magnolol were achieved by comparing their retention times ($t_R$) and UV spectra with those of the standard compounds. In the results, the amount of paeoniflorin and hesperidin were 7.967 mg/g, 7.251 mg/g that were the main compounds in SC. The amounts of liquiritigenin was increased by all ten Lactobacillus strains, except strain 128. Especially, the liquiritigenin amount was highest in SC fermented with strain 145 (0.201 mg/g), which was increased by 158.39% compared to SC (0.081 mg/g). In the fermented SC using strains 344, almost components were increased than non-fermented SC, except paeoniflorin and kaempferol. Thus, these results considered that the strains 145 and 344 are most excellent fermentation strains among the 10 species of fermentation strains.

• CELLMED
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.29.1-29.9
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• 2012

The prevalence of allergic disease has been increasing over the past few decades in the majority of Western industrialized nations. There are some socioeconomic disparities regarding allergic disease status and management. Pyeongwee-San (KMP6) is Korean medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disease. It is known that KMP6 has an improving effect on the spleen and stomach functions in traditional Korean medical theory. Here, we hypothesized that KMP6 could be used to regulate the inflammatory reaction. We show the molecular mechanisms of Pyeongwee-San (KMP6) on inflammatory reactions. A molecular docking simulation showed that hesperidin, component of KMP6, regulate the enzymatic activity by interaction in the active site of caspase-1. KMP6 control the activity of caspase-1 in activated human mast cell line (HMC-1 cells). KMP6 reduced the expression of receptor interacting protein (RIP)-2 in HMC-1 cells. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin protein production and mRNA expression were inhibited by KMP6. In the activated HMC-1 cells, KMP6 suppressed the activation of mitogen-ativated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB. In addition, KMP6 significantly inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Our findings indicate that KMP6 may attenuate allergic reactions via the regulation of caspase-1/RIP-2 signaling pathway. These studies will help advance the social welfare system.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1109-1114
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• 2008

To understand the role of intestinal microflora in the biological effect of functional herbs, which have been used in Korea, Japan, and China as traditional medicines, and suggest new bioactive compounds transformed from herbal constituents, the metabolic activities of the functional herb components (ginsenoside Rb1, crocin, amygdalin, geniposide, puerarin, ginsenoside Re, poncirin, hesperidin, glycyrrhizin, and baicalin) toward their bioactive compounds (compound K, crocetin, benzaldehyde, genipin, daidzein, ginsenoside Rh1, ponciretin, hesperetin, 18b-glycyrrhetic acid, and baicalein) were measured in fecal specimens. The metabolic activities of these components were $882.7{\pm}814.5$, $3,938.1{\pm}2,700.8$, $2,375.5{\pm}913.7$, $1,179.4{\pm}795.7$, $24.6{\pm}10.5$, $11.4{\pm}10.8$, $578.8{\pm}206.1$, $1,150.0{\pm}266.1$, $47.3{\pm}58.6$, and $12,253.0{\pm}6,527.6\;{\mu}mol/h/g$, respectively. No differences were found in the metabolic activities of the tested components between males and females, although these metabolic activities between individuals are extensively different. The metabolites of functional herb components showed more potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells than nonmetabolites. These findings suggest that intestinal microflora may activate the pharmacological effect of herbal food and medicines and must be the biocatalytic converter for the transformation of herbal components to bioactive compounds.