• Title/Summary/Keyword: Herb

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Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smoked Food Products (훈연식품 중 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 함량 분석)

  • Seo, Ilwon;Nam, Hejung;Lee, Songyoung;Lee, Kyueun;Shin, Han-Seung
    • Food Engineering Progress
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.195-202
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    • 2009
  • This study was accomplished that analysis of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked or nonsmoked processing foods by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The calibration line was constructed with injected different levels of standard concentration. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification(LOQ) showed higher linearity ($r^{2}$=0.998) reasonably, and recovery exhibited 0.033-0.666 $\mu$g/kg, 0.108-2.217 $\mu$g/kg and 69.31-90.14%, respectively. As a result, the samples using smoked tuna as smoked materials contained seven PAHs with different range from 0.256 to 0.486 $\mu$g/kg. The benzo[a]pyrene, indicator of PAHs, was detected to below the LOQ in two samples. Concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene in three samples were below the 2 $\mu$g/kg which is the limit of regulation. Smoked tuna sauces were detected from 0.321 to 0.552 $\mu$g/kg and not detected in drying powders. PAHs of smoked meat products were ranged from 0.720 to 2.027 $\mu$g/kg and are higher than concentration of tuna smoked samples. PAHs were very low in non-smoked foods including mustard, herb, and roasted meats.

In Vitro Anti-bacterial and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Six Types of Herb Aqueous Extracts (일부 살충해독유(殺蟲解毒類) 한약의 Staphylococcus aureus에 대한 시험관 내 항균 및 항염 효과)

  • Jang, Se-Ran;Kim, Dong-Chul
    • The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.81-100
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    • 2014
  • Objectives: The object of this study was to observe the in vitro anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of six single aqueous herbal extracts-Quisqualis Fructus (QuF), Meliae Cortex (MeC), Arecae Semen (ArS), Crassirhizomae Rhizoma (CrR), Ulmi Pasta Semen(UlS), Torreyae Semen(ToS)- against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-activated Raw 264.7 cells. Methods: Anti-bacterial activities against S. aureus of aqueous extracts of QuF, MeC, ArS, CrR, UlS and ToS were detected using standard agar microdilution methods. In addition, the effects on the cell viability, prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 productions of LPS activated Raw 264.7 cells were detected. The anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects were respectively compared with lincomycin and piroxicam. Results: Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of aqueous extracts of QuF, MeC, ArS, CrR, UlS and ToS against S. aureus was respectively detected $5.625{\pm}4.075$ (3.125~12.500), $0.332{\pm}0.273$ (0.098~0.782), $1.094{\pm}0.428$ (0.782~1.563), $2.969{\pm}2.096$ (0.782~6.250), $9.375{\pm}4.419$ (3.125~12.500)>25 mg/ml. MIC of lincomycin was detected as $0.469{\pm}0.297$ (0.195~0.782) ${\mu}g/ml$ at same conditions. In addition, $ED_{50}$ against LPS-induced cell viabilities and cytokine releases of QuF, MeC, ArS, CrR, UlS and ToS was as follows - Cell viability: 66.370, 2.908, 1.747, 259.553, 18.150 and 34.160 mg/ml; NO production: 389.486, 0.294, 0.138, 523.060, 45.363 and 49.327 mg/ml; $PGE_2$ production: 114.271, 0.223, 0.046, 243.078, 8.829 and 28.947 mg/ml; TNF-${\alpha}$ production: 406.288, 0.343, 0.123, 9404.227, 125.406 and 140.775 mg/ml; IL-$1{\beta}$ production: 117.178, 0.135, 0.019, 237.451, 7.923 and 19.418 mg/ml; IL-6 production: 31.261, 0.105, 0.055, 128.434, 2.290 and 3.745 mg/ml. ED50 of piroxicam against LPS-induced cell viabilities, NO, $PGE_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 were detected as 35.179, 6.552, 1.162, 7.273, 7.101 and $5.044{\mu}g/ml$, respectively at same conditions. Conclusions: All six single aqueous herbal extracts showed anti-bacterial effects against S. aureus, in the order of MeC, ArS, CrR, QuF and UlS aqueous extracts except for ToS; they did not showed any anti-bacterial effects (MIC>25 mg/ml). They also showed anti-inflammatory effects against LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells in the order of ArS, MeC, UlS, ToS, QuF and CrR aqueous extracts. It means that the ArS and MeC will be showed favorable potent anti-bacterial and related anti-inflammatory effects.

A Clinical Study of Hypersensitive rhinitis including Allergic rhinitis (알레르기성 비염을 포함하는 과민성 비염 환자에 관한 임상적 연구)

  • Choi, In-Hwa
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.169-182
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    • 2002
  • Background: Allergic rhinitis(AR) is a heterogeneous disorder that despite its high prevalence is often undiagnosed. It is characterized by one or more symptoms including sneezing, itching, nasal congestion, and rhinorrhea. And it is frequently accompanied by symptoms involving the eyes, ears, and throat, including postnasal drainage. There are many different causes of rhinitis in children and adults. Approximately 50$\%$ of all cases of rhinitis are caused by allergy. In the case of rhinitis caused by allergens, symptoms arise as a result of inflammation induced by a gamma globulin E-mediated immune response to specific allergens such as pollens, molds, animal dander, and dust mites. The immune response involves the release of inflammatory mediators and the activation and recruitment of cells to the nasal mucosa. AR is similar to 鼻?, hypersensitive rhinitis in Oriental Medicine. I think hypersensitive rhinitis is including of AR, vasomotor rhinitis and non-allergic rhinitis related with eosinophil increased and so on. Purpose: To perform a clinical analysis of hypersensitive rhinitis including allergic rhinitis and estimate the efficacy of Oriental Medical treatment. Objective: We studied 96 patients who had visited our hospital with complaints of nasal symptoms from March 2000 to February 2002; they had the signs more than 2 - nasal obstruction, watery discharge, sneezing and eye or nasal itching. Parameters Observed & Methods: We treated them with acupuncture & herb-medication. Sometime they used aroma oil or external medicine. 1) the distribution of sex & age groups 2) the clinical type based on duration & the severity of symptom 3) the breakdown of complication & pasl history of Otolaryngologic or allergic disease 4) the clinical assessment and classification of rhinitis(sneezers and runners & blockers) 5) the associated symptoms and signs 6) the classification of Byeonjeung 7) the classification of prescriptions and 8) the efficacy of treatment. Result: 1. In the clinical type of based on duration, the intermittent type was 42.7$\%$ and the persistent was 57.3$\%$. 2. We observed the severity of symptoms based on the quality of life. The mild type was 24.0$\%$ and the moderate-severe was 76.0$\%$. 3. In the clinical assessment and classification of rhinitis, the sneezers and runners type was 69.8$\%$ and the blockers was 30.2$\%$. 4. The most common family history with otolaryngologic or allergic disease were allergic rhinitis(17.7$\%$), urticaria, paranasal sinusitis and T.B.(3.1$\%$). 5. The most common past history with otolaryngologic or allergic disease were paranasal sinusitis(14.6$\%$), atopic dermatitis and asthma(8.3$\%$). It was 31.3$\%$ they had a family history and 44.8$\%$, past history. 6. The most common complication was paranasal sinusitis(15.6$\%$). In decreasing order the others were otitis media with effusion(9.4$\%$), GERD and headache(6.3$\%$), asthma, bronchitis, nasal bleeding and allergic dermatitis(5.2$\%$). 7. Classification through Byeonjeung : ⅰ) 39 cases(34.9$\%$) were classified as showing Deficiency syndrome. The insuffficiency of Qi was 17.7$\%$, deficiency of Kidney-Yang, 12.5$\%$ and Lung-Cold, 10.4$\%$. ⅱ) 57 cases(59.4$\%$) were classified as showing Excess syndrome. The Fever of YangMing-meridian was 35.4$\%$, Lung-Fever, 24.0$\%$. 8. The efficacy of treatments showed: an improvement in 22cases(22.9$\%$); an improvement partly in 24 cases(25.0$\%$); no real improvement or changes in 16 cases(16.7$\%$); and couldn't check the results 18cases(18.6$\%$). Conclusion: We suggest that this study could be utilized as a standard of clinical Oriental Medical treatment when we treat hypersensitive rhinitis including allergic rhinitis.

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Analysis on the Dermatosrugical Prescriptions in BangYakHapPyun(方藥合編) (方藥合編 皮膚外科 處方에 대한 分析)

  • Park, Min-chul;Choi, In-hwa
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.42-62
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    • 2003
  • Subjects : We tried to analysis dermatosurgical prescriptions including 477 WonBang(元方) prescriptions for SangJungHaTong(上中下統) introduced by HwangDoYeon(黃道淵). Methods : Prescriptions in BangYakHapPyun(方藥合編) is generally categorized into SangTong(上統), JungTong(中統), HaTong(下統) which are called PoJe(補劑), HwaJe(和劑), KongJe(功劑) respectively. This study classified and analyzed major diseases and symptoms appeared in dermatosurgical prescription and composition of medicine, as well as in BangYakHapPyun(方藥合編). Results and conclusions : The results of examining dermatosurgical prescriptions in WonBang(元方) of SangJungHaTong(上中下統) in BangYakHapPyun(方藥合編) are as follows; 1. The proportion of dematosurgical prescriptions was SangTong(上統) $\frac{10}{126}$(7.9$\%$). JungTong(中統) $\frac{22}{181}$(12.1$\%$), and HaTong(下統) $\frac{16}{163}$(9.8$\%$), which means that JungTong(中統)(HwaJe 和劑) takes up relatively the largest portion. 2. As for SangTong(上統), upper level herbs used in medicine are Glycyrrhiza uralensis(甘草), Paeonia japonica(白芍藥), Angelica gigas(當歸). Astragalus membranaceus(황기). Ginseng(人蔘), Poria cocos(복령), Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma(白朮). Cinnamon(肉桂), Rehmaniniae radix preparat(熱地黃). And these herbs are the components of Sipjundaebo-tang(十全大補湯), one of the most well-known medicine for weak energy and blood(補氣血). 3. As for JungTong(中統), in addition to medicine for weak energy and blood. Ledebouriella seseloides(防風) that removes ill elements on skin surface and Pung(風) called "wind". Limonium tetragonum(桔梗) that eliminates discharges and sputum, Angelica dahurica(白芷) that removes discharge and suppress tumor are applied. Other herbs are Ostericum koreanum(羌活). Skullcap(황령),Schizonepeta tenuifolia(荊芥), Aurantii fructus(地殼), Cimicifuga heracleifolia(升麻), Bupleurum falcatum(柴胡), Lonicerae flos(金銀花). These herbs are more effective for wind-calming treatment. cooling down fever, clearing skin irritation, detoxication. removal of tumor and discharge than replenishing energy and blood. 4. As for HaTong(下統), Angelica gigas(當歸) and Ledebouriella seseloides(防風), the two major herbs for SangTong(上統) and JungTong(中統), are mostly used. In addition, Skullcap(黃芩), Gardenia jasminoides(梔子), Eisenia bicyclis(大黃) are other major components and their key efficacy is to lower fever and KongHa(功下). 5. Herbs applied for SangTong(上統), JungTong(中統), and HaTong(下統) in large quantity are Glycyrrhiza uralensis(甘草) that harmoniously combine different herbal elements and Poria cocos(복령) that discharges humidity and watery elements out of body, removes humid and hot elements, and strengthen gastrointestinal system. Based on this, it is inferred that prescriptions for this study focus largely on treatment of humid and hot elements. In the composition of this prescription, Angelica gigas(當歸), Paeonia japonica(白芍藥), and Cnidium officinale(川芎) are taking up relatively large proportion, which are basic herbs for Samul-tang(四物湯). Therefore, it is incurred here that the concept of "replenishing blood" bears importance in dermatosurgical treatment. 6. As for herb medicines used for more than two types of prescriptions of SangTong(上統), JungTong(中統), and HaTong(下統), most of them are simultaneously used for SangTong(上統) and JungTong(中統), or for JungTong(中統), and HaTong(下統) except for Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma(白朮) and Gleditsia sinensis(조각자). This finding implies that prescription or treatment that are simultaneously applied are replenishing and harmonizing, or harmonizing and attacking while replenishing and attacking never go together.

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Antimutagenicity and Immuno Activity of Extracts from Epimedium koreanum Nakai Containing Different Icariin Quantity (Icariin 함량에 따른 삼지구엽초 추출물의 항돌연변이 및 면역활성)

  • Park, Myoung-Su;Kim, Seo-Jin;Forghani, Fereidoun;Rahman, S.M.E.;Eo, Ji-Hyun;Eun, Jong-Bang;Oh, Deog-Hwan
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.938-945
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    • 2011
  • Epimedium koreanum Nakai is a wild herb commonly consumed in South Korea due to its beneficial health effects. In the present study, the antimutagenic and immunoactivities of extracts from E. koreanum Nakai containing different icariin quantities were investigated for food use. In the Ames test, both the water and ethanol extracts were found not to have a mutagenic effect on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100, respectively. The E. koreanum Nakai extracts showed over 80 and 90% antimutagenic effects on benzo(${\alpha}$)pyrene (B(a)P) in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100, respectively. Moreover, all the extracts showed over 70% antimutagenicity on S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 against 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). The E. koreanum Nakai extract with ethanol showed strong antimutagenic activity, higher than that of the water extract and the sequenced KE9412, KE9408, and KE9405. In the immunomodulating activity test, the effect of E. koreanum Nakai on the B (Rhamos) and T (Jukat) cells were investigated. The immunoactivity results showed that the growth and viability of the B and T cells increased and were activated more in KE9405 (1.8 times), KE9408 (1.6 times), and KE9412 (1.32 times) in the water extracts, and least in KE9412 (1.74 times), KE9408 (1.52 times), and KE9405 (1.4 times) in the ethanol extracts. In the case of both the water and ethanol extracts ($500{\mu}g/mL$) from E. koreanum Nakai, the highest cell number of the human B (Rhamos) and T (Jukat) cells was observed on day 4 in KE9405 and KE9412, and on day 5 in KE9408. Based on the obtained results, the development of E. koreanum Nakai as a food material is recommended.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of red garlic compositions (홍마늘 조성물의 항산화 및 항염증 효과)

  • Kang, Min Jung;Kim, Dong-Gyu;Shin, Jung Hye
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.446-454
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    • 2017
  • Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and traditional herb has several functional properties and strong biological activities, making it useful as a functional food material. We investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of mixed compounds from red garlic and supplementary materials, including ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), doraji (Platycodon grandiflorum), quince (Chaenomeles sinensis), citrus peel (Citri Pericarpium), and mint (Mentha arvensis). The extracts were prepared with water (W) and ethanol (E) at $70^{\circ}C$ (W-70, E-70) and $95^{\circ}C$ (W-95, E-95) for 3 h. The total content of phenolic compounds was the highest in E-70 (608.60 mg/100 g). Alliin, one of the active ingredients in red garlic, was contained at 1.18-1.29 mg/g and 0.81-0.85 mg/g in water and ethanol extract, respectively. Another active ingredient of red garlic, S-allyl-cysteine (SAC) had higher content in the water extract than in the ethanol extracts. DPPH radical scavenging activity was higher in E-70 (15.96-73.65%) at $313-5,000{\mu}g/mL$. ABTS radical scavenging activity was also higher in E-70 (5.71-77.19%) than in the others. The ROS production rate showed the same tendency as the NO production, with more efficacy in E-95. The expression level of iNOS and $IL-1{\beta}$ was decreased in the E-95 significantly at the concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ compared to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated group. Based on the above results, the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts of red garlic and supplementary materials were expressed by different useful substances. The contents of these useful substances were different according to the extraction solvent and temperature.

Effects of Fructus and Semen from Rosa rugosa on Osteoimmune cells (해당화의 과육 및 종자 추출물이 골형성 관련 세포에 미치는 영향)

  • Kang, Se-Chan;Lim, Jung-Dae;Lee, Jae-Cheol;Park, Hye-Jin;Kang, Nam-Sung;Sohn, Eun-Hwa
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.157-164
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    • 2010
  • Rosa rugosa has been used as a folk medicine with various pharmacological properties for a long time in Asia. We investigated effects of fructus extracts of Rosa rugosa (RRF) and semen extracts of this herb (RRS) on bone forming cells (osteoblastic and pre-osteoclastic cells) to evaluate the pharmacological possibilities in a variety of bone-related disease. RRF showed significant effect on proliferation of osteoblastic cells in dose-dependent manners at 72 hrs and $100\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of RRS was effective at 48 and 72 hrs. RRF and RRS did not decreased production of TNF-$\alpha$ but NO by pre-osteoclastic cells under inflammation circumstance indeced by LPS. We also investigated the effects of RRF and RRS on the mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in the old and young mice in ex vivo systems. RRF and RRS significantly enhanced proliferative effects of untreated and ConA-treated splenocytes from the old and young mice. But, RRS at $500\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ increased LPS-induced TNF-$\alpha$ production in pre-osteoclastic cells and reduced LPS-stimulated lymphoblastogenesis in the old and young at $1000\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. These results indicate that RRF has beneficial effects on osteoarthritis and give further possibilities for the immunomodulating effects not only in old that has more frequent bone related diseases but also in young.

Hydrolysis of Non-digestible Components of Soybean Meal by α-Galactosidase from Bacillus coagulans NRR1207 (Bacillus coagulans NRR1207이 생산하는 α-galactosidase에 의한 대두박 비소화성분의 가수분해)

  • Ra, Seok Han;Renchinkhand, Gereltuya;Park, Min-gil;Kim, Woan-sub;Paik, Seung-Hee;Nam, Myoung Soo
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.28 no.11
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    • pp.1347-1353
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    • 2018
  • The fermentation of non-digestible soy meal can convert polysaccharides into many compounds that have a wide variety of biological functions. Bacillus strains are capable of hydrolyzing non-digestible saccharides, such as melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose, found in soy meal components. A highly active ${\alpha}$-galactosidase (${\alpha}$-d-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.22) was isolated from a bacterium in a traditional Korean fermented medicinal herb preparation. The isolate, T2-16, was identified as Bacillus coagulans based on its 16S rRNA sequence and biochemical properties, and the strain was named Bacillus coagulans NRR-1207. When incubated in 10%(w/v) skim milk, Bacillus coagulans NRR1207 caused a decrease in the pH of the culture medium, as well as an increase in titratable acidity and viable cell counts. This strain also showed higher activities of ${\alpha}$-galactosidase, ${\beta}$-galactosidase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, naphthol-AS-BO-phosphohydrolase, and acid phosphatase when compared to other enzymes. It hydrolyzed oligomeric substrates, such as raffinose and stachyose, and liberated galactose, indicating that the Bacillus coagulans NRR1207 ${\alpha}$-galactosidase hydrolyzed the ${\alpha}$-1,6 glycoside linkage. These results suggest that the decreased stachyose and raffinose contents observed in fermented soy meal are due to this ${\alpha}$-galactosidase activity. Bacillus coagulans NRR1207 therefore has potential probiotic activity and could be utilized in feed manufacturing, as well as for hydrolyzing non-digestible soy meal components.

Changes in the constituents and UV-photoprotective activity of Astragalus membranaceus caused by roasting (황기의 볶음 조건에 따른 성분 및 자외선 광보호 활성 변화)

  • Park, Jeong-Yong;Lee, Ji Yeon;Kim, Hyung Don;Jang, Gwi Yeong;Seo, Kyung Hye
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.52 no.5
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    • pp.413-421
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    • 2019
  • Purpose: Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is an important traditional medicinal herb. Pharmacological research has indicated that AM has various physiological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, anticancer, hypolipidemic, antihyperglycemic, and hepatoprotective activities. The bioactive substances responsible for the physiological activities in AM, including many antioxidant substances, change during the roasting process. This study investigated and compared the changes in the antioxidant constituents of AM caused by roasting. Methods: DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) and $ABTS^+$ (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) radical scavenging activities and their total phenolic content (TPC) were measured. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed to confirm any changes in the isoflavonoids of roasted AM (R-AM),. The cell viability of UVB-induced HDF (Human dermal fibroblast) cells treated with AM and R-AM extracts was investigated. The comet assay was used to examine the inhibitory effects of R-AM extracts on DNA damage caused by oxidative stress. Results: The DPPH and $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activities were $564.6{\pm}20.9$ and $108.2{\pm}3.1$ ($IC_{50}$ value) respectively, from the 2R-AM. The total phenol content was $47.80{\pm}1.40mg$ GAE/g from the 1R-AM. The values of calycosin and formononetin, which are the known isoflavonoid constituents of AM, were $778.58{\pm}2.72$ and $726.80{\pm}3.45{\mu}g/g$ respectively, from the 2R-AM. Treatment of the HDF cells with R-AM ($50{\sim}200{\mu}g/mL$) did not affect the cell viability. Furthermore, the R-AM extracts effectively protected against UVB-induced DNA damage. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that R-AM increases its isoflavonoid constituents and protects against UVB-induced DNA damage in HDF cells.

Biological Activity of Viola mandshurica Fermented with Bacillus methylotrophicus CBMB205 and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides NRIC1777 (미생물 분리주를 이용한 제비꽃 발효액의 생리활성 변화)

  • Lee, Ji-Young;Oh, Su-Bin;Choi, Nack-Shick;Park, Yong-Woon;Kang, Dae-Ook
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.239-247
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    • 2019
  • The aim of this study was to improve the efficacy and functionality of Viola mandshurica (VM). A water suspension of VM power was fermented for 72 hr with Bacillus methylotrophicus CBMB205 (BM) and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides NRIC1777 (LP) isolated from kimchi. The antioxidant activity and reducing power of fermented VM, its total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, as well its inhibitory activity on ${\alpha}$-amylase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase were determined and compared to those of non-fermented VM (NVM), a negative control. The total phenolic and flavonoid compounds of VM fermented with BM and LP were higher than those of NVM by 1.4, 1.17, and about 3 times. There was no difference in 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity between fermented VM and NVM. However, there was a 2.1- and 1.6-fold increase in 2, 2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothzoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity in VM fermented with BM and LP, respectively. The reducing power of BM was 1.6 times as high as NVM, but no significant difference was found between LP and NVM. Fermented VM's inhibitory activity on ${\alpha}$-amylase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase was much higher than that of NVM. Fermenting VM with BM was superior to fermenting it with LP, except flavonoid content. Taken together, VM fermented with BM could be used as a functional food and as an additive to cosmetics.