• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.182-191
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• 2001

Anemia in women during pregnancy and after delivery has been known to affect the mother, the fetus, and the infant's growth and health status. Studies examining, changes in iron and folate status associated with anemia during pregnancy and during pregnancy, and those supplements are stopped after postpartum. However, the effects of those have not been clearly determined in pregnant and lactating Korea women. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the changes in maternal iron and folate status during pregnancy and six months after delivery longitudinally in six pregnant women who consumed supplements from 20 wk to delivery. We concluded that the iron status deteriorated during pregnancy and especially was weak in the third trimester, but had a tendency to recovery after delivery. On the other hand, the folate status deteriorated in the first and second trimester and was good in the third trimester, but had a tendency to decrease after delivery. These results suggested that the iron status was not improved despite consuming total iron supplements of 50 mg/day through diets and supplements during the second half of the pregnancy. On the other hand, the folate status improved at the end of pregnancy by consuming folate supplements of a total of 800 mg/day through diets and supplements. However, folate status was poor in the first half of the pregnancy, and the tendency of folate status to decrease during postpartum was advanced. At the point in which iron and therefore supplementation is essential. However, the effects of supplement intake time and intake dosage need to be verified and the nutritional status changes of postpartum women should be carefully monitored.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cariogenicity of vitamin supplements for children by the Caries Potentiality Index (CPI), pH drop capacity, proliferation rate of Streptococcus mutans. Four vitamin supplements were selected - Noma (NM), Cenovis Kids (CK), Animal Parade (AP), and Character Vitamin (CV). CPI value decreased in the order of AP, CV, CK, and NM. Initial values of all experimental groups showed acidity below pH 7.0. Analysis of the colony forming units of Streptococcus mutans showed that NM and CV resulted a higher proliferation rate (p < 0.05) than CK and AP (p < 0.05). Bacterial activity of the control group was lower than other groups when observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Considering the bacterial activity and acidity of vitamin supplements, it is necessary to pay close attention when children taken the vitamin supplements for their oral health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.433-442
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• 1993

Dietary folate intake and serum folate levels were measured in 26 pregnant, 25 lactating, and 17 non-pregnant, non-lactating women. Dietary folate comsumption was estimated by calculating folate intake based on the information obtained from food frequency quesionnaires and serum folate levels were determined microbiologically using Lactobacillus casei. The total folate (from food and supplements) intakes of pregnant and lactating women were 326.9ug and 407.9ug, which was significantly higher than that of the non-pregnant, non-lactating women(139.5ug). However, with regard to food folate intake, there were no differences among the three groups (160ug for pregnant women, 143.4ug for lactating women). Forty-two percent and 36% of the pregnant and lactating subjects, respectively, were found to be taking commercially available nutritional supplements containing folate. The concentrations of folate in these supplements were in the range of 83ug~1, 000ug per tablet. For lactating women, serum folate levels were significantly higher when folate supplements were voluntarily used. The amount of folate intake was positively correlated with the serum folate levels in pregnant women, but not in lactaing women and non-pregnant, non-lactating women. Serum folate levels were negatively correlated with the ages of the pregnant women, and for lactating women, serum folate was positively correlated with their body weights.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.415-423
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to estimate the consumption prevalence of vitamin and mineral supplements as health functional foods (VM-HFF) and to examine the factors associated with VM-HFF consumption behaviors in adolescents. A total of 1,407 adolescents attending middle or high schools from various cities and rural communities in Korea participated in this study. The prevalence of VM-HFF consumption was 41.7%, with boys showing a higher consumption than girls (p<0.01). VM-HFF consumption was higher in families with higher socioeconomic status and for families with parents that exhibited higher concerns about their child's health, growth, and nutritional intake (p<0.001). Most consumers of VM-HFF consumed HFFs 'when healthy' (50.1%), and acquired nutritional information from 'their families & relatives' (50.9%). Most consumers responded that VM-HFF was 'a little effective' (54.3%), followed by 'no obvious effects' (37.1%), and 'very effective' (7.4%). The effectiveness of consuming VM-HFF was mainly for 'fatigue recovery' (39.0%) and 'health improvement' (28.2%). Most consumers purchased HFFs at 'pharmacies & oriental medicine clinics' (53.8%) and at 'health functional food stores' (18.8%). Most consumers 'occasionally' (51.1%) or 'seldom' (27.3%) checked nutrition facts when purchasing, with 58.9% of consumers understanding the nutritional label for 'the most part', but only 8.7% of them understanding it 'very well'. Among the VM-HFF, consumers preferred calcium- and vitamin C-supplements. Consumers' mini-dietary assessment scores were higher than those of non-consumers. The results above showed that VM-HFF consumption was widely spread among adolescents, but few consumers checked and understood the nutrition label when they purchased VM-HFF, and were highly dependent on the advice and information from non-professional nutritionists, such as families & relatives. Therefore, it is necessary to educate adolescents to help them read nutrition labels and select the proper VM-HFF.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.854-863
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• 2007

This study was performed to compare nutritional supplementation habits for Korean professional soccer players with those for the non-athletic male adults. Information about prevalence and kinds of supplements taken, information sources, nutrition knowledge were collected. Data were obtained from 53 football players working for Korean professional football clubs and 44 non-athletic males, who answered a list of questionnaires which had been prepared in advance. The prevalence of supplement use in the soccer player group (96%) was strikingly higher than in the nonathletic male group (34%). Vitamins were taken most frequently, followed by red ginseng, multivitamin, Chinese medicine and amino acids supplements in the soccer player group, with each player taking 2.96 kinds of supplements in average. Multivitamin was the most popular supplement in the non-athletic male group. The major reason for taking supplements was not to feel and recover from fatigue in both groups. It appeared that the non-athletic males started to use supplements mostly by recommendation of friends or colleagues. Meanwhile, soccer players took supplements on their needs, with half of them (50.1%) provided with nutrition information. The most important information source was coaches for soccer players group, and mass media for the non-athletic male group. The average scores of soccer players group on basic nutrition and athletic nutrition were lower than the respective values of the non-athletic males. Among the soccer players, 68% had taken more than 3 kinds of supplements during the last year; nonetheless, more than half could not perceive the effectiveness of the supplements. Our results show that supplementation practices were widespread in soccer players, and suggest that nutrition education for proper use of supplements and overall health care is needed for soccer players.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.1
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• pp.93-109
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• 2019

This study aims to look at the process of ginseng being removed from the Western pharmacopoeia in the 19th century, experiencing a crisis as an export product in the America in the 20th century, and eventually settling in the U.S. society and the military as a dietary supplement in the 21th century. In this process, the legislation of provided a bridgehead for ginseng and other botanical dietary supplements to enter the U.S. market. As a result, ginseng could be re-listed in the U.S. pharmacopoeia as a dietary supplement. However, this did not mean a complete soft landing of ginseng and other botanical dietary supplements in the America. The U.S. medical community, which has been afraid of the indiscriminate spread of botanical dietary supplements, has constantly raised "the risk-discourse" and expressed concerns over the use and abuse of botanical dietary supplements that have not been scientifically verified. This involved not only the fundamental problems caused by the lax verification process of , but also a new atmosphere in the U.S. where the public sought information about botanical dietary supplements rather than seeking professional clinicians related to their health. Against this situation, "the advocate-discourse" suggested by dietary supplement manufacturers and the people in charge of botanical products seemed rather relaxed. As consumers are taking this side, the advocates had only to stress that botanical dietary supplements have been used worldwide for a long time without any problems and were made from 'natural' materials. The fact that ginseng and other botanical dietary supplements were able to advance to the U.S. Military's dietary supplement manual, which is strict in controlling food, seems to have jumped on the bandwagon of this atmosphere in the U.S. Society. In the early U.S. dietary supplement manual reviewed in this paper, ginseng was the most detailed among many botanical dietary supplements. Although there are some 'safety concerns' that still exist in the civilian society, but there are also certainly good scientific explanations for the efficacy and references to the popularity and influence of ginseng in the American society. Given this, the U.S. society and military's interest in ginseng as a dietary supplement seem quite high.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.445-459
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate of the dietary life, nutritional status and health condition in 100 elderly living in nursing homes in Pusan area. The quality of meals served in nursing homes base on nutrient contents and the state of preferared foods was evaluated by the questionaire and the nutritional status and health condition of subjects were estimated by the analysis of serum components. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1 Almost all subjects were aged over 70 years and poor-educated. Mean height and weight of subjects were lower than Korean average standard but Body Mass Index(BMI) of those were normal and body fat contents of females were especially high. 2. Protein, vitamin A, vitamin C and Ca intake of subjects were lower than Korean RDA. Subjects preferred pan-broiled for meats and fishes, muchim for vegetables fruits as food between meals. 3. There were no smoking and drinking in almost all subjects. All subjects have taken nutritional supplements, mainly mineral supplements. Prevalence of disease in subjects were in the following order : cardiovascular, stomach, neuralgia in males. The frequency of neuralgia in females was highest. 4. Serum levels of HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, albumin, globulin, Ca and Mg were lower than those of normal ranges. Therefore, it Is necessary to improve nutritional status of the elderly in nursing homes with by increasing the various side dishes and to develop the standard menu for those.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.193-200
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• 2000

This study examined the experience and intention of health food use regarding the different type of health foods among 201 middle-aged Korean men form urban areas. Based upon the results of a prestudy, health foods were classified into 4 groups including Chinese medicine(CM), toner foods(TF), vitamin or mineral supplements(VMS), and other manufactured heath food supplements(MHFS). compared with the4 case of health food experience, the similar proportion of the subjects were intended to use CM( 70%) and MHFS( 40%), yet the smaller proportion of them had the intention for TF(46%) and VMS(52%). Our subjects mainly obtained information on CM and TF from social networks, such as families, relatives, friends and neighbors and VMS and MHFS from mass media. Expected effects of health food consumption were different by the type of health food. The most positive expected effects were found in CM, followed by VMS. However, there was weak evidence for the positive effects of the TF and MHFS. Upon the consumption of health foods, our subject appeared to expect to their body energy to increased and body functions to be improved in general. Multivariate analyses indicated the importance of expected effects of health food consumption and aging symptoms as determinants of future health food use. Experience was rarely associated with intention in health food use. This study suggests that educated middle-aged Korean men may have a rational attitude toward health food use. Regarding different attitudes and behavior toward the different type of health foods, further research should consider the nature of each type of health foods. The limitations of this study are also discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.243-257
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• 2010

This study was conducted to search the health food intake behavioral intentions of male workers. The health-related behavior of 150 subjects were compared(smoke, alcohol drink, breakfast, BMI, sleep, exercise and health check). On the basis of the Theory of Planned Behavior, the factors health-food intake behavior were evaluated; there were normative beliefs, motivation for compliance, subjective norms, social influence factors, and barriers as perceived behavior control. The results were showed with five points by the Likert scale and Significance by t-test. The most frequently consumed health food was tea(3.40/4points) followed by healthy drinks(2.49/4). As behavioral beliefs, if consumption of 'nutritional supplements'(3.61/5) and 'fatigue recovery'(3.62/5) received the highest scores. As a result, the idea of 'nutritional supplements'(3.94/5) and 'fatigue recovery'(4.06/5) were the important aspects, but others were also positively evaluated. As a sub-factor of subjective norms on normative beliefs, The highest social groups to encourage consumption of health food were parents (3.93/5), and the lowest were doctors (3.02/5). The most influential people were doctors (3.67/5) and spouses (3.65/5). Barriers to consumption health food were side effects (1.09/5) and price (2.08/5). Taking Ginseng products and other processed foods (juice, honey, bamboo, etc.) were correlated with health concern (p<0.05). Taking traditional stamina foods was correlated with dietary habit recognition (p<0.05). Mineral intake was positively correlated with age. Healthy drinks was negative (p<0.05). Minerals and supplement consumption were correlated with the practice of healthy behavior (p<0.01).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.362-370
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• 2007

The study was designed to assess the effect of iron and cereal supplementation on children's iron nutritional status in social welfare institutions. Dietary survey was carried out methods of food weighing and record by interview (n=74). A nutritional intervention study was carried out through supplementing iron supplements and cereal for 4 weeks in 4-12 years old children. Children received daily 40 mg elemental Fe as iron protein succinylate (n=23) and 3.6 mg elemental Fe as 100 g cereal (n=24), respectively. Blood samples were drawn before and after supplementation. Nutrients which children's intake was less than two-thirds of the RDA were vitamin A, vitamin B-1, vitamin B-2, calcium and iron. The mean daily intake of iron was 5.1 mg for male and 4.9 mg for female, and 52.3% for male and 45.4% for female of Korean RDA. The proportion of children with iron depletion assessed by TIBC (> 360 ${\mu}g$/dl) and serum ferritin (< 20 ng/ml) were 56.6% and 58.7%, respectively. The proportion of children with the iron deficient erythropoiesis assessed by serum iron (< 70 ${\mu}g$/dl), Hb (< 12 g/dl), Hct (< 36%) were 76.0%, 58.7%, 64.0%, respectively. After iron supplements treatment, Hb (p<0.001), Hct(p<0.001), serum iron (p<0.001), transferrin saturation (p<0.001) and serum ferritin (p<0.Ol) increase significantly and only TIBC decreased slightly. After cereal supplementation, in anemic children, Hct (p<0.001), serum iron (p<0.001) and transferrin saturation (p<0.001) were significantly increased. The effect of iron supplements and cereal supplementation in children with iron deficient erythropoiesis were more effective to improve the iron nutritional status than children with iron depletion. It was concluded that cereal supplementation program in anemic children was also effective to improve iron nutritional status.