• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 2009

In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) was utilized for the extraction of tocotrienol from grape seeds. The optimal conditions for vitamin E and tocotrienol extraction were determined via response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design was utilized to assess the effects of oven temperature (30-$50^{\circ}C$, X1), operating pressure (17-25 MPa, X2), and extraction time (1-5 hr, X3) of supercritical fluid extraction. Vitamin E and tocotrienol contents were 8.65 mg/100 g and 7.88 mg/100 g at $40^{\circ}C$, 20MPa and 5 hr, respectively. The predicted extraction condition was validated via actual experimentation. The predicted extraction conditions were $40^{\circ}C$, 3.8 hr, and 20.7MPa. The vitamin E and tocotrienol contents under these conditions were 8.20 mg/100 g and 7.42 mg/100 g, respectively. The vitamin E and tocotrienol contents of solvent extraction with hexane were 8.18 mg/100 g and 7.24 mg/100 g, respectively.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.95-95
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• 2012

Constellations are formed of bright stars which appear close to each other on the sky, but are really far apart in space. The shapes you see all depend on your point of view. Back before people had televisions and electricity to light their homes at night, they spent a lot more time looking at the stars. People all over the world used their imaginations to draw pictures in the sky, as if it were a giant connect-the-dot game. The patterns they imagined are called constellations. People usually saw patterns that reflected their different cultures. Native Americans in North America imagined many animals and shapes from the natural world. The ancient Greeks found images of gods and goddesses in the stars. Sometimes people from very different parts of the world even imagined the same animal or shape in the same stars. Most of the constellations we recognize today were made up by the ancient Greeks around 6,000 years ago. Different constellations are visible at different times of year, so the first appearance of these patterns told farmers of the changing seasons and reminded them to plant or harvest their crops. The constellations also help us to find our way around the night sky and to remember which stars are which. The star names we use today are mostly from Greek and Arabic, but many are changed a bit from the original, as often happens when words are passed from one language to another. It can be difficult to picture just what those folks long ago were seeing in the stars, so don't be discouraged if you have trouble seeing their patterns. You can even make up your own! In ancient world all the countries or regions had their own way to name things up in the sky, make up stories and draw different shapes for constellations. Today there are 88 official constellations, but you may find that different books show their stars connected in slightly different ways. The official constellations are specific regions of the sky, so the exact patterns are not all that important. However in various cultures there are some famous star patterns that use stars from only apart of a constellation, or even connect stars from different constellations. These patterns of stars that are not official constellations are called asterisms. The Big Dipper is a very famous asterism, found in the constellation Ursa Major, or Great Bear.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.133-148
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• 1995

This study was carried out to provide behavioral data for its planning and management of civic garden through the evaluation of user's motivation & satisfaction. The civic gardens around Seoul were surveyed. The site are located in Kwangtan-myeon, Sudong-myeon, Wonsam-myeon, Nam-myeon, Buknae-myeon, and Jumdong-myeon, A total of 244 questionnaires were completed by mail questionnaires. The results are as follows: 1. 82 percentage of users are in thirties or fourties most of them have children who go to the elementary school. 50 percentage of users are just typical house wifes. 74 percentage of users graduated form university. 60 percentage of users live in lofty apartment buildings. 2. As a result from factor analysis, their motivations are categorized into four fator groups.: 'to experience nature', 'weekend recreation', 'nostalgia', 'to provide their old parent's sparetime'. And their satisfactions are categorized into eleven fator groups.: 'psychological/intellectual component', 'recreational components', 'instruction/management', 'facility'. 'vegetable cultivation', 'social contact', 'crowing', 'aesthetic component', 'family contact', 'the terms of lease', 'visition time'. 3. The user of civic garden can be divided into four user groups by their motivation. CLUSTER1 can represent the user group who have motivations for 'leisure, relaxation'. They are considerably satisfied with all other factor 'opportunity of meeting new person'. CLUSTER2 at the age of 41 to 50 have motivation for 'health, nostalgia'. CLUSTER3 at the age of 31 to 40 have motivation for 'harvest, experiencing nature'. CLUSTER4 at the age of more than 51 want to let their parents enjoy their sparetime. They are dissatisfied with accessibility, amount of cultivation area, crowding and overall farm management. 4. The regression analysis was employed with predicting the overall satisfaction. The results of regression analysis showed that 69% of total variances was explained by six variables: The most effective variable is 'whether visiting on weekend or weekdays', the visitors on weekdays are far more satisfied than weekend visitors because of traffic congestion, and crowding. The second source of satisfactions are 'psychological/intellectual components', they are satisfied with 'family contact', 'the terms of lease' and 'instruction in farming' are sources of satisfaction or dissatisfaction, and finally 'aesthetic landscape' is the source of satisfaction. The second most important variable is psychological one. Even though the civic gardens were not well equipped, they liked the atmosphere of rural life, refreshness, nostalgia, satisfaction from cultivation plants, and sense of achievement.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.129-134
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• 2018

Recently, the artificial neural network (ANN) model is a promising technique in the prediction, numerical control, robot control and pattern recognition. We predicted the outside temperature of greenhouse using ANN and utilized the model in greenhouse control. The performance of ANN model was evaluated and compared with multiple regression model(MRM) and support vector machine (SVM) model. The 10-fold cross validation was used as the evaluation method. In order to improve the prediction performance, the data reduction was performed by correlation analysis and new factor were extracted from measured data to improve the reliability of training data. The backpropagation algorithm was used for constructing ANN, multiple regression model was constructed by M5 method. And SVM model was constructed by epsilon-SVM method. As the result showed that the RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) value of ANN, MRM and SVM were 0.9256, 1.8503 and 7.5521 respectively. In addition, by applying the prediction model to greenhouse heating load calculation, it can increase the income by reducing the energy cost in the greenhouse. The heating load of the experimented greenhouse was 3326.4kcal/h and the fuel consumption was estimated to be 453.8L as the total heating time is $10000^{\circ}C/h$. Therefore, data mining technology of ANN can be applied to various agricultural fields such as precise greenhouse control, cultivation techniques, and harvest prediction, thereby contributing to the development of smart agriculture.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.367-372
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• 2017

This work was conducted to identify sweet potato [(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)] cultivars showing high yield and processing suitability in the Jeonbuk region of Korea. Shoot-slips (30 cm in length) of 14 cultivars were planted with a planting density of $75{\times}25cm$ on May 30, and cultivated with black film mulching. Vine elongation at 30 days after planting was significantly increased (> 90 cm) in 'Dahomi' and 'Sinhwangmi', and was excellent (> 250 cm) 120 days after planting in 'Sinhwangmi', 'Shinyulmi', 'Daeyumi', 'Jinhongmi', and 'Yeonhwangmi'. The branch number per plant showed a dramatic increase in 'Shinzami' 30 and 120 days after planting. The leaf number per plant showed the highest increase in 'Shinzami' 30 days and in 'Sinhwangmi' 120 days after planting. Total weight, mean weight, and number of marketable tubers per plant were significantly higher 150 days after planting than that 120 days after planting. Marketable tuber yield at 120 days was high, over 2.5 ton/10a in 'Daeyumi', 'Dahomi', and 'Jeonmi', and was considerably increased, from 3.2 ton/10a to 3.5 ton/10a, 150 days after planting. Total weight of marketable tubers per plant and marketable tuber yield 120 and 150 days after planting had significant positive correlations with vine length and number of nodes 30 days after planting. Starch value was significantly higher 150 days after planting than that 120 days after planting. 'Daeyumi' and 'Jeonmi' had good growth vigor, high yield, and high starch content; 'Dahomi' also exhibited beneficial traits such as good growth vigor, high yield, and bright orange-colored flesh.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1583-1590
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• 2006

T4 endonuclease V (T4 endo V) [EC 3. 1. 25. 1], found in bacteriophage T4, is responsible for excision repair of damaged DNA. The enzyme possesses two activities: a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer DNA glycosylase (CPD glycosylase) and an apyrimidic/apurinic endonuclease (AP lyase). T4 denV (414 bp cDNA) encoding T4 en do V (138 amino acid) was synthesized and expressed using either an expression vector, pTriEx-4, in E. coli or a baculovirus AcNPV vector, pBacPAK8, in insect cells. The recombinant His-Tag/T4 endo V (rHis-Tag/T4 endo V) protein expressed from bacteria was purified using one-step affinity chromatography with a HiTrap Chelating HP column and used to make rabbit anti-His-Tag/T4 endo V polyclonal antibody for detection of recombinant T4 endo V (rT4 endo V) expressed in insect cells. In the meantime, the recombinant baculovirus was obtained by cotransfection of BacPAK6 viral DNA and pBP/T4 endo V in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) insect cells, and used to infect Sf21 cells to overexpress T4 endo V protein. The level of rT4 endo V protein expressed in Sf21 cells was optimized by varying the virus titers and time course of infection. The optimal expression condition was set as follows; infection of the cells at a MOI of 10 and harvest at 96 h post-infection. Under these conditions, we estimated the amount of rT4 endo V produced in the baculovirus expression vector system to be 125 mg/l. The rT4 endo V was purified to homogeneity by a rapid procedure, consisting of ion-exchange, affinity, and reversed phase chromatographies, based on FPLC. The rT4 endo V positively reacted to an antiserum made against rHis-Tag/T4 endo V and showed a residual nicking activity against CPD-containing DNA caused by UV. This is the first report to have T4 endo V expressed in an insect system to exclude the toxic effect of a bacterial expression system, retaining enzymatic activity.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2000

Grafting of fruit-bearing vegetables has been widely used to increase the resistance to soil-borne diseases, to increase the tolerance to low temperature or to soil salinity, to increase the plant vigor, and to extend the duration of economic harvest time. After grafting, it is important to control the environment around grafted seedlings for the robust joining of a scion and rootstock. Usually the shading materials and plastic films are used to keep the high relative humidity and low light intensity in greenhouse or tunnel. It is quite difficult to optimally control the environment for healing and acclimation of grafted seedlings under natural light. So the farmers or growers rely on their experience for the production of grafted seedling with high quality. If artificial light is used as a lighting source for graft-taking of grafted seedlings, the light intensity and photoperiod can be easily controlled. The purpose of this study was to develop a prototype system for the graft-taking enhancement of grafted seedlings using artificial lighting and to investigate the effect of air current speed on the distribution of air temperature and relative humidity in a graft-taking enhancement system. A prototype graft-taking system was consisted by polyurethane panels, air-conditioning unit, system controller and lighting unit. Three band fluorescent lamps (FL20SEX-D/18, Kumho Electric, Inc.) were used as a lighting source. Anemometer (Climomaster 6521, KANOMAX), T-type thermocouples and humidity sensors (CHS-UPS, TDK) were used to measure the air current speed, air temperature and relative humidity in a graft-taking system. In this system, air flow acted as a driving force for the diffusion of heat and water vapor. Air current speed, air temperature and relative humidity controlled by a programmable logic controller (UP750, Yokogawa Electric Co) and an inverter (MOSCON-G3, SAMSUNG) had an even distribution. Distribution of air temperature and relative humidity in a graft-taking enhancement system was fairly affected by air current speed. Air current speed higher than 0.1m/s was required to obtain the even distribution of environmental factors in this system. At low air current speed of 0.1m/s, the evapotranspiration rate of grafted seedlings would be suppressed and thus graft-taking would be enhanced. This system could be used to investigate the effects of air temperature, relative humidity, air current speed and light intensity on the evaportranspiration rate of grafted seedlings.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2010

In order to measure the deposition velocity of $I_2$ vapor for radish plants and its translocation factor for their roots, radish plants were exposed to $I_2$ vapor for 80 min. at different growth stages between 29 and 53 d after sowing. The exposure was performed in a transparent chamber during the morning time. Deposition velocities ($ms^{-1}$) were on the whole in the range of $1.0{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}2.0{\times}10^{-4}$ showing an increasing tendency with an increase in the biomass density. The results showed some agreement with existing reports that a higher relative humidity would lead to a higher deposition velocity. The acquired deposition velocities were lower than by factors of several tens than some field measurements probably due to a very low wind speed (about $0.2\;ms^{-1}$) in the chamber. Translocation factors (ratio of the total iodine in the roots at harvest to the total plant deposition), estimated in a more or less conservative way, were $1.3{\times}10^{-3}$ for an exposure at 29 d after sowing and $5.0{\times}10^{-3}$ for an exposure at 53 d after sowing. In using the present experimental data, meteorological conditions and chemical and physical forms of iodine need to be carefully considered.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.57-60
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• 2008

A rhizopus soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer occurred sporadically on apple fruits (Malus pumila var. dulcissima Koidz.) at a wholesale market of agricultural products in Jinju, Korea in 2006 and 2007. Infected fruits were rapidly water-soaked, softened and rotted. The symptoms were initiated mainly from wounds or cracks occurred at harvest time. Sporangiophores were $950{\sim}1,900\;{\mu}m$ in length and $12{\sim}22\;{\mu}m$ in width. Sporangia were globose or hemispheric and $82{\sim}185\;{\mu}m$ in size. The color of sporangia was white and cottony at first and gradually turned to brownish black, bearing abundant spores when matured. Columella were hemispheric and $70{\sim}85\;{\mu}m$ in size. Sporangiospores were irregular round or oval, brownish-black streaked and $8{\sim}18{\times}7{\sim}8\;{\mu}m$ in size. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the fungus on PDA was $25^{\circ}C$. On the basis of mycological characteristics and pathogenicity to apple the causal fungus was identified as Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill. This is the first report of Rhizopus soft rot by R. stolonifer on Fuji apple in Korea.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.432-435
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• 2007

Purpose: The jejunal free flap has the shorter ischemic time than other flap and requires a laparotomy to harvest it. As the evaluation of the perfusion the buried flap is very important, the perfusion of the buried jejunal free flap requires monitoring for its salvage. We tried to improve the monitoring flap method in the jejunal free flap and examined its usefulness. Methods: From March 2002 to March 2006, the monitoring flap method was applied to 4 cases in 8 jejunal free flaps for the pharyngeal and cervical esophageal reconstructions. The distal part of the jejunal flap was exposed without suture fixation through cervical wound for monitoring its perfusion. The status of perfusion was judged by the color change of jejunal mucosa and mesentery. If necessary, pin prick test was performed. Doppler sonography was applied to mesenteric pedicle of the monitoring flap in case of suspicious abnormal circulation. Results: The monitoring flap shows no change in 3 cases, but the congestion happened in one case at the 12 hours after the operation. This congestion was caused by the twisting or kinking of the mesenteric pedicle of the monitoring flap. So, we fixed up the monitoring flap close to adjacent cervical skin for prevention of rotation. Finally, the main part of transferred jejunal flap was intact. Conclusion: The success of a jejunal free flap depends on close postoperative monitoring and early detection of vascular compromise. So, various monitoring methods have been tried, for instance, direct visualization using a fiberoptic pharyngoscope, through a Silastic window placed in the neck flap, or external surface monitoring with an Doppler sonography, use of a buried monitoring probe. But, all of the above have their own shortcomings of simplicity, non-invasiveness, reliability and etc. In our experience, monitoring flap can be a accurate and reliable method.