• 환경생물
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.359-369
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• 2018

하계 우리나라 연안내만에서 빈번하게 발생하는 유해 적조생물 제어는 수산피해를 최소화하기 위한 중요한 국가적 현안문제이다. 본 연구에서는 Thiazolidinedione 유도체 물질인 GreenTD 농도 구배별로 유해 미세조류 4종(Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwo, Cochlodinium polykriokides, Heterocapsa circularisquama)과 무해 미세조류 3종 (Chaetoceros simplex, Skeletonema sp., Tetraselmis sp.)에 대해 생물 고밀도 실험군과 저밀도 실험군에서 살조물질 농도별 살조효율과 선택성을 조사하였다. 유해종에 속하는 침편모조류 C. marina와 H. akashiwo는 각각 GreenTD 0.5와 $0.2{\mu}gL^{-1}$ 농도에서 단시간에 확실한 효과를 보였으며, 14일 동안의 관찰에서도 재성장을 보이지 않았다. 적조생물 C. polykrikoides은 GreenTD $0.2{\mu}gL^{-1}$ 이상의 농도에서 광합성활성이 현저하게 떨어졌고, 살조효율 역시 80% 이상으로 나타났다. 특히, GreenTD $0.2{\mu}gL^{-1}$에서도 C. polykrikoides가 재성장하지 않은 것으로 보아, 본 물질은 C. polykrikoides에 대한 살조효과가 우수할 것으로 판단된다. H. circularisquama는 고밀도 실험군에서 GreenTD $0.5{\mu}gL^{-1}$, 저밀도 실험군에서는 GreenTD $0.2{\mu}gL^{-1}$ 농도에서부터 일정하게 영향을 받는 것으로 파악되었다. 규조류 C. simplex와 Skeletonema sp.에 대해서는 생물농도가 고밀도일 때 GreenTD $0.2{\mu}gL^{-1}$에서는 크게 영향을 받지 않았으며, 초기 일정한 영향을 받은 후 시간 경과와 더불어 재성장이 이루어졌다. 특히 녹조류 Tetraselmis sp.는 최고농도인 GreenTD $1.0{\mu}gL^{-1}$에서도 일정하게 높은 값을 유지하였다. GreenTD 농도와 생물밀도에 따른 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타났으나, 전반적으로 살조물질의 효과는 침편모조류>와편모조류>규조류>녹조류 순으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 GreenTD 물질은 유해종에는 높은 살조능력이 있고, 무해종에는 일시적으로 광합성활성에 영향을 주지만, 시간의 경과에 따라 회복되는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서, 적조생물 C. polykrikoides 제어하기 위해서는 고밀도 실험군에서 80.8%의 살조효과를 보인 GreenTD $0.2{\mu}gL^{-1}$의 농도가 적절할 것으로 판단되며, 현장 적용시 일시적인 희석등을 고려하여 적정농도보다 높게 살포하면 일정하게 높은 살조효율을 가질 것이며, 이는 경제성을 고려하여 충분한 경쟁력이 있는 물질로 기대된다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2008

본 연구는 아직 국내에서 보고된 바 없는 조류에 의한 잔디 병 발생 가능성에 대한 연구로, 2008년 7월 경기지역 골프장내 켄터키 블루그래스가 식재된 티잉그라운드에서 흑갈색 얼룩 반점병을 일으킨 잎조직이 발견되면서 조류에 의한 잔디 병 발생 요인과 대책을 조사하였다. 1. 켄터키 블루그래스의 흑갈색 반점 염조직으로부터 다수의 남조류(blue-green algae)가 관찰되었고, 흑갈색 반점이 형성 부위의 엽몸, 엽귀, 그리고 엽집에서 남조류가 다수 발견되었으며, 이병조직 이외의 개체내 건전부위와 줄기에서도 남조류 파편이 발견되었다. 발견된 남조류는 Oscillatoria 계통이 많았다. 2. 잔디밭에서 남조류는 토양 내 뿌리나 지제부에서 관찰되는데, 이번 관찰시에는 켄터키 블루그래스의 흑갈색 얼룩반점 병반부위인 상단 엽조직에서 남조류가 관찰되었다. 또한 이병조직 주위의 건전한 부위에서도 작은 파편형태의 남조류들이 발견되었다. 이것은 현재까지 식물조직 내 남조류의 이동경로에 대하여 알려진 바가 없지만 조직 내에서 남조류의 이동 가능성도 있다. 3. 흑갈색 얼룩반점이 형성된 켄터키 블루그래스 뿐만 아니라 황화현상이 발생한 벤트그래스 퍼팅그린의 잔디 잎에서도 남조류가 관찰되었으므로, 향후 초종에 따른 조류의 영향에 대한 세부연구가 수행되어져 야 할 것이다. 4. 약제처리로 조류 억제와 흑갈색 얼룩 반점 경감효과를 가져왔는데 프로피코나졸이 가장 우수하였고 이프로디온과 아족시스트로 빈 순으로 조류 억제가 관찰되었다. 6. 특히 고온 다습한 여름철에 조류 방제가 어렵고 적절한 조류억제제를 선택하기가 쉽지 않다. 이에 따라, 조류에 대한 일반적 관리에 머무르기보다는 더 적극적인 방제 방안 및 사전 예방 관리를 강구하여야 할 것이다. 6. 끝으로 향후 조류의 잔디 조직 내 이동 및 감염 경로를 규명하고자 하는 지속적인 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.

• ALGAE
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.289-301
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• 2019

Mixotrophy in marine organisms is an important aspect of ecology and evolution. The discovery of mixotrophic abilities in phototrophic dinoflagellates alters our understanding of the dynamics of red tides. In the phototrophic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium, some species are mixotrophic, but others are exclusively autotrophic. There are differences in the ecological roles of autotrophic and mixotrophic Alexandrium in marine food webs. However, of the 34 known Alexandrium species, the mixotrophic ability of >20 species has yet to be explored. In this study, the mixotrophic capabilities of Alexandrium insuetum CCMP2082, Alexandrium mediterraneum CCMP3433, Alexandrium pacificum CCMP3434, Alexandrium tamutum ATSH1609, and Alexandrium margalefii CAWD10 were investigated by providing each species with 22 diverse prey items including bacterium-sized microbeads (1 ㎛), the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp., algal prey species, and the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. None of the 5 Alexandrium species fed on any of the prey items. These results increase the number of Alexandrium species lacking mixotrophic abilities to 9, compared to the 7 known mixotrophic Alexandrium species. Furthermore, the Alexandrium phylogenetic tree based on the large subunit ribosomal DNA contained 3 large clades, each of which had species with and without mixotrophic abilities. Thus, the acquisition or loss of mixotrophic abilities in Alexandrium might readily occur.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1881-1888
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• 2011

적조란 유해조류의 일시적인 대 번식인 자연현상으로 어패류를 집단 폐사 시킨다. 적조에 의한 양식어업의 피해는 매년 발생하고 있다. 이 때문에 적조 발생을 미리 예측할 수 있으면 적조에 대한 피해를 최소화 시킬 수 있다. 적조발생 예측시 나이브베이스 분류자를 이용하면 좋은 예측결과를 얻을 수 있다. 그러나 나이브베이스를 이용한 결과는 단순한 발생 여부 만을 판별 할뿐 발생하는 적조가 어느 정도 증가 할지는 알 수 없다. 본 논문은 퍼지 추론과 나이브베이스 분류자를 이용한 새로운 적조발생 예측 방법을 제안한다. 제안방법은 적조 발생 예측의 정확률을 향상시키면서 적조생물 밀도의 증가율을 예측할 수 있다.

• 환경생물
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.101-105
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• 2001

The biodeterioration with blue-green algae has been studied since 1997 up to 2000 in the tomb of King Mooryong in Kongiu, Korea. Biodeterioration in the tomb initially started from the formation of micro-organismic biofilm that had been suggested to make minor changes on the stone surface. This study revealed that the biofilm formed by microorganisms could result in permanent damages on stone cultural properties. The application of a chemical, 'K2Ol', developed by the author successfully removed fouling of biofilm on the surfaces of stone cultural properties. When small pieces of granite stone were embedded in the solution to study the side effects of the chemicals for a period of three months, the mechanical stability was 0.97 compared to control and there was no change in color. Biodeterioration is one of the most harmful factors that decrease the value of stone cultural properties but it may be treated with a development of proper chemicals.

• ALGAE
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.241-246
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• 2007

Cochtodinium votykrikoides -related red tide is the most notorious tidal bloom, resulting in mass mortality to marineanimals. This study aimed to test the effect of C. polyknkoides on the lethality to Haliotis discus hannai under con-trolled conditions. The oxygen demand of C. polykrikoides increases to reach its peak duhng the night, while the oxy-gen usage by H. discus hannai was continuously decreased with a threshold of 2 mg L U. The addition of C.polykrikoides did not effect the respiration of the H. discus hannai. However, the usage of oxygen by C. polykrikoidesduhng the night may lead to anoxia in the animal. With aeration, the level of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) was between6.06 and 7.28 mg LU; 90% of abalones survived even with a high concentration of C. potykrikoides (9000 cells mL U).Without aeration (3 mg LU of D.O.), however, the H. discus hannai suffocated immediately. Once 20 hours hadelapsed, all of the abalones were dead. The density of the H. discus hannai population contributed to their mortality.Therefore, aeration during the night and maintaining lower abalone densities is the best way to promote the sur-vivorship of H. discus hannai during a C. polykrikoides red tide.

• ALGAE
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2007

Seagrass bed is an important component in coastal and estuarine ecosystems, providing food and habitats to a wide variety of marine organisms. Recently, seagrass coverage has declined significantly due to anthropogenic impacts such as cultural eutrophication and reclamation, and thus efforts are under way to prevent further losses and restore disturbed seagrass habitats worldwide. Seagrass transplantation techniques for habitat restoration include vegetative and seed-based methods. Seagrass seeds can be collected easily, and sowing seeds is an economically effective method for large-scale restoration. However, large numbers of seed can be lost by seed predation and physical disturbance in the planting areas. In the present study, Zostera marina seeds were coated with loess to reduce seed loss by predation and sweeping away by the water currents, and germination rates of coated seeds and seedling growth were examined to assess the feasibility of the seed-coating method for large-scale restoration. Germination rate of the coated seeds with loess was significantly higher than that of the uncoated seeds. Additionally, seedling growths were not significantly different between the coated and the uncoated seeds. These results suggest that coating of eelgrass seeds with loess enhances success of seed germintion with no harmful effects on seedling growth. Therefore, the seed coating method using loess may be an effective and applicable seedbased transplanting technique for large-scale restoration.

• ALGAE
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2017

To quantify the abundance of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides in natural seawaters, we developed the innovative procedure using a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) with C. polykrikoides-specific primers targeting the internal transcription sequence (ITS). The abundance of C. polykrikoides was estimated by the specific copy number of target ITS DNA segments per cell in cultures and natural water samples. The copy number per C. polykrikoides cell as acquired by ddPCR was $157{\pm}16$, which was evaluated against known cell numbers through a simplified protocol preparing DNAs. The abundances of C. polykrikoides in the waters of different locations estimated by ddPCR agreed with the number of cells visually counted under a microscope. This protocol was used to measure the abundance of C. polykrikoides close to and further off the southern coast of Korea in August of 2016 and 2017. The practical application showed that this method can reduce time for analysis and increase accuracy.

• ALGAE
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.175-193
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• 2021

This study provides the first report of the presence of Coolia malayensis in the Mediterranean Sea, co-occurring with C. monotis. Isolated strains from the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia (South-eastern Mediterranean) were identified by morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis. Examination by light and scanning electron microscopy revealed no significant morphological differences between the Tunisian isolates and other geographically distant strains of C. monotis and C. malayensis. Phylogenetic trees based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and D1-D3/28S rDNA sequences showed that C. monotis strains clustered with others from the Mediterranean and Atlantic whereas the C. malayensis isolate branched with isolates from the Pacific and the Atlantic, therefore revealing no geographical trend among C. monotis and C. malayensis populations. Ultrastructural analyses by transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of numerous vesicles containing spirally coiled fibers in both C. malayensis and C. monotis cells, which we speculate to be involved in mucus production.

• ALGAE
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.185-204
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• 2022

The genus Coolia A. Meunier 1919 has a global distribution and is a common member of epiphytic dinoflagellate assemblages in neritic ecosystems. Coolia monotis is the type species of the genus and was the only known species for 76 years. Over the past few decades, molecular characterization has unveiled two species complexes that group morphologically very similar species, so their limits are often unclear. To provide new knowledge on the biogeography and species composition of the genus Coolia, 16 strains were isolated from Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California. The species were identified by applying morphological and molecular approaches. The morphometric characteristics of all isolated Coolia species were consistent with the original taxa descriptions. Phylogenetic analyses (large subunit [LSU] rDNA D1 / D2 and internal transcribed spacer [ITS] 1 / 5.8S / ITS2) revealed a species assemblage comprising Coolia malayensis, C. palmyrensis, C. tropicalis, and the C. cf. canariensis lineage. This is the first report of Coolia palmyrensis and C. cf. canariensis in Mexico and C. tropicalis in the Gulf of California. Our results strengthen the biogeographical understanding of these potentially harmful epiphytic dinoflagellate species.