• Title/Summary/Keyword: Han dynasty

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A Study on the Location Relationship between Ancient Royal Garden and Royal Capital in North-East Asia (동북아시아 고대 궁원과 왕도의 위치 관계에 대한 연구)

  • Jeon, Yong-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.1-14
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    • 2022
  • The ancient North-East Asian royal garden is divided into three types, located in the north inside the palace, in the north outside the palace, and in the south inside or outside the palace, depending on the location relationship between the royal capital and the royal palace. The first is a typical royal garden that follows the ancient Chinese court system of the Chao-hu-chim(前朝後寢). The second is a royal garden located independently of the royal palace, which extends to Geumwon(禁苑). The third is located in the south of royal palace and is the royal garden specialized in Yurak(遊樂) or Hyangyeon(饗宴). The types of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens are classified according to the relationship between main palace(正宮) and secondary palace(別宮), detached palace(離宮), and Geumwon(禁苑), and each has unique characteristics. The first has been established as the garden of the main palace, including the royal garden at Wanggung-ri site in Iksan(益山 王宮里 遺蹟), Han Chang'an capital(漢 長安城), BeiWei Luoyang capital(北魏 洛陽城), Jiankang capital in Southern Dynasties(南朝 建康城), and Daminggong(大明宮) in Tang Dynasty. Here, the royal garden is divided into Naewon(內苑) inside the royal palace and Geumwon(禁苑), outside the royal palace. On the other hand, the second is the royal garden that the royal palace and Geumwon(禁苑) are united. The third is the royal garden that forms part of the royal palace or is independent of the royal palace, and has been specialized as a secondary palace(別宮) and detached palace(離宮). China created the model of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens, and based on this, Baekje, Silla, and Japan of Korea influenced each other and developed a unique palace by showing their originality. The royal garden at Wanggung-ri site in Iksan(益山 王宮里 遺蹟) was influenced by royal gardens of Wei-Jin and Northern & Southern Dynasties(魏晉南北朝). And royal gardens of the Sabi Capital(泗沘都城) were influenced by royal gardens of Jin(秦), Han(漢), Sui(隋), and Tang(唐), and royal gardens of Silla(新羅) were influenced by the royal gardens of Baekje(百濟) and Silla. However, each of these royal gardens also has its own unique characteristics. From this aspect, it can be seen that the ancient North-East Asian court had different lineages depending on the region. Anhakgung Palace in Pyongyang(平壤 安鶴宮) is more likely to be viewed as the Three Kingdoms period than the Goryeo Dynasty. However, it is difficult to raise it to the 5th and 6th centuries due to the overlapping relationship and relics of the lower part of Anhakgung Palace(安鶴宮), and it is generally presumed to be the middle of the 7th century. The royal garden at Anhakgung Palace is a secondary palace(別宮) or detached palace(離宮) that corresponds to the palace of Jang-an capital(長安城) in Pyongyang and is believed to have influenced Dongwon garden(東院庭園) of Heijokyu(平城宮) and Donggung(東宮) and Wolji(月池) in Gyeongju. From this point of view, Dongwon garden(東院庭園) of Heijokyu(平城宮) seems to be related to the palaces of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. This study has many limitations as it focuses on its characteristics and transitions due to the location of the palace in the large framework of ancient North-East Asian royal capital. If these limitations are resolved little by little, it is expected that the understanding of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens will be much wider.

On the Bibliographies of Chinese Historical Books - Classifying and cataloguing system of six historical bibliographies - (중국의 사지서목에 대하여 -육사예문$\cdot$경적지의 분류 및 편목체재 비교를 중심으로-)

  • Kang Soon-Ae
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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    • v.24
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    • pp.289-332
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    • 1993
  • In china, six bibliographies of offical historical books are evaluated at the most important things among the systematically-editing bibliographies. These bibliographies would be usful to study the orign of classical sciences and their development, bibliographic research of Chinese classics, bibliographic judgement on genuine books, titles, authors, volumes. They could be refered to research into graving, correcting, and existence of ancient books. therefore, these bibliographies would be applied to estimation the phase of scientific and cultural development. The study of these bibliographies has been not yet made in Korea. This thesis lays its importance on the background of their appearance, their classification norms, organizing system of their catalogue, and comparison between their difference. 1. Editing and compiling of Chilyak (칠약) by Liu Chin (유흠) and official histories played an important role of entering an apperance of historical book's bibliographies. Chilyak has been lost. However, its classification and compiling system of classical books would be traced by Hansoyemunji(한서예문지) of which basic system is similar to Chilyak. It classified books according to their scientific characteristic. If a few books didn't have their own categories, they were combined by the circles parallel to the books' characteristic. With the books classified under the same scientific characteristic, they were again divided into the scientific schools or structures. It also arranged the same kinds of books according to the chronology. The some books wi th duplicate subjects were classified multiplely by their duplicate subject. 2. Ssu-ma Chon's (사마천) The Historical Records (Saki, 사기) and Pan Ku's (반고) The History of the Former Han Dynasty (Hanso, 한서) has also took effects on appearance of historical books' bibliographies. Covering overall history, Saki was structured by the five parts: The basic annals(본기), the chronological tables (표), the documents (서), the hereditary houses (세가), biographies (열전). The basic annals dealt with kings and courts' affairs according to the chronology. The chronological tables was the records of the annals. The documents described overall the social and cultural systems. The hereditary houses recorded courts' meritorious officials and public figures. The biographies showed exemplars of seventy peoples selected by their social status. Pan Ku(반구)'s The History of the Former Han Dynasty(한서) deserved to be called the prototype for the offical histories after Saki's (사기; The Historical Records) apperance. Although it modelled on Saki, it had set up its own cataloguing system. It was organized by four parts; the basic annals (본기), the chronological tables (표), treatises(지), biographies (열전). The documents in the Hanso(한서) was converted into treatises(지). The hereditary houses and biographies were merged. For the first time, the treatise with The Yemunji could operate function for historical bibliographies. 3. There were six historical bibliographies: Hansoyemunji(한서예문지), Susokyongjeokji (수서경적지), Kudangsokyongjeokji(구당서경적지), Shindangsoyemunji (신당서예문지), Songsayemunji (송사예문지), Myongsayemunji (명사예문지). 1) Modelling on Liu Chin's Chilyak except Chipryak(집략), Hansoyemunji divided the characteristic of the books and documents into six parts: Yukrye(육예), Cheja(제자), Shibu(시부), Pyongsoh(병서), Susul(수술), Pangki(방기). Under six parts, there were thirty eight orders in Hansoyemunji. To its own classification, Hansoyemunji applied the Chilyak's theory of classification that the books or documents were managed according to characteristic of sciences, the difference of schools, the organization of sentences. However the overlapped subjects were deleted and unified into one. The books included into an unsuitable subject were corrected and converted into another. The Hansoyemunji consisted of main preface (Taesoh 대서), minor preface (Sosoh 소서) , the general preface (Chongso 총서). It also recorded the introduction of books and documents, the origin of sciences, the outline of subjects, and the establishment of orders. The books classified by the subject had title, author, and volumes. They were rearranged by titles and the chronological publication year. Sometimes author was the first access point to catalogue the books. If it was necessary for the books to take footnotes, detail notes were formed. The Volume number written consecutively to order and subject could clarify the quantity of books. 2) Refering to Classfication System by Seven Norms (칠분법) and Classification System by Four Norms(사분법), Susokyongjeokji(수서경적지) had accomplished the classification by four norms. In fact, its classification largely imitated Wanhyosoh(완효서)'s Chilrok(칠록), Susokyongjeokji's system of classification consisted of four parts-Kyung(경), Sa(사), Cha(자), Chip(칩). The four parts were divided into 40 orders. Its appendix was again divided into two parts, Buddihism and Taiosm. Under the two parts there were fifteen orders. Totally Susokyongjeokji was made of six parts and fifty five orders. In comparison with Hansoyemunji(한서예문지), it clearly showed the conception of Kyung, Sa, Cha, Chip. Especially it deserved to be paid attention that Hansoyemunji laied history off Chunchu(춘추) and removed history to Sabu(사부). However Chabu(사부) put many contrary subjects such as Cheja(제자), Kiye(기예), Sulsu(술수), Sosol(소설) into the same boundary, which committed errors insufficient theoretical basis. Anothor demerit of Susokyongjeokji was that it dealt with Taiosm scriptures and Buddism scriptures at the appendix because they were considered as quasi-religion. Its compilation of bibliographical facts consisted of main preface(Taesoh 대서), minor preface(Sosoh 소서), general preface (Chongsoh 총서), postscript (Husoh 후서). Its bibliological facts mainly focused on the titles. Its recorded authors' birth date and their position. It wrote the lost and existence of books consecutive to total number of books, which revealed total of the lost books in Su Dynasty. 3) Modelling on the basis of Kokumsorok(고분서록) and Naewaekyongrok(내외경록), Kudangsokyongjeokji(구당서경적지) had four parts and fourty five orders. It was estimated as the important role of establishing basic frame of classification by four norms in classification theory's history. However it had also its own limit. Editing and compling orders of Kudangsokyongjeokji had been not progressively changed. Its orders imitated by and large Susokyongjeokji. In Its system of organizing catalogue, with its minor preface and general preface deleting, Kudangsokyongjeokji by titles after orders sometimes broke out confusion because of unclear boundaries between orders. 4) Shindangsoyemunji(신당서예문지), adding 28,469 books to Kudangsokyongjeokji, recorded 82,384 books which were divided by four parts and fourty four orders. In comparison with Kudangkyongjeokj, Sindangsoyemunji corrected unclear order's norm. It merged the analogical norms four orders (for instance, Kohun 고훈 and Sohakryu 소학류) and seperated the different norms four orders (for example, Hyokyong 효경 and Noneuhryu 논어류, Chamwi 참위 and Kyonghaeryu 경해류, Pyonryon 편년 and Wisaryu 위사류). Recording kings' behaviors and speeches (Kikochuryu 기거주류) in the historical parts induced the concept of specfication category. For the first time, part of Chipbu (집부) set up the order of classification norm for historical and literatural books and documents (Munsaryu 문사류). Its editing and compiling had been more simplified than Kudangsokyongjeokji. Introduction was written at first part of bibliographies. Appendants except bibliographic items such subject, author, title, volume number, total were omitted. 5) Songsayemunji(송사예문지) were edited in the basis of combining Puksong(북송) and Namsong(남송), depending on Sabukuksayemunji(사부국사예문지). Generally Songsayemunji had lost a lot of bibliographical facts of many books. They were duplicated and wrongly classified books because it committed an error of the incorrectly annalistic editing. Particularly Namsong showed more open these defaults. Songsayemunji didin't include the books published since the king Youngchong(영종). Its system of classification was more better controlled. Chamwiryu(참위류) in the part of Kyongbu(경부) was omitted. In the part of history(Sabu 사부), recordings of kings' behaviors and speeches more merged in the annals. Historical abstract documents (Sachoryu 사초류) were seperately arranged. In the part of Chabu(자부), Myongdangkyongmaekryu(명당경맥류) and Euisulryu(의술류) were combined. Ohangryu(오행류) were laied off Shikuryu(시구류). In the part of Chipbu(집부), historical and literatural books (Munsaryu 문사류) were independentely arranged. There were the renamed orders; from Wisa(위사) to Paesa(패사), Chapsa (잡사) to Pyolsa(열사), Chapchonki(잡전기) to Chonki(전기), Ryusoh(류서) to Ryusa(류서). Introduction had only main preface. The books of each subject catalogued by title, the volume number, and author and arranged mainly by authors. Annotations were written consecutively after title and the volume number. In the afternote the number of not-treated books were revealed. Difference from Singdangsohyemunji(신당서예문지) were that the concept and boundary of orders became more clearer. It also wrote the number of books consecutive to main subject. 6) Modelling on Chonkyongdangsomok (경당서목), Myongsayemunji(명사예문지) was compiled in the basis of books and documents published in the Ming Danasty. In classification system, Myongsayemunji partly merged and the seperated some orders for it. It also deleted and renamed some of orders. In case of necessity, combining of orders' norm was occured particulary in the part of Sabu(사부) and Chabu(자부). Therefore these merging of orders norm didn't offer sufficient theretical background. For example, such demerits were seen in the case that historical books edited by annals were combined with offical historical ones which were differently compiled and edited from the former. In the part of Chabu(자부), it broke out another confusion that Pubga(법가), Meongga(명가), Mukga(묵가), Chonghweongka's(종횡가) thoughts were classified in the Chapka(잡가). Scriptures of Taiosim and Buddhism were seperated from each other. There were some deleted books such as Mokrokryu(목록류), Paesaryu(패사류) in the part of history (Sabu 사부) and Chosaryu(초사류) in the part of Chipbu(집부). The some in the each orders had been renamed. Imitating compiling system of Songsayemunji(송사예문지), with reffering to its differ-ence, Myongsayemunji(명사예문지) wrote the review and the change of the books by author. The number of not-treated books didn't appear at the total. It also deleted the total following main subject.

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Effect of Acupuncture Treatment on the Primary Dysmenorrhea;A Study of Single Blind, Sham Acupuncture, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial (원발성 월경곤란증의 침치료 효과에 대한 임상시험)

  • Youn, Hyoun-Min;Kim, Cheol-Hong;Park, Jae-Heung;Han, Min-Seok;Lee, In-Sun;Choi, Sun-Mi;Park, Ji-Eun;Kim, Kyu-kon
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.139-162
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    • 2008
  • Objectives : Korean tradithional acupuncture Theory, Sa-am's 5 phases acupuncture method was originated in 1644-1742, in the middle of the Cho Sun dynasty. This study was to vertify the effect of Sa-am Acupuncture Treatment on Primary dysmenorrhea of Women. Methods : The subjects were 80 volunteers who was suffering for dysmenorrhea, employed using Measure of Menstrual Pain (MMP) questionnaire. Subjects were divided into two groups including Sa-am acupuncture treatment group(n=25), minimal acupuncture treatment group(n=22). They had agreed to take part in this experiment, with didn't take any anodyne drugs. In the acupuncture group, subjects were stimulated at G41, $SI_3$, B66, $SI_2$(Small intestine jung-guk), $SP_6$, $CV_6$ and one points were inserted additionally depending the symptoms among $ST_{36}$ or $LI_2$. In the control group, subjects were needled at 5 non-acupuncture points have any effect on Dysmenorrhea. A total of 8 acupuncture sessions were performed for each patient depending on the individual menstruation cycle The MMP score by using 7 questions and the Menstrual Symptom Severity List(MSSL-D) was measured before and after menstruation cycle. Collected data were analyzed as frequency, percentage, paired t-test, independent t-test using SPSS 10.0 WIN Program. Results : Acupuncture treatment produced a significant decreasing the symptom of Primary dysmenorrhea in two groups, but a statistically significant difference was not shown in the acupuncture group compare to control group. Conclusions : Based on the above results, it was verified that Acupuncture Treatment was effective in decreasing the symptom of Primary Dysmenorrhea.

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A Study on Formation and Development of the Meridian Pulse System(I) -Focusing on 'Shi-yi-mi-jui-jing(十一脈灸經)' and 'Ling-shu(靈樞)- (경맥체계(經脈體系)의 형성(形成)과 발전(發展)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)(I) -『십일맥구경(十一脈灸經)』과 『영추(靈樞)』를 중심으로-)

  • Son, Gwang-Rak;Park, Hyun-Kook
    • The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.35-66
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    • 1997
  • Today's meridian system is revealing the theory made after the standard of 'Ling-shu Jing-mai(靈樞 經脈)'. But after excavating 'Ma-wang-dui'(馬王堆)'s' medical books from his 'Han(漢)' Dynasty tomb, there had to be some adjustments made concerning the former meridian systme. 'Shi-yi-mai-jiu-jing(足臂十一脈灸經)' and 'Yin-yand-shi-yi-mai-jiu-jing(陰陽十一脈灸經)' are not related and each of them was developed independently and influenced by the Meridian Pluse Theory of 'Ling-shu(靈樞)'. Accordingly, the leaning toward heart pluse system and the circulating pulse system were formed and 'Ling-shu(靈樞)' was influenced by this. Therefore, investigating these processes thoroughly is the main subject stated in this thesis. The occupying percentage of the 'leaning toward heart pluse system(向心脈系)' and the 'circulating pluse system(循環脈系)' in each section is one-sided to the loaning toward heart pluse system. However, today's 'Jing-mai system(經脈體系)' is developed focusing on 'Jing-mai(經脈)'. The reason for this should be investigated by using the medical history of acupuncture & moxibustion. Analongizing roughly, from the time after five transfer points of 'Ben-shu(本輸)' was absorbed into 'Jing-mai(經脈)' as only the main meridians of the traditional 'Meridian Point(經穴)' and couldn't seem to realize the true self of the original 'Ben-shu(本輸)'. Therefore, various misunderstandings might have occured in clinic, basal narusis, and antiquity of the influenced preconception of 'Jing-mai(經脈)' being first.

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A Study on the Chinese Architectural View Point of Realist Hong Daeyong and Joseon Embassy in Beijing (실학파(實學派) 학인(學人) 홍대용(洪大容)의 중국(中國) 건축관(建築觀)과 북경(北京) 조선관(朝鮮館)에 관한 연구)

  • Han, Dong-Soo
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.15 no.1 s.45
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    • pp.29-40
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    • 2006
  • This paper is focused on Damheonseo(湛軒書), an anthology written by Hong Daeyong, and I deal with Chinese Architectural views which he had experienced in his itinerary to Beijing, and the vivid pictures of Joseonkwan (called the Koryo or Joseon Embassy) located in Beijing at that time. He was a scholar of great erudition over astronomy, mathematics, military science, politics, and so on. He was interested in practical sciences at early time, and criticized secular scholars full of vanity who had presented purposeless articles. In his age of 35, Qianlong(乾隆) 30 (1764, Youngjo 41), he, a military escort, accompanied by Hong Uk, Joseon envoy and his uncle. Before his itinerary, he self-studied Chinese. Also, during a long journey he got new experiences and information around each area, deviating his group whenever he had some times. He could get more variant experiences than others because of his character full of curiosity, and his observations from the vivid lives of the time helped us get various views between Chinese and Korean architecture. Likewise, although he denounced Qing(淸) scathingly as a barbarian, he mentioned several points about the characteristics of Chinese architecture at that time. First of all, totally Chinese architecture had strong rational and practical points. Secondly, based on bountiful products, buildings along streets shown in Chinese city had sophisticated compositions, and luxurious and magnificent appearances. Thirdly, using the brick from walls to houses was so universal. Fourthly, the layouts of building with three- or four-closed courtyard had very orderly shapes, and the structure of street was also so arranged. Finally, because of stand-up lives, the scales and appearances of interior space were even more extended, and storages were less developed than those of Joseon. As another points, I found that Joseonkwan was moved next to Shushangguan(庶常館)from Huidongnanguan(會同南館) around Hanlimyuan(翰林院), and had been remodeled into a house with Korean custom in using the inner spaces, although it was followed by a closed courtyard style. Likewise, I recognized that Ondols were sure to be established in all temporary houses during the journey to Qing, and felt their strong traditional residential custom in such mentions. Now that the past pictures have disappeared and ways of life and our values have been largely changed, this study has very important meaning in comparing the ancient Chinese and Korean architecture.

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A Study for Renaming of Paekje's Designed Tiles -Centering Around the Ghost Image Design Excavated at Oe-ri Kyuam-myun, Buyeo- (백제 문양전의 개명(改名)을 위한 연구 -부여 규암면 외리 출토 '귀형문(鬼形文)'을 중심으로-)

  • Hong, Jae-Dong
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.10 no.3 s.27
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    • pp.7-23
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    • 2001
  • We Koreans are very proud of this nation's cultural history over some five millenniums. But most of the relics found in the nation date back up to two thousand years. Under this circumstance, we are wondering the gap and missing of three thousand years. In our traditional literature of history, [Chiwoo] was a military god of supreme dignity and virtue. He was a symbol of brave and strong warriors and since the antiquity, he has been kept alive deeply in the mind of the Korean race. Considering findings through this study, the researcher could provide a conclusion as described below. 1) The name of Paekje's designed tiles was initially made by a Japanese scholar who had first found the antique relic. According to studies by a few of Korean researchers, the name is usually called despite its relation with a historical background of the excavated objects has not been fully studied. 2) After the patterned objects of the Korean antique Kingdom, Japanese researchers reported that [Chiwoo] was a military god as exorcist and probably represented something in the form of a ghost, although there were arguments that the military god was the very being to influence the image of the ghost. This report suggests that the Japanese community didn't downgrade the military god onto the level of a ghost. 3) One of our antique nations, Paekje at that time sought to determine the origin and culture of the Koreans by making multiple exchange relations with China, and probably accepting cultures of the Chinese Han nation and those of the Chinese South and North Dynasty period. Based on findings from a relevant literature, [Sulyigi], people of Paekje attempted to show express the image of Chiwoo in their own unique ways and then deliver the strong bravery of [Chiwoo] to us, or their descendents. This can explain that those findings as above mentioned are consistent with the designed tiles of Paekje, and that the tiles should not be named as the design of ghost. 4) The designed tiles involved elements of Taoism and Buddhism and substantially considered the spirit of four gods which was mobilized for the tomb construction and selection at that time. But this should never be a reason why all of the horned figures seen in tomb wall paintings are collectively treated as ghosts. 5) From the view of historic literature, we can no doubt say that the Heavenly Emperor [Chiwoo] was our ancestor. It is not better to say that the relic stuffs as excavated should be referred to the design of ghost image only in that they have yet to be associated historically with other relics. This claim would be newly changed as it becomes clear with historical remains that our antique ancestors kept doing positive activities along the coast of the antique kingdom, Balhae.

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A Research on The Pulse & Disease-patterns and Diagnostic Theory of Exogenous Febrile Disease in the "Sanghanjeonsaengjip(傷寒全生集)" ("상한전생집(傷寒全生集).변상한발열례(辨傷寒發熱例)" 등에 대한 연구(硏究))

  • Choi, Dong-Su;Sheen, Yeong-Il1
    • Journal of Korean Medical classics
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.103-153
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    • 2010
  • "Sanghanjeonsaengjip(傷寒全生集)" is a classic medical work, written by the outstanding physician Dohwa(陶華) in the Ming Dynasty. The characteristic of "SangHanJeonSaengJip" is that this book succeeded to the spirit of pattern identification and treatment of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases, newly changed a table of contents by symptoms, and together with this indicated the prescriptions in accordance with diswase-pattern at "YujeunghwalInseo(類證活人書)", "Hwajegookbang(和劑局方)" etc. Also because this kept the existing ephedra decoction, cinnamom twig decoction, minor decoction of bupleurum, decoction for reinforcing middle-energizer and replenishing qi etc.'s name on and unlikely indicated the medicine composition, it caused confusion, but at the later ages "Euhakipmun(醫學入門)" the so-called 'Doci(陶氏)' was added to the prescription name, so we are able to distinguish. Together with this, this book dose not indicate the dosage of medicine and indicates the first, the second, and the third classes[上中下] below medicine. As this dose not mean the three grades of quality"good, fair, and poor[上中下] of "Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica" but expresses the sovereign medicinal as the first class[上], minister medicinal as the second class[中] and assistant and courier medicinal as the third class[下], doctors can voluntarily decide the dosage of medicine in accordance with the degree of disease. At this thesis, I single out ten chapters in contents of 2nd volume named Hyeong(亨) corresponding to the details, among "Sanghanjeonsaengjip(傷寒全生集)". I discussed superficial fever types of exogenous febrile disease in chapter 1, aversion to cold types of exogenous febrile disease in chapter 2, syndrome caused un-sufficient sweating in chapter 3, organic fever types of exogenous febrile disease in chapter 4, aversion to wind types of exogenous febrile disease in chapter 5, Tidal fever types of exogenous febrile disease in chapter 6, Alternative attacts of chills and fever in chapter 7, Dysphoria with smothery sensation in chapter 8, Fidgetiness of exogenous febrile disease in chapter 9, and Headache of exogenous febrile disease in chapter 10, and together with this I discussed, in detail, which influence the prescriptions which are listed on each chapter have caused on future generations In accordance with this, I think that the above-mentioned symptoms and prescriptions are important when I research cold damage and warm disease study. So I orderly research revision, annotation, rendering and an investigation.

Study on Literatures of Symptoms and Signs of Tussiculaltion on Treatise on the Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All Diseases ("제병원후론(諸病源候論)" 중(中) "해수병제후(咳嗽病諸候)"에 대(對)한 연구(硏究))

  • Lee, Nam-Goo;Choi, Han-Baek;Kim, Jeong-Wan;Song, Min-A
    • Journal of Korean Medical classics
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    • v.23 no.5
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    • pp.11-22
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    • 2010
  • Treatise on the Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All Diseases(諸病源候論)was written by Chao Yuanfang that was most active during the Sui Dynasty at A.D. 610. It classified clinical medicine by some departments of internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, and otorhinolaryngology and within each specific department, categorizes etiology and pathology according to characteristics of various diseases. It was the total disease classification book that based on the bibles of the Oriental medicine, (Huangdi''s) Internal Classic(黃帝內經), Classic of Difficult Issues(難經) and Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases(傷寒雜病論), A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion(鍼灸甲乙經), Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies(備急千金要方) and Medical Secrets of an Official(外臺秘要). It was arranged tussive causes, classes, diagnosis, prognosis and stretching for treatment by Volume 13, all symptoms of tussiculation. Dialectic part was divided into cough(咳嗽), cough with dyspnea(咳逆上氣), cough with pus and blood(咳嗽吐膿血), cough with duck crying sound(?嗽), sudden cough(暴氣咳嗽), cough with dyspnea(咳逆), cough with dyspnea and vomiting(咳逆上氣嘔吐). Disease situation part was divided into the new cough(新咳) and old cough(舊咳), deficiency syndrome(虛證) and excess syndrome(實證), visceral cough(藏府咳), etc. Out of these, cough with counterflow(咳嗽上氣), cough with dyspnea(咳逆上氣), cough with dyspnea and vomiting(咳逆上氣嘔吐), cough with shortness of breath(咳逆短氣) have a close connection with dyspnea(上氣), counterflow of qi(逆氣), dyspnea and vomiting(上氣嘔吐) and shortness of breath(短氣) in the Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All qi(氣病諸候) of vol 13. So two parts may be refer to each other. However, the content on the original book has been addition and subtraction on the original context along with many reprints. Therefore, this paper, with regard to the prints of former editions, tried to help in better comprehension of the original context through readings and Korean translation.

A Study on Vegetation Management Plan for Improvement of Gugok Landsacpe of Hwayang Valley in Songnisan National $Park^{1a}$ (속리산국립공원 화양계곡의 구곡경관 개선을 위한 식생관리방안 연구)

  • Han, Bong-Ho;Kwak, Jeong-In;Jang, Jea-Hoon;Bae, Jeong-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.194-207
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    • 2009
  • The study is to suggest a management method for improvement of natural and cultural landscape of Hwayang valley which is degraded in Songnisan National Park. It was carried out to study original shape of landscape of it and analyse nine major properties of Hoayang Gugok, based on old literatures. The landscape of Gugok was composed of rocks and small ponds, Pinus densiflora community and most of them were degraded by the situation of covered rocks by growth of vegetation, destructed small ponds by sedimented sands and degradation of natural landscape by artificial forest. Vegetation landscape of artificial forest composed of Populus tomentiglandulosa, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Pinus koraiensis in periphery of the valley was not matched with natural landscape. The goal of landscape management was established to conserve natural and cultural landscape in Joseon Dynasty. For this, It was needed to protect landscape values of gugok through the management of vegetation and visitors. In addition, it was required to provide opportunity to easily access to the landscape of Gugok. As a management method of vegetation, it was suggested to maintain P. densiflora community and to restore artificial forest to natural forest through the density management.

A Study of 'uplift yang-qi to raise sinking' efficacy in Radix Bupleuri (시호(柴胡)의 승약작용에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Pil-Sang;Kang, Ok-Hwa;Lee, Go-Hoon;Lee, Kye-Suk;Ko, Ho-Yeon;Kwon, Dong-Yeul
    • The Korea Journal of Herbology
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.213-218
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    • 2006
  • Objectives : Radix Bupleuri is from the dried root of the herb of the Perennial herbaceous plant, Bulpleurum falcatum L. or Bulpleurum chinense DC. or Bulpleurum. scorzonerifolium Willd., family Umbelliferae. Medicinal Properties are bitter and pungent in flavor, slightly cold in nature and attributed to the liver and gallbladder meridians. Actions in modern Materia Medica are regulate the functional relation of internal organs to relieve fever, disperse the stagnated liver-qi and uplift yang-qi to raise sinking. The ‘uplift yang-qi to raise sinking’ efficacy, out of three efficacies (regulate the functional relation of internal organs to relieve fever, disperse the stagnated liver-qi and uplift yang-qi to raise sinking), has been disputed in the medical profession for a long period. Hereupon, this study ascertained the reason why it has been disputed. Methods : With respect to this medicinal herb, the efficacies of regulate the functional relation of internal organs to relieve fever, disperse the stagnated liver-qi and uplift yang-qi to raise sinking were described as to what was written in ‘Shen Nong's Herbal’ from Chin and Han dynasties until Jin and Yuan dynasties. Results : The beginning of Jin and Yuan dynasties, it began to deal with the ‘uplift yang-qi to raise sinking’ efficacy and so it has been carried on modern textbooks and medical books. The reason why it was added is that it was influenced by the theory of ‘Raise Sinking’ advocated by Zhang jieku who lived in the period of Jin and Yuan dynasties. Since then, the properties of ‘Radix Bupleuri’ have been wrongly known to the public. Additionally, ‘Radix Stellariae Seu Gypsophilae’, which was begun to be introduced from the Four Cities since the Five Dynasties, has been combined with the best stuffs of ‘Radix Bupleuri’ produced from Yin Zhou. Consequently, its original properties were remarkably disordered. Likewise, respective medical schools’ theories were changed by the influence of ‘Bulpleurum. scorzonerifolium Willd’ begun to be used since Tang dynasty. Conclusion : it is considered that the current ‘Raise Sinking’ efficacy of Radix Bupleuri is unreasonable to be applied to the efficacy of the whole Radix Bupleuri because it is limited to certain species.

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