• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.362-368
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• 2015

Two new and one unrecorded hybrids of the genus Asplenium were newly found in Korea. They were proved to be hybrid based on intermediate morphology between putative parents. The first hybrid is $A.{\times}uiryeongse$ C.S. Lee & K. Lee (Aspleniaceae), nom. nov. (vernacular name: geo-mi-sa-cheol-go-sa-ri). This new hydrid is a cross between the Asian walking fern, A. ruprechtii and A. pekinens in Uiryeong-gil, Mt. Bukansan, Seoul, Korea. The other new one occurs in Mt. Seongsan in Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, $A.{\times}montanus$ C.S. Lee & K. Lee, nom. nov. (vernacular name: san-kko-ri-go-sa-ri) which might have experienced multiple hybridization events between A. ruprechtii ${\times}$ A. trichomanes and A. incisum following the hybrid between A. ruprechtii and A. trichomanes. In addition, one unrecorded hybrid, $A.{\times}kitazawae$ Kurata & Hutoh (vernacular name: geo-mi-dol-dam-go-sa-ri), reported first from Japan, is found in natural habitats in Do-dong, Daegu-si, and is a hybrid, between the Asian walking fern and A. sarelli. These hybrid taxa grow in sympatric regions with both putative parental species. The diagnostic characters for each taxon and evidence for their hybridization have been suggested. Descriptions, illustrations, and photographs of these hybrid taxa in their habitats are provided from Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.127-139
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• 2019

The purported four hybrid origins of Asplenium in Korea were tested based on morphological, cytological and DNA sequence data. Asplenium castaneo-viride, A. ${\times}$ uiryeongse, A. ${\times}$ montanus, and A. ${\times}$ kitazawae share several morphological characteristics with the Asian walking fern A. ruprechtii and related taxa as parents and show a sympatric distribution with the putative parents, raising the possibility of hybrid origins: A. castaneo-viride (A. ruprechtii and A. incisum), A. ${\times}$ uiryeongse (A. ruprechtii and A. pekinense), A. ${\times}$ montanus (A. ruprechtii, A. trichomanes, and A. incisum), and A. ${\times}$ kitazawae (A. ruprechtii and A. sarelii). We investigated flow cytometry and chloroplast DNA sequence data (rbcL, rps4-trnS, and rps4-trnS intergenic spacer) to clarify the hybridization and origin of each hybrid. In the flow cytometry analyses, A. ruprechtii shows diploid (2x) only, whereas A. castaneo-viride (3x, 4x), A. ${\times}$ uiryeongse (3x), A. ${\times}$ montanus (3x, 4x), and A. ${\times}$ kitazawae (2x, 4x) exhibit polyploidy, suggesting hybrid events along speciation. The rbcL and rps4-trnS and rps4-trnS intergenic spacer data suggest that A. ruprechtii is one the maternal ancestors of all four hybrids. In addition, the rps4-trnS and rps4-trnS intergenic spacer data indicate that A. incisum is also the maternal ancestor of A. ${\times}$ kitazawae and A. ${\times}$ montanus, proposing multiple hybridization events for these two hybrids. In A. ${\times}$ montanus, morphological features such as the leaf forms and sympatric distributions of the species also support the multimaternal hypothesis, but the morphological features of A. ${\times}$ kitazawae must be examined with consideration of hybrid events. To clarify the complex hybrid evolutionary lineages of the four Asplenium hybrids, further research with taxon sampling and molecular markers should be conducted.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.78-95
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• 2009

This study was examined the vascular plants and their characteristics cited in 311 science textbooks of elementary and secondary schools used in the fifth to seventh curriculum. Vascular plants were composed of 129 families, 332 genera, 383 species, 2 subspecies, 47 varieties, 6 forma, and 3 hybrid, totaling 441 taxa. The herbs and trees were consists of 280 taxa (63.5%) and 161 taxa (36.5%), respectively. Native species (241 taxa) were more cited than non-native species (200 taxa). The number of species within a family were high ranked in 35 taxa of Compositae, and 26 taxa of Gramineae. Nine species including endemic genus Hanabusaya Nakai and Abeliophyllum Nakai among the 441 taxa were Korean endemic, and the 25 rare and 12 endangered plants were also included. Based on the list of the species of specially designated plants by the Ministry of Environment, 83 taxa were recorded in the investigated textbooks, and the naturalized plants were 16 taxa. 441 taxa listed consists of 185 taxa (41.9%) of edible plants, 148 taxa (33.5%) of medicinal plants, 139 taxa (31.5%) of ornamental plants, 87 taxa (19.7%) of pasture plants, 34 taxa (7.7%) of timber plants, 13 taxa (2.9%) of miscellaneous plants, 8 taxa (1.8%) of fiber plants, and 3 taxa (0.7%) of industrial plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 2007

The flora of vascular plants of these sites were listed 272 taxa; 80 families, 193 genera, 234 species, 32 varieties, 5 forms and 1 hybrid. The naturalized plants were 12 taxa, and naturalization rate was 4.4%. Specific plants by floral region were total 54 taxa; 4 taxa in class IV, 10 taxa in class III, 5 taxa in class II, 35 taxa in class I. There is no taxa in class V. A peculiar point is that we found more than 30 Allium pseudojaponicum in Allium genus which is known as Japanese endemic plant. In Gokdudo, there is large Carex boottiana community, in Daehangdo, Machilus thunbergii community covers the whole island. In Bulgeundo, most of the hundreds of trees including Neolitsea sericea and Machilus thunbergii planted by Korea National Parks in 2003 have been damaged by rabbits.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.341-368
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• 2023

Distribution of plant resources in Mt. Baekseok located at Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, were surveyed for a total 17 times from April 2021 to September 2022. The result of this survey revealed 628 taxa, consisting of 99 families, 346 genera, 552 species, 20 subspecies, 49 varieties, 6 forms, and one hybrid. Among them, 21 taxa were endemic plants to Korea, 12 taxa were red list plants by the Ministry of Environment and 560 taxa were red list plants by the Korea Forest Service. The floristic target species amounted to 164 taxa, specifically one taxon of grade V, 20 taxa of grade IV, 52 taxa of grade III, 53 taxa of grade II, and 38 taxa of grade I. In addition, 34 taxa were classified as plants adaptable to climate change. 42 taxa of alien plants and 3 taxa of ecosystem disturbance species were also found in this area. Useful plants listed consists of 246 taxa (39.2%) of edible plants, 215 taxa (34.2%) of pasture plants, 187 taxa (29.8%) of medicinal plants, 75 taxa (11.9%) of ornamental plants and 22 taxa (3.5%) of timber plants, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.149-161
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Deokjeongsan Mt. (Ganghwa-gun) from March to October 2016. The vascular plants identified during the 8 round field surveys were a to total of 484 taxa: 107 families, 305 genera, 423 species, 8 subspecies, 48 varieties, 4 forms and 1 hybrid. The plant formation of Deokjeongsan Mt. is the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer mixed forest which is the common one in the middle part of Korean peninsula. All most mountain covered with young secondary forest which is mainly composed of Pinus and Quercus. The plant species diversity largest families were Asteraceae (62 taxa, 12.7%), Poaceae (48 taxa, 9.9%), Cyperaceae (27 taxa, 5.6%), Fabaceae (23 taxa, 4.7%), and Lamiaceae (21 taxa, 4.3%). The four taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Clematis brachyura Maxim., Salix koriyanagi Kimura ex Goerz, Carex brevispicula G. H. Nam & G. Y. Chung, and Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai were collected. The vascular plants on the red list according to IUCN evaluation basis were found to be five taxa: Near Threatened (NT) species of Senecio argunensis Turcz., Least Concern (LC) species Pseudoraphis ukishiba Nakai, and Not Evaluate (NE) species of Thladiantha dubia Bunge, Cirsium lineare (Thunb.) Sch. Bip., and Scorzonera austriaca ssp. glabra Lipsch. & Krasch. ex Lipsch., respectively. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 26 taxa comprising one taxa of degree V, two taxa of degree IV, four taxa of degree III, eight taxa of degree II, and 11 taxa of degree I. In addition, the alien plants were identified as 46 taxa and the percentage of naturalized index (NI) was 9.5%, and urbanization index (UI) was 14.3%, respectively.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.203-222
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• 2013

The district of Ganghwa-gun in the western coast (Seohae) of the Korea is consisted of several islands, Ganghwa-do, Seokmo-do, Gyodong-do, Jumun-do, Boreum-do, Seogeom-do and Donggeom-do. Since several islands of them were connected to mainland of Korea by bridges, the islands attract a lot of tourists from Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi-do areas. Construction of new roads, pensions, resort areas and restaurants provided economical benefits to local residents while natural vegetation of these islands has deteriorated continuously. Before biodiversity of vascular plants in these regions is damaged seriously by human impacts, it is needed to conserve original vegetation of the islands for restoration and monitoring in the future. Therefore, the primary purpose of the study is to clarify the flora of Donggeom-do, belonging to Ganghwa-gun. From the 15 times of field trips to the island, we have collected a number of vascular plants, 512 taxa in total, including 110 families, 329 genera, 449 species, six subspecies, 52 varieties, four forms and one hybrid. Of 512 taxa investigated, we have identified 12 taxa to be endemic to Korea. Six taxa were endangered or rare species which were designated by the Ministry of Environment and Korea Forest Service, respectively. 25 taxa were recognized as floristic regional indicator species designated specially by the Ministry of Environment. Seven species have shown their northern or southern distributional limit ranges, and 29 taxa were recognized as halophytes. The naturalized plants were identified as 55 taxa, and their naturalization ratio was 10.7%.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.259-276
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• 2001

Mt. Seoun(574 meters above sea level) is located in the southern part of An-sung city, Korea, within 36$^{\circ}$54'~36$^{\circ}$50'N, 127$^{\circ}$16'~127$^{\circ}$19'E. Field surveys were carried out nine times from March to October, 2000. Main results obtained from this study were as follows. The flora of vascular plants investigated in this survey was 439 taxa belonging to 90 families, 268 genera, 383 species, 49 varieties, 5 forma, 2 hybrid. As a result of this study, rare and endangered(Tricyrtis dilatata Nakai, Gastrodia elata Bl., Saururus chinenses Baill., Viola albida Palibin.) and many endemic species(Athyrium acatipinnulum Kodama., Tricyrtis dilatate Nakai, Paulownia coreana Uyeki., Salix hallaisanensis Lev., Asperula Iasiantha Nakai, Weigela subsessilis L.H. Bailey, Melamdryum seoulense Nakai, Clematis trichotoma Nakai, Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora Nakai, Syringa dilatata Nakai, Chloranthus japonicus var. koreanus Sieb, Scutellaria insignis Nakai) of Korea were distributed in this area. Also the naturalized plants which were appeared in this area were 24 taxa(5.5 %). Among the plant resources, there are 239 taxa of edible plants(54.4%), 270 taxa of medicinal plants(61.5%), 217 taxa of ornamental plants(49.4%), 46 taxa of timber plants(10.5%) and 56 taxa of pasture plants(12.8%).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.359-367
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• 2006

The vascular plants of this site were identified as 641 taxa through field investigation; 101 families, 340 genera, 547 species, 80 varieties, 12 forms, 1 subspecies and 1 hybrid. Based on the Rare plants of the Forest Service and Korea Forest Research Institute, 9 taxa were listed except implanted species; Loranthus tanakae, Aristolochia manshuriensis, Aristolochia contorta, Viola albida, Cypripedium macranthum, Schpolia japonioa, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Rhododendron micranthum. Based on the Korean endemic plants, 18 taxa were listed; Salix purpurea var, japonica, Asarum sieboldii var. mandshuricum for. misnadrum, Persicaria lapathifolia for. alba, Pseudostellaria sylvatica, Aconitum pseudolaeve var. erectum, Corydalis maculata, Corydazis albipetala, Corydalis grandicazyx, Cardamine amaraeiormis, Chrysosplenium barbatum, Filipendula glaberrima, Lespedeza x tomentella, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Melampyrum setaceum var. nakaianum, Weigela subsessilis, Adenophora triphylla var. hirsute, Cirsium setidens, Saussurea pseudogracilis. Specific plant species by floral region were total 81 taxa (12.6%); Prunus yedoensis in class V, 13 taxa (Thuja orientalis, Cimicifuga heracleiiolia, Sedum middendorffianutn, Rhododendron micranthum, etc.) in class IV, 17 taxa (Equisetum palustre, Aceriphyllum rossii, Angelica gigas, Cirsium setidens, etc.) in class III, 15 taxa (Heloniopsis orientalis, Lychnis cognata, Saxifraga oblongifolia, Viola orientalis, etc.) in class II, 35 taxa (Hosta capitata, Cimicifuga simplex, Chrysosplenium flagelliferum, Campanula punctata, etc.) in class I. So, the naturalized plants were listed 53 taxa and the naturalization index was 8.2%, urbanization index was 20.7%.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.314-328
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• 2006

This study was attempted to investigate the flora of Seodaesan (903.7 m). The flora of Seodaesan was investigated from August in 2001 to October in 2003. Vascular plants of this area consist of total 465 taxa; 1 hybrid, 3 forma, 59 varieties, 402 species, 287 genera, 94 families. It corresponds to 11.4% of totally 4,071 taxa appeared in Korea. Useful plants of this area were investigated 388 taxa. It corresponds to 83.4 % of collected plants in this area under our study. Among the useful plants, there are 199 taxa of edible source, 186 taxa of pasture source, 162 taxa of medicinal source, 100 taxa of ornamental source, 20 taxa of timber, and 3 taxa of industrial raw materials. Korean endemic plants were composed 10 families, 11 genera, 12 species and totaling 12 taxa. Naturalized plants were composed 11 families, 18 genera, 22 species and totaling 22 taxa.