• Toxicological Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.87-91
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• 2008

The present study was conducted to monitor the level of triflumizole residues in fruits (apple and pear) and vegetable (cucumber) samples in order to assess risk posed by the presence of such residues to the consumer. Triflumizole was applied at a recommended dose rate to apple and pear pulps and to a cucumber sample. The samples were collected at harvesting time following several treatments (three and/or four treatments). Triflumizole was extracted with methanol and re-extracted into dichloromethane. The presence of triflumizole was determined by HPLC with UV detection at 238 nm following the cleanup of the extract by open preparative chromatographic column with Florisil. The versatility of this method was evidenced by its excellent linearity (> 0.999) in the concentration range between 0.2 and 4.0 mg/kg. The mean recoveries evaluated from the untreated samples spiked at two different fortification levels. 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg, and ranged from 87.5${\pm}$0.0 to 93.3${\pm}$2.6 for the tested fruits and vegetable, respectively, and the repeatability (as relative standard deviation) from three repetitive determinations of recoveries were no larger than 6%. The calculated limit of detection was 0.02 mg/kg and the minimum detectable level of 4 ng for triflumizole was easily detected. When triflumizole was sprayed onto the apple trees three times at 50-40-30 and 40-30-21 days prior to harvesting and four times onto the pear trees at 40-30-21-14 days prior to harvesting, the mean residual amounts of 0.05 and 0.06 mg/kg for apples and pears, respectively, were not detected in all of the treatments. When the cucumber sample was fumigated four times at 7, 5, 3 and 1 day prior to harvesting, the mean residual amount was not detectable. Triflumizole can be used safely when sprayed (wettable powder, 30% active ingredient) and fumigated (10%) 4 times at 14 and 1 day prior to harvesting to protect the fruits and vegetable, respectively.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

국내 유통사료 239점에 대하여 푸사리움 속 곰팡이독소 4종(NIV, DON, T-2, ZEN)에 대하여 오염도조사를 실시하였다. 일반적으로 곰팡이독소 정제에 많이 사용되는 면역친화 컬럼을 사용하지 않고 일반 SPE컬럼을 이용하였으며, HPLC/MS/MS로 동시 분석하였다. 각각의 성분 별로 77.42~111.20%의 회수율과 $0.3{\sim}2.0\;{\mu}g/l$의 양호한 정성한계(LOD)를 보였다. 분석 결과 사료 중에 조사대상 곰팡이독소가 광범위하게 오염되어 있었으며, 특히 DON과 ZEN은 모든 배합에서 확인되었다. 소 사료의 경우 DON과 ZEN은 평균 $812.1\;{\mu}g/kg$과 $147.2\;{\mu}g/kg$의 오염도를 보여 닭 사료나 돼지 사료보다 약 4배정도 높은 오염도를 보였으며, 그 원료로 사용된 단미 사료를 조사해본 결과 수입 단백피가 주요 오염원인 것으로 확인됐다.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제12권3호통권18호
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• pp.101-115
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to introduce the differential standard of the types of Angelicae Pubescentis Radix. We established the classificatory standard according to the external and internal morphology and the physicochemistrical pattern for the four types of Aucklandiae Radix. The results follow: 1. At the external shape, Angelica pubescens f. biserrata has rising lenticel and dark brown surface, Its section is light gray and its xylem is yellow gray. Aralia continentalis has big stem mark in upper portion, its section has no dense tissue with yellow gray. Heracleum hemsleyanum has dark brown surface and little lenticel, its cortical layer is white yellow and xylem is isabella and powdered. 2. At the internal shape, Angelica pubescens f. biserrata has phloem with half of the root and rare vessel. Aralia continentalis has phloem with two-thirds of the root and it has broad cutting and putting vessel that formed 1-2 row. Heracleum hemsleyanum also has phloem with half of the root and wide scattered latex tube and many large vessel. 3. At the TLC pattern, Heracleum hemsleyanum has remarkable dark spot at $R_{f}$ 0.23 on the sulphuric acid color pattern test, but others have faint. 4. At the HPLC pattern, all samples have generally patterns. But Angelica pubescens f. biserrata shows diminutive continentalic acid content and the peak at Rt 20.278min comes out on Heracleum hemsleyanum, but do not come out on Aralia continentalis and Angelica pubescens f. biserrata. Heracleum hemsleyanum has remarkable peak at Rt 20.278min, but shows no peak at Rt 29.023min unlike Aralia continentalis or Angelica pubescens f. biserrata. Also Aralia continentalis and Angelica pubescens f. biserrata show one remarkable peak at Rt 29.023, but Heracleum hemsleyanum do not show. Consequently, Aralia continentalis and Angelica pubescens f. biserrata are comparable whit continentalic acid content and Heracleum hemsleyanum is comparable with the peak at Rt 20.273 and Rt 29.023. So it is thought that content of continentalic acid and the peaks at Rt 20.278 and Rt 29.023 can apply to differentiate a species from other. It is considered the results of this study will be furnished the basis to succeeding studies and it is needed to extensive comparative study for the same genus-degree of relatedness.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.335-342
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• 2008

The bioequivalence of two carbamazepine preparations was conducted. The in vivo bioequivalence study in 20 healthy male Korean volunteers was designed by using a single dose, randomized, 2-period crossover with a 3-weeks washout period between the doses. Prior to the in vivo study, an in vitro comparative dissolution test was performed by the paddle and basket method as described in the bioequivalence guidance of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Based on the similar dissolution pattern between two preparations in the dissolution test, the two formulations are demonstrated to be pharmaceutically equivalent. In addition, in vivo bioequivalence test was used to reconfirm the in vitro dissolution results. In the in vivo bioequivalence study, the plasma concentrations of carbamazepine up to 144 h after the administration were determined using a validated HPLC method with UV detection and the bioequivalence between the two drug products was assessed by statistical analysis of the log transformed mean ratios of $C_{max}$, $AUC_{0-t}$ and $AUC_{0-\infty}$. The mean maximum concentration ($C_{max}$) of the test and reference were found to be $1467.0{\pm}335.8\;ng/mL$ and $1465.9{\pm}310.3\;ng/mL$, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals (C.I.) of $C_{max}$ were in the range from 0.95 to 1.05. As for the $AUC_{0-t}$ and $AUC_{0-\infty}$, test values were $110027.1{\pm}27786.4\;ng/mL{\cdpt}h$, $128807.0{\pm}34563.2\;ng/mL{\cdot}h$ and $105473.6{\pm}26496.2\;ng/mL{\cdot}h$, $125448.5{\pm}35975.5\;ng/mL{\cdot}h$, respectively. The 90% C.I. of $AUC_{0-t}$ were 0.97 to 1.10 and of $AUC_{0-\infty}$, 0.99 to 1.09 and thus were within the log 0.8-log 1.25 interval proposed by the KFDA. A two-way ANOVA showed no significant difference between the two formulations. Based on these statistical analysis, it was concluded that the test formulation is bioequivalent to the reference.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1385-1393
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• 2010

국내산 참당귀의 생리활성 물질을 이용한 건강 기능성 식품 또는 화장품 소재 개발을 위한 기초연구의 일환으로 참당귀 뿌리를 3종류의 곰팡이 균주, A. oryzae, A. kawachii 및 M. purpureus 균주로 발효시켜 polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, minerals, decursin 및 decursinol angelate 함량 분석과 항산화, 환원력 및 tyrosinase 활성을 측정 하였다. 참당귀 뿌리의 decursin과 decursinol angelate의 총 면적에 대한 함량 비율은 각각 44.0 및 27.3% 였으며, 한편 A. oryzae, A. kawachii 및 M. purpureus에 의한 발효 당귀의 decursin 함량 비율은 각각 52.0, 54.4 및 53.7% 였다. 참당귀 뿌리의 polyphenolic compounds 함량은 2.78% 였으나 발효 당귀에서 모두 약간씩 감소하였고, flavonoid 함량은 1.03% 함유되었으나 M. purpureus 발효 당귀에서 1.18%로 약간 증가하였다. 참당귀 뿌리의 미네랄 조성은 K, Mg, Fe, Ca, Na, Mn, Zn 순이였으며, 발효당귀에서 Na은 감소하고 나머지는 모두 증가하였다. 참당귀 뿌리의 항산화 활성 19%에 비해 A. oryzae, A. kawachii 및 M. purpureus 발효 당귀에서 각각 46, 49 및 56%로 모두 2배 이상 증가하였다. Fe- 및 Cu-환원력은 참당귀 뿌리보다 발효 당귀에서 모두 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. Tyrosinase 저해 활성은 당귀 뿌리의 18%에 비해 A. oryzae, A. kawachii 및 M. purpureus 발효 당귀에서 각각 34, 37 및 45%로 발효에 의해 2배 이상 증가하였다. 이상의 실험결과 발효 당귀에서 대표적인 화합물인 decursin과 decursinol angelate 함량이 증가하고, 항산화 활성 및 tyrosinase 저해 활성이 증가됨으로서 이를 활용한 건강기능 제품 개발 가능성이 높아졌으며, 이러한 제품 개발에 필요한 기초 자료를 제공해주는데 유용하게 사용될 것이다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.29-32
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• 2014

Objectives : Jakyakgamcho decoction is a traditional prescription known to be an effective pain control medication and muscle relaxant. For more localized treatment outcomes achieved in a shorter period of time, Jakyakgamcho decoction was reprocessed into a form of pharmacopuncture. An analysis of Jakyakgamcho decoction pharmacopuncture showed that there was a significant loss of paeoniflorin(Jakyak's index component). This study was designed to investigate ways to minimize this loss. Methods : After making changes to the processing methods of Jakyakgamcho decoction pharmacopuncture, we measured the quantity of paeoniflorin using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) for a before-and-after analysis Results : Paeoniflorin loss was observed 15 minutes after sterilization with $Na_2HPO_4$ at $121^{\circ}C$ Conclusions : It was found that paeoniflorin loss did not occur when pH was not controlled for during processing.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this report was to provide the information about activity and safety of Ssanghwa-tang by analyzing domestic papers and theses about Ssanghwa-tang. Methods : Domestic papers and theses related to Ssanghwa-tang were reviewed and analyzed. These papers were then classified by year, experimental method, and activity subject. Results : The following result s were obtained in this study. 1. The study of Ssanghwa-tang started from 1981 and continued steadily 1990s and it was decreased 2000s. 2. The paper of Ssanghwatang was entire domestic paper, 20 volumes. 3. In classified by experimental method and animal of Ssanghwa-tang paper, more than a half study used rat in vivo experiment. Furthermore clinical experiments were performed about anti-fatigue effect of Ssanghwa-tang and Ssanghwatang was proved a safety herbal medicine in acute toxicity experiment. 4. Decursin, glycyrrhizin, paeoniflorin were determined in Ssanghwa-tang by using HPLC analysis. 5. As these studies were classified by subject, papers related to anti-fatigue effect were most abundant by 7 papers. Besides there were several papers related to liver funtion, anti-inflammatory, alleviation, smooth muscle relaxation effect and so on. 6. According to experimental data, it is supported that Ssanghwa-tang was safety herbal medicine and it has a several activity about anti-fatigue, anti-inflammatory, alleviation, smooth muscle relaxation. Conclusion : Many study of basic science experiments and clinical experiments were performed and reported on Ssanghwa-tang in domestic journal. Ssanghwa-tang is being used in various ways associating with anti-fatigue, anti-inflammatory, alleviation and smooth muscle relaxation. furthermore Ssanghwatang was proved a safety herbal medicine in acute toxicity experiment. However, studies on randomized controlled trials of Ssanghwatang need to be completed at the clinical level.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1499-1506
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• 2016

Background: Crocus sativus and its major constituent crocin are well established to have anti-cancer properties in breast cancer cells (MCF-7). However the role of C. sativus extract (CSE) and crocin on caspase signaling mediated MCF-7 cell death at molecular level is remains unclear. In this study, we tried to unravel role of CSE and crocin on caspase mediated MCF-7 cells death and their in vivo preclinical toxicity profiling and immune stimulatory effect. Materials and Methods: CSE extract was fractionated by HPLC and crocin was isolated and characterized by NMR, IR, and MS. MCF-7 cells were treated with both CSE and crocin and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was assessed after 24 and 36 hours. Furthermore, caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9 expression was determined by Western blotting after 24 hours of treatment. DNA fragmentation analysis was performed for genotoxicity of CSE and crocin in MCF-7 cells. The in vivo toxicity profile of CSE (300 mg/kg of b.wt) was investigated in normal Swiss albino mice. In addition, peritoneal macrophages were collected from crocin (1, 1.5 and 2 mg/kg body weight) treated mice and analyzed for ex vivo yeast phagocytosis. Results: Immunoblot analysis revealed that there was time dependent decline in anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 with simultaneous upregulation of Bax in CSE and crocin treated MCF-7 cells. Further CSE and crocin treatment downregulated caspase 8 and 9 and cleaved the caspase 3 after 24 hours. Both CSE and crocin elicited considerable DNA damage in MCF-7 cells at each concentration tested. In vivo toxicity profile by histological studies revealed no observable histopathologic differences in the liver, kidney, spleen, lungs and heart in CSE treated and untreated groups. Crocin treatment elicited significant dose and time dependent ex vivo yeast phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages. Conclusions: Our study delineated involvement of pro-apoptotic and caspase mediated MCF-7 cell death by CSE and crocin at the molecular level accompanied with extensive DNA damage. Further we found that normal swiss albino mice can tolerate the maximum dose of CSE. Crocin enhanced ex vivo macrophage yeast phagocytic ability.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.423-428
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• 2004

Soybean seeds contain high amounts of isoflavones that display biological effects and isoflavone content of soybean seed can vary by year, environment, and genotype. Objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci that underlie isoflavone content in soybean seeds. The study involved 85 $F_2$ populations derived from Korean soybean cultivar 'Kwangkyo' and wild type soybean 'IT182305' for QTL analysis associated with isoflavone content. Isoflavone content of seeds was determined by HPLC. The genetic map of 33 linkage groups with 207 markers was constructed. The linkage map spanned 2,607.5 cM across all 33 linkage groups. The average linkage distance between pair of markers among all linkage groups was 12.6 cM in Kosambi map units. Isoflavone content in $F_2$ generations varied in a fashion that suggested a continuous, polygenic inheritance. Eleven markers (4 RAPD, 3 SSR, 4 AFLP) were significantly associated with isoflavone content. Only two markers, Satt419 and CTCGAG3 had F-tests that were significant at P<0.01 in $F_2$ generation for isoflavone content. Interval mapping using the $F_2$ data revealed only two putative QTLs for isoflavone content. The peak QTL region on linkage group 3, which was near OPAG03c, explained $14\%$ variation for isoflavone content. The peak QTL region on linkage group 5, which was located near OPN14 accounted for $35.3\%$ variation for isoflavone content. Using both Map-Maker-QTL $(LOD{\geq}2.0)$ and single-factor analysis $(P{\leq}0.05)$, one marker, CTCGAG3 in linkage group 3 was associated with QTLs for isoflavone content. This information would then be used in identification of QTLs for isoflavone content with precision

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.95-103
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• 2011

본 연구는 새로운 전처리 방법인 팝핑법을 이용하여 폐목재에 처리하였고, 전처리 된 시료에 효소를 처리하여 당화 수율을 비교 분석하였다. 폐목재의 팝핑 전처리 전후의 화학적 조성 분석 결과 홀로셀룰로오스의 경우 각각 65.9%, 58.8%였으며, 리그닌과 알코올-벤젠을 이용한 유기용매 추출물, 회분의 함량은 전처리 전보다 각각 3.1%, 3.9%, 0.7% 정도 증가하였다. 그리고 폐목재의 팝핑 전처리 전과 후의 시료에 각각 효소 처리 후 환원당을 측정한 결과 팝핑 전처리를 한 경우 전처리 전보다 1.0~1.5 mg/$m{\ell}$ 증가하였다. 시료 50 mg (1%, w/v)에 대한 효소 가수분해율은 셀룰레이즈와 자일란네이즈를 50 U씩 1 : 1로 섞어 처리하였을 때 가장 효과적이었다. 또한 팝핑 된 시료에 효소를 처리하여 가수분해되어 나온 상등액을 HPLC 분석법을 이용하여 분석한 결과 팝핑 전처리 후 셀룰레이즈와 자일란네이즈를 처리하였을 때 피크가 증가하였으며, 주된 피크는 글루코스와 자일로스였다. 또한 GC 분석법을 이용하여 팝핑 후 효소가수분해 한 잔여물의 중성당 분석 결과 잔류 글루코스와 자일로스가 각각 팝핑 전보다 57.5%, 64.2% 감소하였다. 글루코스와 자일로스 당전환율은 각각 약 45.9%, 38.7%였다.