• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2010

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the primary endocrine system to respond to stress. The HPA axis may be affected by increased level of corticotrophin-releasing factors under chronic stress and by chronic administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether chronic MSG administration aggravates chronic variable stress (CVS)-induced behavioral and hormonal changes. Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200~220 g, were divided into 4 groups as follows: water administration (CON), MSG (3 g/kg) administration (MSG), CVS, and CVS with MSG (3 g/kg) administration (CVS＋MSG). In addition, for the purpose of comparing the effect on plasma corticosterone levels between chronic stress and daily care or acute stress, 2 groups were added at the end of the experiment; the 2 new groups were as follows: naive mice (n=7) and mice exposed to restraint stress for 2 h just before decapitation (A-Str, n=7). In an open field test performed after the experiment, the CVS＋MSG group significant decrease in activity. The increase in relative adrenal weights in the CVS and CVS＋MSG group was significantly greater than those in the CON and/or MSG groups. In spite of the increase in the relative adrenal weight, there was a significant decrease in the plasma corticosterone levels in the CVS＋MSG group as compared to all other groups, except the naive group. These results suggest that impaired HPA axis function as well as the decrease in the behavioral activity in adult rats can be induced by chronic MSG administration under CVS rather than CVS alone.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.45-55
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• 1983

뇌내 여러 신경전달물질계가 시상하부-뇌하수체-부신계(HPA)를 복잡하게 조절하고 있다는 증거가 많이 나오고 있다. 그 중에서도 5-HT(Serotonin)계의 stress시의 역할에 대해서는 많은 연구가 있어왔으나 아직 논란이 많이 제기되고 있다. 따라서 저자는 5-HT가 stress시 HPA axis를 조절하는데 필수적인 역할을 하는가를 말아보기 위해서 1) Stress전후에 5-HT의 steady state농도와 5-HT의 교체율(turnover rate) 및 합성율(synthesis rate)을 측정해 보았으며 2) 비교적 5-HT계에 특이하게 작용하는 여러 약물들을 주사한 후에 stress 반응을 측정해 보았다. 1) 1분간 ether stress 가한 직후에 시상하부와 다른 뇌부위에서의 5-HT와 5-HIAA농도는 즉각적으로 의미있게 상승하였으나 혈장 corticosterone농도는 즉각상승을 보이지 않다가 2분후에 상승을 보였다. 2) Stress(30분 immobilization & 1분 ether stress)가한 백서에서는 시상하부와 다른 뇌부위에서 5-HT합성을 혹은 교체율이 2배-4배까지 상승하였다. 3) 5-HT합성 전구물질(L-tryptophan)과 수용체 자극제 (5-MeODMT)를 투여하였을 때는 투여용량에 비례해서 혈장 corticosterone함량이 상승하였다. 4) L-tryptophan과 MAO억제제 (pargyline) 혹은 L-tryptophan과 5-MeODMT의 병합 투여로 stress시 혈장 corticosterone의 상승이 더 높게 나타났다. 5) 5-HT 합성억제제(PCPA), 5-HT 신경독약(5,7-DHT)을 투여하고 stress를 가하였을 때는 시상하부와 다른 뇌 부위에서 5-HT의 하강이 별로 나타나지 않았으며, 동시에 혈장 corticosterone의 하강도 의미있게 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 midline raphe핵을 파괴하였을 때는 5-HT와 corticosterone의 하강이 나타났다. 6) 비교적 특이하게 serotonin제에 작용하는 여러 약물들을 투여한 후에 나타나는 5-T와 혈장 corticosterone함량 사이에는 상당히 높은 양의 상관관계계가 있었다(r>0.81). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼때 serotonin(5-HT)은 시상하부-뇌하수체-부신계의 스트레스반응조절에 중요한 자극적 역할을 하리라고 생각된다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.313-322
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• 2013

Previous studies have demonstrated that repeated administration of the exogenous stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) induces dysregulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and results in depression and anxiety. The current study sought to verify the impact of catechin (CTN) administration on chronic CORT-induced behavioral alterations using the forced swimming test (FST) and the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Additionally, the effects of CTN on central noradrenergic systems were examined by observing changes in neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in rat brains. Male rats received 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg CTN (i.p.) 1 h prior to a daily injection of CORT for 21 consecutive days. The activation of the HPA axis in response to the repeated CORT injections was confirmed by measuring serum levels of CORT and the expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in the hypothalamus. Daily CTN administration significantly decreased immobility in the FST, increased open-arm exploration in the EPM test, and significantly blocked increases of TH expression in the locus coeruleus (LC). It also significantly enhanced the total number of line crossing in the open-field test (OFT), while individual differences in locomotor activities between experimental groups were not observed in the OFT. Taken together, these findings indicate that the administration of CTN prior to high-dose exogenous CORT significantly improves helpless behaviors, possibly by modulating the central noradrenergic system in rats. Therefore, CTN may be a useful agent for the treatment or alleviation of the complex symptoms associated with depression and anxiety disorders.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2015

Objectives : The effect of mixture extracted from Bupleuri Radix and Physalidis Herba(BR+RH) on the LPS-induced Depression in rats was investigated. Methods : Rats were administered intragastrically BR+PH after injectio of LPS to induce deprssion. Immobility was examined using Tail Suspension Test(TST), Forced Swimming Test(FST). The level of plasma corticosterone was measured by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) method. The expressions of c-Fos, Corticotropin Releasing Factor(CRF), NADPH-d in the Paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and TH in the Locus coeruleus(LC) were measured by immunohistochemical method. Results : In the effect of BR + PH on TST, immobility was significantly decreased comparing with the LPS group. In FST, immobility was shown decrease tendency in the BR+PH group. The expression of c-Fos in the PVN was significantly decreased at BR + PH400 group, comparing with the LPS group. The expression of CRF in PVN was shown dto have the decrease tendency in the BR+PH group, comparing with the LPS group. The expression of NADPH-d in PVN was not significantly decreased at BR+PH groups, comparing with the LPS group. The expression of TH in the LC was shown to have the decrease tendency at BR + RH groups, but not significantly, comparing with the LPS group. Conclusions : Anti-depressant effect of mixture after extracted from Bupleuri Radix and Physalidis Herba was through the anti-inflammatory effect via inhibition of HPA axis. NO and catecholamine system is not involved.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1154-1161
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• 2005

Yin Yang theory is the first and the last one to interpret diseases apply to treatment in oriental medicine. So it is regarded as the way of heaven and earth, the discipline of all things, the origin of change, the beginning of giving birth and death, the source of spirit. These regulatory passages are needed to compare with western medical physiology and analyzed whether it has scientific bases or not. The Yin Yang theory of traditional oriental medicine are summerized from the descriptions of Scripture of Documents, Ying Wei theory of Huangdi Neijing. Meanwhile up-to-date neurobiological and molecular genetic theories on circadian physiology are reviewed in western medicine. Sunshine is transferred through RGC to SCN, herein the central circadian rhythm is made by zeitgeber and interaction of melatonin secreted from pineal body and orexin from mp pan of hypothalamus. So HPA axis is activated and controlled under the circadian rhythm and affects peripheral tissues and cells of whole body through glucocorticoid hormones. First of all, the circadian rhythm makes the basic patterns of human life in biological and sociological meaning. It is almost same context with the record of the Scripture of Documents. Also the Ying Qi and Wei Qi is basically same with the sleep-awake mechanism, that is melatonin/orexin signal or per/clk/bmal/cry genes with circadian activation and activity of each organ's physiological function. Conclusively it can be said that Yin Yang is a priori principle of living things and the beginning of giving birth and death for activation of them biologically, as is described in Huangdi Neijing.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2014

Objectives : Investigation of the antidepressant effect of Glycyrrhizae Radix (GR) through the anti-inflammatory effect. Methods : Depression in rats was induced by LPS (i,p.3days). The rats were treated with GR100 mg/kg (GR 100) or GR400 mg/kg (GR 400). The depressive immobility was examined with Tail Suspension Test(TST) and Forced Swimming Test(FST). The expression of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$(NF-${\kappa}B)$, $I{\kappa}B$ was measured with western blotting. The concentration of corticosterone, cytokine in plasma was measured with ELISA. The expression of c-Fos in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) in the locus coeluleus(LC) were measured with immunostaining method. Results : In the TST, GR400 group significantly decreased immobility time compared with the LPS group. In the FST, GR100, GR400 group significantly decreased immobility time comparing with the LPS group. c-Fos expression in GR100 and GR400 group was decreased comparing with the lipoplysaccharide(LPS) group. The $I{\kappa}B$ expression of GR100 and GR400 group was increased comparing with the LPS group. The level of corticosterone of GR100 group was decreased comparing with the LPS group. The concentration of cytokine of GR100 and GR400 group was decreased comparing with the LPS group. TH expression in the LC was increased in LPS group, but in GR100 and GR400 group was not shown significant decrease. Conclusion : According to this results obtained, GR has antidepressant effects by the anti inflammatory action through the suppression of HPA axis activity, not through the action against the catecholaminergic system.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.124-137
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• 1996

As the society becomes more industrialized and modernized, we have more chances to experience a serious traumatic event. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has 3 major categories of symptoms such as memory disturbance, hyperarousal and avoidance or numbness. I reviewed the psychobiological evidences in 3 main categories of symptoms and the biological treatment after a brief review of the epidemiology, psychosocial etiology and diagnosis of PTSD. The memory disturbance of PTSD might be developed by the potentiation of the memory pathway mediated by norepinephrine. PTSD induces HPA axis abnormality, it might also develop hippocampal dysfunction, which might contribute to the memory disturbance. The kindling effect develops desensitization, which might develop reexperiencing of the traumatic events and hyperarousal state. Chronic aroused state of locus ceruleus with resultant chronic maladaptive state of norepinephrine system, might develop hyperarousal state. Social avoidance and physical numbing state in PTSD might be caused by serotnin or opiate system. Stress induced analgesia might be developed by opiate reliesed against the acute stress. The biologic research results would help the selective treatment of PTSD.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.119-126
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• 2012

Objectives : This literature review was researched to observe the evidence of effect of moxibustion in adipose tissue decomposition. Methods : We reviewed studies which contained lipolysis effect of moxibustion treatment in Pubmed. Results : Moxibuston improves blood flow in adipose tissue and stimulates metabolism in the course of lipolysis. Many studies reported that moxibustion stimulated reptin, insulin, testosterone, 5-HT and thromboxane. Especially, moxibustion triggers the HPA axis system, which has an effect on lipometabolism. Based on such effects, moxibustion is considered to have an effect on adipose tissue decomposition. Conclusions : Although moxibution is considered to be effective in adipose tissue decomposition, futher study is needed.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

Objectives : The goal of this study was to investigate the antidepressant effects of Mixture of Lycii Radicis Cortex and Moutan Cortex on the change of HPA-Axis and Catecholamic system. Methods : We were performed the Forced Swimming Test. The expressions of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and c-Fos at paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at ventral tegmental area (VTA) and locus coeruleus (LC) were evaluated by immunohistochemical method. Results : The duration of immobility in the Forced Swimming Test was significantly decreased in A100, A400(p<0.05~p<0.01). CRF expressions at PVN was significantly decreased in A400(p<0.05).No other group showed significant difference in expression of c-Fos at PVN comparing with control group. TH expressions at VTA was significantly decreased in A100 and A400, respectively(p<0.001). TH expressions at LC was significantly decreased in A100(p<0.01). Conclusions : According to the above results, Mixture of Lycii Radicis Cortex and Moutan Cortex has antidepressant effects via the reduction of CRF expression and the Catecholamine System activity.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.162-175
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• 2005

Backgrounds : Two stress pathways, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system, regulate immune system responses through release of corticosteroids, norepinephrine and epinephrine. respectively. These neuromediators act on immune cells via specific receptors on their surface to modulate the production of key regulatory cytokines. Objectives : To evaluate the preventive effects of oriental medicine Hyeolbuchukyeo-tang (HC) on stress. Methods : Mice were divided into three groups: nounal group, control group under immobilization stress and HC group which received Hyeolbuchukyeo-tang (HC) under immobilization stress. following sacrifice, their splenocytes were isolated and splenocyte surface markers were determined. The brains were removed and mRNA determined. In vivo, we separated RNA Iron cultured macrophages (RAW264.7). Results : In our study, immune functions were decreased in stress due mainly to changes of various neuromediators, cytokines and macrophage activities, and the treatment of HC increased those expressions. Conclusions : In summary, the present study documents the anti-stress effects of HC through stress-immune regulation.