• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 1995.06b
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• pp.55-75
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• 1995

Induction of HMG-Co A reductase (HMGR) is essential for the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins and steroid derivatives in Solanaceous plants following wounding and pathogen infection. To better understand this complex step in stress-responsive isoprenoid synthesis, three classes of cDNAs for HMGR (hmg1, hmg2, and hmg3) were isolated from a potato tuber library. The potato cDNAs had extensive homology in open reading frames but had low homology in the 3'-untranslated regions. RNA gel blot analysis using gene-specific probes revealed that hmg1 is induced by wounding but wound induction is strongly suppressed by arachidonic acid or by inoculation with Phytophthora infestants. In contrast, hmg2 and hmg3 are slightly induced by wounding and strongly enhanced by arachidonic acid or inoculation. The induction and suppression of HMGR genes parallel the suppression of steroid and stimulation of sesquiterpenoid accumulations observed in earlier investigations. Treatment of the tuber disks with a low concentration of methyl-jasmonate doubled the wound induced accumulation of hmg1 transcripts and steroid-glycoalkaloid accumulation, but did not affect the abundance of transcripts for hmg2 or hmg3 nor induce phytoalexins. High concentration of methyl-jasmonate suppressed hmg1 mRNA and steroid-glycoalkaloid accumulation, induced hmg3 mRNA, and did not elicit phytoalexins. Lipoxygenase inhibitors suppressed the accumulation of of hmg1 transcripts and steroid-glycoalkaloids, which were restored by exogeneous methyl-jasmonate. Methyl-jasmonate applied together with arachidonic acid enhanced the elicitor induced accumulation of sesquiterpenes and sustained steroid-glycoalkaloid levels with transcript levels for the various HMGR mRNAs equal to or greater than wound-only treatment. These results domonstrate that the consequences of wound- and pathogen-responses of plants are different at the levels of gene expression and associated secondary metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.35-42
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• 1987

인삼, 들깨 기름, 칼슘 및 마그네슘이 함유되어 있는 식이로 사육한 토끼의 혈장 콜레스테롤과 HMG-CoA reductase의 활성을 조사하였다. 간에 포함되어 있는 HMG-CoA reductase의 활성은 인삼과 들깨 기름 및 마그네슘 첨가 식이군에 있어서 증가되었으며 혈장 콜레스테롤의 농도는 감소되었다. 혈장 LDL-콜레스테롤은 대조군보다 감소하였으나 HDL-콜레스테롤은 증가되었다. 또한 베타 글로블린의 분포도 인삼과 마그네슘 및 들깨 기름을 첨가 급여한 실험군에 있어서 가장 낮았으며, ${\alpha}$-2-글로블린은 대조군에 비하여 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 전해질은 $K^+$은 인삼 첨가로 감소 되었으나 $Na^+$은 증가되었다. 혈장 마그네슘의 농도는 인삼의 첨가로 변화가 없었지만 칼슘과 들깨 기름 및 인삼 첨가식이로 마그네슘의 농도가 더 증가되었다. 혈장 칼슘의 농도는 마그네슘과 인삼을 첨가한 식이군에 있어서 감소하였다.

• Korean Circulation Journal
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• v.48 no.11
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• pp.951-963
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• 2018

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, i.e. statins, are effective in reducing cardiovascular disease events but also in cardiac-related and overall mortality. Statins are in general well-tolerated, but currently the concerns are raised if statins may increase the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NOD). In this review, the possible effects of statins on organs/tissues being involved in glucose metabolism, i.e. liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and muscles, had been discussed. The net outcome seems to be inconsistent and often contradictory, which may be largely affected by in vitro experimental settings or/and in vivo animal conditions. The majority of studies point out statin-induced changes of regulations of isoprenoid metabolites and cellassociated cholesterol contents as predisposing factors related to the statin-induced NOD. On the other hand, it should be considered that dysfunctions of isoprenoid pathway and mitochondrial ATP production and the cholesterol homeostasis are already developed under (pre)diabetic and hypercholesterolemic conditions. In order to connect the basic findings with the clinical manifestation more clearly, further research efforts are needed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.307-314
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary garlic powder (GP) on growth performance and mRNA expression of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) in broiler chickens. Day-old male chicks (Ross, n=270) were fed diets containing 0% [positive control (PC) with antibiotics or negative control (NC) without antibiotics], 1%, 3% and 5% GP for 6 wks. There were no significant differences in feed intake among the treatments throughout the experimental period. Body weight gains in groups fed dietary GP at 3% and 5% were significantly higher than that of NC group (P<0.05). Feeding GP up to 5% did not exert any adverse effect on weight gain and feed intake. There were no significant differences in the relative weights of liver, spleen, cecum and breast muscle. The content of meat cholesterol in GP containing dietary groups tended to be reduced as compared to NC group. Average infectious bronchitis antibody titers in chicks fed GP containing diets were significantly higher than that of NC group (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase was reduced by dietary GP. These results indicate that dietary GP has growth promoting effects and tended to alter cholesterol metabolism in broiler chickens.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2000

In this study, a potential mechanism through which the hesperidin might work on the effect was examined in vivo. Male rats were fed a high cholesterol synthetic diet (1%, wt/wt) with hesperidin (0.1%, wt/wt) for 42 days. Activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase was significantly lowered by the hesperidin supplement compared to the control. Hesperidin did not significantly alter plasma or hepatic lipids, but tended to lower those lipid levels. Hesperidin also subsequently reduced the fecal neutral sterols compared to the control(253.3mg/d vs.521.9 mg/d). The inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase resulting from the hesperidin supplementation could count for the reduction in fecal neutral sterols that appears to compensate for the decreased cholesterol biosynthesis. The dose of hesperidin in a high choles-terol diet should apparently be more than 0.1% to exhibit the hypocholesterolemic response in these rats. It remains to be determined whether the observed alterations in cholesterol metabolism are specific to the rat or also could be applied to the humans.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.691-698
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate how herb extracts may improve blood circulation. Twenty-six extracts from nine different herbs (marjoram, lavender, dill, rosemary, hyssop, rose, lemon balm, pineapple sage, and echinacea) were evaluated for their anti-hypertensive effects via angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. Their cholesterol-lowering effects via hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibition and their fibrinolytic activity via fibrin-plate method were also evaluated. Both water extraction of rose flowers and 70% EtOH extraction of pineapple sage leaves effectively reduced the ACE activity with inhibition rates of 133.8% and 91.2%, respectively. Similarly, both water and 70% EtOH extracts of rose flowers strongly inhibited the enzymatic activity of HMG-CoA reductase by 48.9% and 80.5%, respectively. Water and 70% EtOH extracts of rose flowers also showed relatively high fibrinolytic activity. Based on these observations, rose flower extracts can be developed as a functional tool for use in the improvement of blood circulation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1190-1196
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides on HMG-CoA reductase activity and lipid composition of liver in rat fed high cholesterol diet. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 $\pm$ 10 g were randomly divided into groups of one normal diet, and four high cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol. The high cholesterol (1%) diet groups were classified into xylooligosaccharides free diet (C group), 5% xylooligosaccharides diet (C5XO group), 10% xylooligosaccharides diet (C10XO group), and 15% xylooligosaccharides diet (C15XO grcup) according to the levels of dietary xylooligosaccharides supplementation. The experimental diets were fed ad libitum for 4 weeks. The hepatic lipid contents, cholesterol and triglycerides in xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups were significantly lower than those of C group. An antithrombGsis index, a ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids of liver was significantly increased in 10% xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups compared to that of C group. The activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, a rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, in xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups was more significantly increased than in C group. These results suggest that dietary xylooligosaccharide may be act as potential substitute for a dietary fiber to improve lipids metabolism in rat fed high cholesterol diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

Samjunghwan (SJH) was fermented using five different probiotic bacterial strains (Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus acidophilus or Bifidobacterium longum) separately. We examined the inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation through Oil Red O staining and analyzed the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ${\alpha}$ ($C/EPB{\alpha}$), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$), uncoupling protein (UCP)-2, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase which are adipogenic transcription factors. Both Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium-fermented SJH reduced Oil Red O dye staining compared with the same dose of non-fermented SJH. Only Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented SJH inhibited all adipogenic transcription factors and showed the best down-regulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$, UCP-2, and HMG-CoA reductase compared with the same dose of non-fermented SJH. The effect of SJH on the inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation was more prominent from the fermented SJH. Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented SJH, in particular, blocks the expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$, UCP-2, HMG-CoA reductase.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2006

Extracts from 63 kinds of Pholiota sp. fruiting bodies were prepared using water and methanol, and then their physiological functionalities were investigated. The methanol extracts from Pholiota adiposa PAD030 showed high fibrinolytic activity and those of P. adiposa ASI PAD-022 showed potential inhibitory activity of 76.8% against ${\beta}-hydroxy-{\beta}-methylglutaryl(HMG)-CoA$ reductase. The highest antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities were found in the water extracts of Pholiota sp. PSP-015 (72.7%) and methanol extracts of P. nameko PNA-024 (69.5%), respectively. However, superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like activity and elastase inhibitory activity were low in almost of the extracts. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor from the fruiting body of P. adiposa PAD-022 which showed the highest functionality was extracted maximally when powder of the fruiting body was shaked at $30^{\circ}C$ for 12 h by methanol and its HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity was 80.2%.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.702-708
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• 2005

Cholesterol-lowering effect of pine nut on mice was investigated by examining changes in body weight, feed intake, and triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density liporotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) contents in mice plasma. Changes in body weight and feed intake between pre-designed experimental animal groups fed various contents of cholesterol and pine nut and control group fed basal diet were not significantly different. Food efficiency ratio of experimental groups fed higher than 10% pine nut was significantly higher than that of control group. Apparent differences in atherogenic index representing cholesterol-lowering effect in plasma were not found among all groups fed 0-20% pine nut. Inhibition activities of water and hexane extracts of pine nut on HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol esterase were examined in vitro. Hexane extract showed 66% inhibition effect on HMG-CoA reductase, whereas none was observed with water extract.