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검색결과 679건 처리시간 0.032초

신파극의 구조와 현실 인식 - <사랑에 속고 돈에 울고>와 <장한몽>을 중심으로 - (Structure and Actual Cognition of Korean 'Sin-Pa' Play - Focusing on and )

  • 류경호
    • 공연문화연구
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    • 제18호
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    • pp.315-346
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    • 2009
  • 신파극은 식민지라는 사회적 정황을 근거로 필연적 발생배경을 갖고 있으면서 국민들의 반일 감정을 삭이는 삶의 분출구 역할을 해왔다. 신파극에 대한 연구는 신파극이 '개화'라는 시대적 변화에 적응하며 우리 민중 기저의 흥미와 위안의 대중 문학적 역할을 하였다는 것이다. 그러나 신파극이 보여준 당시 사실주의 근대극이 추종할 수 없이 많았던 공연 횟수라든가 당대의 청관중들에게 적극적으로 다가서서 연극의 대중화 공로를 무시할 수가 없다. 그러므로 본고는 신파극이 존재했던 사회 정치 환경 속에서 신파극의 구조의 특이성들을 바탕으로 당시의 문화적인 장을 검토하여 신파극이 식민지 문화 '장' 내에서 지배이데올로기와 반응하면서 수행한 이데올로기적인 기능과 효과가 무엇이었는지를 논의하고자 한다. 그 동안 연구사에서 간과되어온 신파극의 구조와 양식적 특성 그리고 연극사 혹은 문화사적인 위치의 규정이 요구된다. 이러한 현실은 식민지시대의 국민적 정서를 도외시한 채 신파극단장들이 상업적인 측면의 번안 작품 공연에 주력하여 실질적인 우리나라 전통연극과의 단절을 가져왔으며, 한일 합방에 따라 일본 연극을 곧바로 직수입해서 모방한 오점들에 너무 지나치게 주목한 때문으로 풀이된다. 그런 점에서 이 논문은 신파극의 구조와 식민지에서의 현실인식을 연관지어 살폈다. 이를 위해 본고에서는 신파극을 우리나라 근대 연극사에서 독자적인 위치를 확보한 연극적 양식으로 보고, 이를 위해 대표적인 신파극 대본들로부터 그 구조적인 특징을 분석추출하였다. 또 그러한 신파극의 양식적 구조가 당대 사회와 어떠한 관련이 있는가를 분석했다. 그 결과, <사랑에 속고 돈에 울고>, <장한몽>을 중심으로 한 당시의 대표적 신파극은 종래의 학자들의 주장과 서양의 멜로드라마의 일반적인 '자극-고통-벌칙'의 구조와는 달리 '자극-고통-패배'의 양식적 구조를 이루며 당대 사회의 식민지의 정치-사회적 맥락과 서로 필연적 상호관계를 형성하고 있음을 파악하였다. 신파극에 의해 생산된 이미지들은 근대의 문턱에서 변화하는 사회의 서열화 된 위계구도를 수동적으로 반영하면서도, 한편으로는 그러한 위계구도를 반영하는 양식적 구조 속에서 식민지 제국주의의 정치-사회적 현실을 인식하였다. 또한 민중집단의 관계의 측면에서, 식민지 문화 '장'의 구조로서 신파극이 갖고 있는 이중성과 신파극의 사회-문화적 위치를 살펴야 한다. 신파극을 하나의 공연 혹은 문화현상으로 고려할 때, 공연 전체는 공연의 부분들 사이의 관계들로 빚어진 특징적인 귀결로 고려될 수 있다. 사회가 부분들의 유기적 관련들로 구성된 하나의 총체이듯, 신파극은 사회와의 관련 속에서 문화현상으로 표현된 또 하나의 총체이다. 이러한 신파극이라는 문화현상은 사회 안에 있는 하나의 구성물이다. 그러므로 좀 더 큰 구조들 즉 문화 '장'내에서 그것의 기능적 연관성을 밝혀낼 필요성이 존재한다.

스마트폰 사용에 의한 40대 중년층의 조절 및 폭주기능 변화 (The Functional Change of Accommodation and Convergence in the Mid-Forties by Using Smartphone)

  • 권기일;김현진;박미정;김소라
    • 한국안광학회지
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.127-135
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    • 2016
  • 목적: 본 연구에서는 스마트폰을 이용한 과도한 근거리 작업이 40대 중년층의 자각증상과 조절 및 폭주 기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 단안과 양안의 시력이 각각 0.8 및 1.0 이상인 40대 중년층 40명(남자 10명, 여자 30명, 평균나이 $43{\pm}7.2$세)을 노안과 비노안으로 나누고 30분 동안 스마트폰으로 영상을 시청하도록 하였다. 스마트폰 사용 전과 후에 최대조절력, 조절용이성 및 상대조절을 측정, 비교하였다. 또한 스마트폰 사용에 따른 융합버전스와 근거리 사위도의 변화를 평가하였으며, 자각적 증상의 변화는 설문조사하였다. 결과: 40대 노안은 스마트폰 사용으로 안정피로, 흐림 현상 및 건조감의 순으로 불편감을 호소하였으며, 조절기능과 비사시성 양안시 기능이 전반적으로 감소하였다. 즉, 단안 조절용이성, 상대조절 등의 조절관련 기능은 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였으며, 폭주 및 개산력 역시 저하되어 사위도의 변화가 나타났고, 음성융합버전스 값이 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다. 반면 40대 비노안의 경우는 안정피로, 건조감, 흐림 현상의 순으로 불편감을 호소하였고, 조절기능 중에서는 최대조절력 만이 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였으며, 음성융합버전스 값의 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. 결론: 따라서 40대 중년층이 근거리 작업 후 자각적으로 느끼는 불편감의 원인은 노안여부에 따라 다르게 나타날 수 있으며, 단순히 조절기능의 감소에 의한 것이 아니라 사위, 융합력 등을 포함한 시기능의 전반적인 저하에 기인한 것임을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 40대 중년층이 근거리 작업으로 불편한 증상을 느낄 경우에는 연령증가로 인한 조절력 감소뿐만 아니라 사위, 융합력 검사 등 전반적인 시기능 검사를 통하여 그 원인을 정확히 판단해야 할 필요가 있음을 제안할 수 있다.

농촌지역사회 보건요원의 교육을 통한 주민의 보건복지향상에 관한 사회의학적 연구 (Socio-Medical Approach to the Welfare of Rural Residents Through the Education of Community Health Personnel)

  • 염용태;이명숙;조병희
    • 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.34-45
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    • 1992
  • In this county, the gap between the urban 'haves' and the rural 'have-nots' continues to be an increasing problem. WHO and UNICEF see primary health care(PHC) as the key to achieving an acceptable level of health throughout the world as a community development. PHC is essential health care made accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them. It is the first level of contact of individual, the family, and community with the national health system. It includes at least education on health system. It includes at least education on health problems, promotion of food supply, MCH including family planning, immunization against infectious diseases, control of endemic diseases, treatment of common diseases and injuries, promotion of mental health, and provision of essential drugs. However, of the aboves, education concerning of mental health problems and the methods to identify, prevent, and control them is the principal step of establishment. In Korea, the category of PHC worker includes the physician as public doctor and nurse as primary health care practitioner and community health leader as village health worker. PHC workers of the aboves will thus function best if they are appropriately trained to respond to the health needs of the community. However in this country, since the national PHC service project launched in 1980, the government has not developed and performed appropriate and enough education and training activities. In light of above reasons, several categories of health education activities had been planned and performed being aimed at above specific target groups and the main focus was on the village health workers for about one year from July 1991 to July 1992 in Yeoju Kun of Kyonki Province. At the end of the period, evaluation of education input was carried out to measure the improvement of healthful life of people in terms of awareness, attitude, and practice. At the end of the period, evaluation of education input was carried out to measure the improvement of healthful life of people in terms of awareness, attitude, and practice. The totals of 80 village health workers, 13 public health practitioners and 9 public docters took in the course of health education for a few hours at every month and the evaluation works of educational effect were taken. The results the study were as follows. 1) Number of persons who realized the maxim "health care of the people is a duty of the government" increased after the education course, On the other hand, the rate of satisfaction on the effort of government for health promotion of the people decreased. 2) Public doctors and primary health care practitioners(nurses) liked and enjoyed the education schedule as a meeting of peer group. It provided chances of communication with staffs of Korea University Hospital. It was said that lectures covered great deal of knowledge and technic they urgently needed in the field. 3) After finishing the education course, more of village health workers(VHW) thought they adapted themselves to their roles and functions showing increased number of home visit and contact with primary health care practitioners by month. 4) In case of patient refer, VHW preferred primary health care practitioners to public doctors. 5) Capability of VHWs in most of their functions increased dramatically after when the education course finished except tuberculosis control.

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토종닭 순계 12계통과 성별에 따른 성장능력 비교 연구 (A Comparative Study on the Growth Performance of Korean Indigenous Chicken Pure Line by Sex and Twelve Strains)

  • 김기곤;박병호;전익수;추효준;함진주;박건;차재범
    • 한국가금학회지
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    • 제48권4호
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    • pp.193-206
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    • 2021
  • 이 연구는 국립축산과학원 가금연구소에서 보유하고 있는 토종닭 순계 12계통의 육성기 성장능력을 파악하기 위해 생시(0주령)부터 16주령까지 2주 간격으로 체중, 증체량을 측정하고, 성장곡선을 추정하여 제시하였다. 각 주령별 체중에 대한 성별 효과와 계통 효과는 전 기간에서 각각 유의적인 차이를 보였으며 전 기간 체중은 수컷이 암컷보다 유의적으로 무겁게 나타났다. 계통별 체중 차이는 코니쉬 품종과 그 외 품종으로 구분되어 나타났고, 코니쉬 품종이 생시 체중을 제외하고 다른 품종에 비해 약 2배 정도 체중이 무거운 경향을 보였다. 증체량의 경우 생시부터 6주령까지 증체량이 빠르게 증가하는 경향과 이후 피크에 도달하고 12주령부터 14주령까지 기간에 증체량이 감소하는 경향은 모든 성별과 계통에서 공통적으로 나타났다. 그러나 성별과 계통에 따라 증체량의 피크 도달 시점과 횟수의 차이를 보였다. 주령별 체중 간 상관분석 결과, 토종닭 시장 출하 주령인 10주령과 8주령 체중에서 가장 높은 표현형 상관계수를 나타났다. 증체량과 증체량 간의 상관분석 결과는 0-2주령 증체량과 2~4주령 증체량 간 표현형 상관계수를 제외하고 -0.16에서 0.29로 낮은 표현형 상관을 보였다. 성장곡선 모형의 결정계수와 수정된 결정계수는 99.1~99.9로 계통과 성별에 상관없이 모두 높은 적합도를 나타냈다. 그러나 각 모형별 적합도는 성별과 계통에 따라 차이가 나타났다. 암컷의 성장 곡선은 D계통을 제외한 모든 계통에서 Von Betalanffy 모형이 가장 높은 적합도를 보였다. 반면에 수컷의 성장 곡선은 C계통을 제외한 모든 계통에서 Gompertz 모형이 가장 높은 적합도를 보였다. Logistic 모형은 모든 성별과 계통에서 모든 모형 중 가장 낮은 모형 적합도를 보였다. 성숙체중(α)의 경우 모든 성별과 계통에서 Von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, Logistic 모형 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 성장비(β)와 성숙률(γ)은 Logistic, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy 모형 순으로 높게 나타났다. 성장곡선 모수인 α, β, γ는 암컷보다 수컷에서 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 이 연구에서 수행한 가금연구소 보유 토종닭 순계 12계통의 육성기 성장 특성은 향후 토종닭 종계, 실용계를 생산하기 위한 교배조합 시험 설계와 순계의 개량방향, 그리고 사료 제한급이를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.

운동훈련(運動訓練)에 대(對)한 심폐기능(心肺機能)의 적응(適應)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Cardio-pulmonary Adaptation to Physical Training)

  • 조강하
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.103-120
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    • 1967
  • As pointed out by many previous investigators, the cardio-pulmonary system of well trained athletes is so adapted that they can perform a given physical exercise more efficiently as compared to non-trained persons. However, the time course of the development of these cardio-pulmonary adaptations has not been extensively studied in the past. Although the development of these training effects is undoubtedly related to the magnitude of an exercise load which is repeatedly given, it would be practical if one could maintain a good physical fitness with a minimal daily exercise. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to study the time course of the development of cardio-pulmonary adaptations while a group of non-athletes was subjected to a daily 6 to 10 minutes running exercise for a period of 4 weeks. Six healthy male medical students (22 to 24 years old) were randomly selected as experimental subjects, and were equally divided into two groups (A and B). Both groups were subjected to the same daily running exercise (approximately 1,000 kg-m). 6 days a week for 4 weeks, but the rate of exercise was such that the group A ran on treadmill with 8.6% grade for 10 min daily at a speed of 127 m/min while the group B ran for 6 min at a speed of 200 m/min. In order to assess the effects of these physical trainings on the cardio-pulmonary system, the minute volume, the $O_2$ consumption, the $CO_2$ output and the heart rate were determined weekly while the subject was engaged in a given running exercise on treadmill (8.6% grade and 127 m/min) for a period of 5 min. In addition, the arterial blood pressure, the cardiac output, the acid-base state of arterial blood and the gas composition of arterial blood were also determined every other week in 4 subjects (2 from each group) while they were engaged in exercise on a bicycle ergometer at a rate of approximately 900 kg m/min until exhaustion. The maximal work capacity was also determined by asking the subject to engage in exercise on treadmill and ergometer until exhaustion. For the measurement of minute volume, the expired gas was collected in a Douglas bag. The $O_2$ consumption and the $CO_2$ output were subsequently computed by analysing the expired gas with a Scholander micro gas analyzer. The heart rate was calculated from the R-R interval of ECG tracings recorded by an Offner RS Dynograph. A 19 gauge Cournand needle was inserted into a brachial artery, through which arterial blood samples were taken. A Statham $P_{23}AA$ pressure transducer and a PR-7 Research Recorder were used for recording instantaneous arterial pressure. The cardiac output was measured by indicator (Cardiogreen) dilution method. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) The maximal running time on treadmill increased linearly during the 4 week training period at the end of which it increased by 2.8 to 4.6 times. In general, an increase in the maximal running time was greater when the speed was fixed at a level at which the subject was trained. The mammal exercise time on bicycle ergometer also increased linearly during the training period. (2) In carrying out a given running exercise on treadmill (8.6%grade, 127 m/min), the following changes in cardio·pulmonary functions were observed during the training period: (a) The minute volume as well as the $O_2$ consumption during steady state exercise tended to decrease progressively and showed significant reductions after 3 weeks of training. (b) The $CO_2$ production during steady state exercise showed a significant reduction within 1 week of training. (c) The heart rate during steady state exercise tended to decrease progressively and showed a significant reduction after 2 weeks of training. The reduction of heart rate following a given exercise tended to become faster by training and showed a significant change after 3 weeks. Although the resting heart rate also tended to decrease by training, no significant change was observed. (3) In rallying out a given exercise (900 kg-m/min) on a bicycle ergometer, the following change in cardio-vascular functions were observed during the training period: (3) The systolic blood pressure during steady state exercise was not affected while the diastolic blood Pressure was significantly lowered after 4 weeks of training. The resting diastolic pressure was also significantly lowered by the end of 4 weeks. (b) The cardiac output and the stroke volume during steady state exercise increased maximally within 2 weeks of training. However, the resting cardiac output was not altered while the resting stroke volume tended to increase somewhat by training. (c) The total peripheral resistance during steady state exercise was greatly lowered within 2 weeks of training. The mean circulation time during exorcise was also considerably shortened while the left heart work output during exercise increased significantly within 2 weeks. However, these functions_at rest were not altered by training. (d) Although both pH, $P_{co2}\;and\;(HCO_3-)$ of arterial plasma decreased during exercise, the magnitude of reductions became less by training. On the other hand, the $O_2$ content of arterial blood decreased during exercise before training while it tended to increase slightly after training. There was no significant alteration in these values at rest. These results indicate that cardio-pulmonary adaptations to physical training can be acquired by subjecting non-athletes to brief daily exercise routine for certain period of time. Although the time of appearance of various adaptive phenomena is not identical, it may be stated that one has to engage in daily exercise routine for at least 2 weeks for the development of significant adaptive changes.

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방화범죄의 실태와 그 대책 - 관심도와 동기의 다양화에 대한 대응 - (The Reserch on Actual Condition of Crime of Arson Which Occurs in Korea and Its Countermeasures)

  • 최종태
    • 시큐리티연구
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    • 제1호
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    • pp.371-408
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    • 1997
  • This article is the reserch on actual condition of crime of arson which occurs in Korea and its countermeasures. The the presented problem in this article are that (1) we have generally very low rate concern about the crime of arson contrary to realistic problems of rapid increase of crime of arson (2) as such criminal motives became so diverse as to the economic or criminal purpose unlike characteristic and mental deficiency of old days, and to countermeasure these problems effectively it presentation the necessity of systemantic research. Based on analysis of reality of arson, the tendency of this arson in Korea in the ratio of increase is said to be higher than those in violence crime or general fire rate. and further its rate is far more greater than those of the U.S.A. and Japan. Arson is considered to be a method of using fire as crime and in case of presently residence to be the abject, it is a public offense crime which aqccompany fatality in human life. This is the well It now fact to all of us. And further in order to presentation to the crime of arson, strictness of criminal law (criminal law No, 164 and 169, and fire protection law No. 110 and 111) and classification of arsonist as felony are institutionary reinforced to punish with certainty of possibility, Therefore, as tendency of arson has been increased compared to other nations, it is necessary to supplement strategical policy to bring out overall concerns of the seriousness of risk and damage of arson, which have been resulted from the lack of understanding. In characteristics analysis of crime of arson, (1) It is now reveald that, in the past such crime rate appeared far more within the boundary of town or city areas in the past, presently increased rate of arsons in rural areas are far more than in the town or small city areas, thereby showing characteristics of crime of arson extending nation wide. (2) general timetable of arson shows that night more than day time rate, and reveald that is trait behavior in secrecy.(3) arsonists are usually arrested at site or by victim or report of third person(82,9%).Investigation activities or self surrenders rate only 11.2%. The time span of arrest is normally the same day of arson and at times it takes more than one year to arrest. This reveals its necessity to prepare for long period of time for arrest, (4) age rate of arson is in their thirties mostly as compared to homicide, robbery and adultery, and considerable numbers of arsons are in old age of over fifties. It reveals age rate is increased (5) Over half of the arsonists are below the junior high school (6) the rate of convicts by thier records is based on first offenders primarily and secondly more than 4 time convicts. This apparently shows necessity of effective correctional education policy for their social assimilation together with re-investigation of human education at the primary and secondary education system in thier life. The examples of motivation for arosnits, such as personal animosity, fury, monetary swindle, luscious purpose and other aims of destroying of proof, and other social resistance, violence including ways of threatening, beside the motives of individual defects, are diverse and arsonic suicide and specifically suicidal accompany together keenly manifested. When we take this fact with the criminal theory, it really reveals arsons of crime are increasing and its casualities are serious and a point as a way of suicide is the anomie theory of Durkheim and comensurate with the theory of that of Merton, Specifically in the arson of industrial complex, it is revealed that one with revolutionary motive or revolting motive would do the arsonic act. For the policy of prevention of arsons, professional research work in organizational cooperation for preventive activities is conducted in municipal or city wise functions in the name of Parson Taskforces and beside a variety of research institutes in federal government have been operating effectively to countermeasure in many fields of research. Franch and Sweden beside the U.S. set up a overall operation of fire prevention research funtions and have obtained very successful result. Japan also put their research likewise for countermeasure. In this research as a way of preventive fire policy, first, it is necessary to accomodate the legal preventitive activities for fire prevention in judicial side and as an administrative side, (1) precise statistic management of crime of arson (2) establishment of professional research functions or a corporate (3) improvement of system for cooperative structural team for investigation of fires and menpower organization of professional members. Secondly, social mentality in individual prospect, recognition of fires by arson and youth education of such effect, educational program for development and practical promotion. Thirdly, in view of environmental side, the ways of actual performance by programming with the establishment of cooperative advancement in local social function elements with administrative office, habitants, school facilities and newspapers measures (2) establishment of personal protection where weak menpowers are displayed in special fire prevention measures. These measures are presented for prevention of crime of arson. The control of crime and prevention shall be prepared as a means of self defence by the principle of self responsibility Specifically arsonists usually aims at the comparatively weak control of fire prevention is prevalent and it is therefore necessary to prepare individual facilities with their spontaneous management of fire prevention instead of public municipal funtures of local geverment. As Clifford L. Karchmer asserted instead of concerns about who would commit arson, what portion of area would be the target of the arson. It is effective to minister spontaveously the fire prevention measure in his facility with the consideration of characteristics of arson. On the other hand, it is necessary for the concerned personnel of local goverment and groups to distribute to the local society in timely manner for new information about the fire prevention, thus contribute to effective result of fire prevention result. In consideration of these factors, it is inevitable to never let coincide with the phemonemon of arsons in similar or mimic features as recognized that these could prevail just an epedemic as a strong imitational attitude. In processing of policy to encounter these problems, it is necessary to place priority of city policy to enhancement of overall concerns toward the definitive essense of crime of arson.

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디자인의 형태와 기능에 관한 연구 (Essay on Form and Function Design)

  • 이재국
    • 디자인학연구
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.63-97
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    • 1989
  • There is nothing more important than the form and function in design, because every design product can be done on the basis of them. Form and Function are already existed before the word of design has been appeared and all the natural and man-made things' basic organization is based on their organic relations. The organic relations is the source of vitality which identifies the subsistance of all the objects and the evolution of living creatures has been changed their appearances by the natural law and order. Design is no exception. Design is a man-made organic thing which is developed its own way according to the purposed aim and given situations. If so, what is the ultimate goal of design. It is without saying that the goal is to make every effort to contribute to the -human beings most desirable life by the designer who is devoting himself to their convenience and well-being. Therefore, the designer can be called the man of rich life practitioner. This word implies a lot of meanings since the essence of design is improving the guality of life by the man-made things which are created by the designer. Also, the things are existed through the relations between form and function, and the things can keep their value when they are answered to the right purpose. In design, thus, it is to be a main concern how to create valuable things and to use them in the right way, and the subject of study is focused on the designer's outlook of value and uk relations between form and function. Christopher Alexander mentioned the importance of form as follows. The ultimate object of design is form. Every design problem begins with an effort to achieve fittness between the form and its context. The form is the solution to the problem: the context defmes the problem. In other words, when we speak of design, the real object of discussion is not form alone, but the ensemble comprising the form and its context. Good fit is a desirable property of this ensemble which relates to some particular division of the ensemble into form and context. Max Bill mainatined how important form is in design. Form represents a self-contained concept, and its embodiment in an object results in that object becoming a work of art. Futhermore, this explains why we use form so freguently in a comparative sense for determining whether one thing is less or more beautiful than another, and why the ideal of absolute beauty is always the standard by which we appraise form, and through form, art itself. Hence form has became synonymous with beauty. On the other hand, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy stated the importance of function as follows. Function means the task an object is designed to fulfill the task instrument is shaping the form. Unfortunately, this principle was not appreciated at the same time but through the endeavors of Frank Lloyd Wright and of the Bauhaus group and its many collegues in Europe, the idea of functionalism became the keynote of the twenites. Functionalism soon became a cheap slogan, however, and its original meaning blurred. It is neccessary to reexamine it in the light of present circumstances. Charles William Eliot expressed his idea on the relations between function and beauty. Beauty often results chiefly from fittness: indeed it is easy to manitain that nothing is fair except what is fit its uses or functions. If the function of the product of a machine be useful and valuable, an the machine be eminently fit for its function, it conspicuously has the beauty of fittness. A locomotive or a steamship has the same sort of beauty, derived from the supreme fittness for its function. As functions vary, so will those beauty..vary. However, it is impossible to study form and function in separate beings. Function can't be existed without form, and without function, form is nothing. In other words, form is a function's container, and function is content in form. It can be said that, therefore, the form and function are indispensable and commensal individuals which have coetemal relations. From the different point of view, sometimes, one is more emphasized than the other, but in this case, the logic is only accepted on the assumption of recognizing the importance of the other's entity. The fact can be proved what Frank Hoyd wright said that form and function are one. In spite of that, the form and function should be considered as independent indivisuals, because they are too important to be treated just as the simple single one. Form and function have flexible properties to the context. In other words, the context plays a role as the barometer to define the form and function, also which implies every meaning of surroun'||'&'||'not;dings. Thus, design is formed under the influence of situations. Situations are dynamic, like the design process itself, in which fixed focus can be cripping. Moreover, situations control over making the good design. Judging from the respect, I defined the good design in my thesis An Analytic Research on Desigh Ethic, "good design is to solve the problem by the most proper way in the situations." Situations are changeable, and so is design. There is no progress without change, but change is not neccessarily progress. It is highly desirable that there changes be beneficial to mankind. Our main problem is to be able to discriminate between that which should be discarded and that which should be kept, built upon, and improved. Form and Function are no exception. The practical function gives birth to the inevitable form and the $$\mu$ti-classified function is delivered to the varieties of form. All of these are depended upon changeable situations. That is precisely the situations of "situation de'||'&'||'not;sign", the concept of moving from the design of things to the design of the circumstances in which things are used. From this point of view, the core of form and function is depended upon how the designer can manage it efficiently in given situations. That is to say that the creativity designer plays an important role to fulfill the purpose. Generally speaking, creativity is the organization of a concept in response to a human need-a solution that is both satisfying and innovative. In order to meet human needs, creative design activities require a special intuitive insight which is set into motion by purposeful imagination. Therefore, creativity is the most essential quality of every designer. In addition, designers share with other creative people a compulsive ingenuity and a passion for imaginative solutions which will meet their criteria for excellence. Ultimately, it is said that the form and function is the matter which belongs to the desire of creative designers who constantly try to bring new thing into being to create new things. In accordance with that the main puppose of this thesis is to catch every meaning of the form and function and to close analyze their relations for the promotion of understanding and devising practical application to gradual progression in design. The thesis is composed of four parts: Introduction, Form, Function and Conclusion. Introduction, the purpose and background of the research are presented. In Chapter I, orgin of form, perception of form, and classification of form are studied. In Chapter II, generation of function, development of function, and diversification of function are considered. Conclusion, some concluding words are mentioned.ioned.

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SPECT/CT의 획득시간 증감에 따른 방사능농도 추정치의 변화 (Variation on Estimated Values of Radioactivity Concentration According to the Change of the Acquisition Time of SPECT/CT)

  • 김지현;이주영;손현수;박훈희
    • 핵의학기술
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.15-24
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    • 2021
  • SPECT/CT는 보급 초기에 뛰어난 보정방법과 융합영상을 기반으로 한 정성적 기능이 주목받았고, 최근 동반진단치료(Theranostics)등의 도입으로 그 정량적 기능에 대한 관심과 활용이 증가되는 추세이다. PET/CT와 달리 SPECT/CT의 절대 정량화는 조준기의 종류, 검출기 회전과 같은 조건들이 영상획득과 재구성 방법 등에 까다로운 요소로 작용하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 SPECT/CT 촬영조건 중 투영상수와 투영상당 획득시간에 따른 총 획득시간(검사시간)의 증·감이 방사능농도 추정치에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 부피 9,293 ml의 원통형 팬텀에 멸균수를 가득 채운 후 99mTcO4- 91.76 MBq를 희석하여 총 획득시간 600 sec(10 sec/frame × 120 frames, matrix size 128 × 128)의 조건으로 기준영상을 촬영하였고, 체적감도와 교정인자를 확인하였다. 기준영상을 중심으로 총 획득시간을 60(-90%), 150(-75%), 300(-50%), 450(-25%), 900(+50%), 1200(+100%) sec/frame으로 증·감시켜 비교영상을 획득하였고, 각 영상별 세부조건은 투영상당 획득시간(sec/frame)을 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 15.0, 20.0 sec/frame(투영상수 120frames 고정)로, 투영상수를 12, 30, 60, 90, 180, 240 frames(투영상당 획득시간 10 sec/frame 고정)로 설정하였다. 획득된 각 영상에서 관심체적을 통하여 측정한 계수를 바탕으로 정성적 평가로서 CNR(Contrast to Noise Ratio)의 변동률(%)을 확인하였고, 방사능농도 추정치의 변동률(%)을 통해서는 정량적 평가를 시행하였다. 이때 방사능농도 추정치(cps/ml)와 실제 방사능농도(Bq/ml)의 관계는 회복계수(RC_Recovery Coefficients)를 지표로 비교·분석하였다. 투영상수 변화에 따른 결과[CNR 변동률(%), 방사능농도 추정치 변동률(%), RC]는 총 획득시간 증감률(%) -90%에서 [-89.5%, +3.90%, 1.04], -75%에서 [-77.9%, +2.71%, 1.03], -50%에서 [-55.6%, +1.85%, 1.02], -25%에서 [-33.6%, +1.37%, 1.01], +50%에서 [+33.7%, +0.71%, 1.01], +100%에서 [+93.2%, +0.32%, 1.00]이었으며, 투영상당 획득시간 변화에 따른 결과는 총 획득시간 증감률(%)-90%에서 [-89.3%, -3.55%, 0.96], -75%에서 [-73.4%, -0.17%, 1.00], -50%에서 [-49.6%, -0.34%, 1.00], -25%에서 [-24.9%, 0.03%, 1.00], +50%에서 [+49.3%, -0.04%, 1.00], +100%에서 [+99.0%, +0.11%, 1.00]이었다. SPECT/CT에서 총 획득시간의 증·감에 따라 획득된 총 계수와 그에 따른 영상품질(CNR)은 비례하여 변화하는 양상을 보였지만, 절대 정량화를 통한 정량적 평가에서는 모든 실험조건에서 5% 미만(-3.55에서 +3.90%)의 변화를 보여 큰 영향을 받지 않고 정량적 정확성(RC 0.96에서 1.04)을 유지하였다. 검사시간의 증가보다는 단축을 우선하여 고려하였을 때 총 획득시간 감소는 정성적 기능에 있어서 기존에도 배제할 수 없었던 사항이지만 정량적 기능은 큰 손실 없이 적용 가능하여 임상적으로 실효성이 있다고 판단된다. 다만 총 획득시간의 증·감 시 동일한 검사시간이라면 투영상수의 변경보다는 투영상당 획득시간의 변경이 정성적, 정량적으로 조건변화에 따른 변동 폭이 적은 것으로 나타났다.

아프리카의 농업기술보급체계와 농업기술협력 전략 -에티오피아와 우간다를 중심으로- (Agricultural Technology Dissemination System in Africa and the ODA Implications for Korea)

  • 황재희;우수곤;이성우
    • 농촌지도와개발
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.1045-1078
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    • 2013
  • 본 연구는 아프리카 지역의 농업기술보급체계를 진단하고, 보급체계의 발전방향 및 개발원조 전략을 제시함으로써 ODA(Official Development Assistance)를 통한 아프리카 농업기술전수의 효과성 제고에 기여하고자 한다. 기존의 대(對)아프리카 농업원조는 아프리카의 농업이 내포하고 있는 '다양성'과 '복잡성'의 가치를 간과한 채 진행되어 왔으며, 막대한 원조금액의 기대와 달리, 아프리카의 농업발전은 답보 상태에 놓여 있다. 본 연구는 농업기술보급체계 및 ODA사업 전략의 아프리카화(Africanization) 논의를 제기하고 있으며, 설문조사 일변도의 미시적 시각에서 나아가 사례국가별 농업기술보급체계의 거시적 특성을 분석하고 있다. 연구 결과, 사례국가의 기술보급체계는 조직과 기능에 따라 상이한 특성을 지니고 있으며, 이에 기술보급체계의 주체별 역할 세분화와 기능별 역량 분석 내용 또한 차별적으로 구성되었다. 에티오피아의 경우, 정부조직의 규모별로 하향식 농업기술보급체계가 구축되어 있으며, 전달체계의 최종행위자인 농민집단의 참여가 확대되고 있다. 그러나 여전히 기술전달을 통한 생산성 향상 등의 기능보다는 농가경영적인 측면에 치중되어 있어, 전달 기술의 효과적인 활용이 결여되어 있는 실정이다. 반면 우간다의 사례에서는 전 기관을 포괄하는 참여적 지도체계가 구축되어 있으나, 기술지도의 시급성에도 불구하고 지도 역할보다는 연구 기능의 확대에 투자가 집중되어 있음이 규명되었다. 상기 연구결과는 현 농업기술보급체계의 개선과 이를 토대로 한 농업기술전수사업의 수행이 아프리카 농업 농촌 ODA사업의 효과성 제고와 농업침체의 문제를 해결하기 위한 필요조건임을 논증하고 있다.

「꺾기」의 경제학(經濟學)과 통화량(通貨量) 효과분석(效果分析) (Economic Rationale of Compensating Balance Requirements and Its Impact on Money Supply)

  • 좌승희
    • KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.89-119
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    • 1992
  • 본고(本稿)는 최근 논란이 되고 있는 금융기관(金融機關)들의 꺾기관행의 의의와 꺾기의 통화량효과(通貨量效果)를 분석함으로써 예대상계(預貸相計)를 통한 정부(政府)의 꺾기규제정책의 효과를 규명해 보고자 하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 꺾기란 여신(與信)(대출(貸出))에 대응해서 일정한 금액의 수신(受信)(예금(預金))을 요구하는 금융관행을 통칭하는데, 기존 문헌에 의하면 이윤극대화(利潤極大化)를 추구하는 금융기관이 정보(情報)의 비대칭성이나 예금(預金) 및 대출금리규제(貸出金利規制)와 같은 금융규제(金融規制) 등에 따른 금융시장의 불완전성을 극복하기 위해 도입하는 관행으로서 궁극적으로는 금융자원배분(金融資源配分)의 왜곡을 시정하는 데 기여하게 된다. 한편 꺾기의 통화량효과(通貨量效果)는 꺾기가 일국(一國)의 통화승수(通貨乘數)에 미치는 효과에 의존하게 되는데, 꺾기의 통화승수효과(通貨乘數效果)는 총대출 중 예금으로 회귀하는 적정예금회귀율(滴定預金回歸率)과 은행(銀行)들의 적정예금지급준비율(滴定預金支給準備率)에 미치는 꺾기의 효과에 의존하게 된다. 이론적으로 이들 효과의 방향은 불분명한데 실증분석결과에 의하면 우리나라의 경우 꺾기의 통화량효과(通貨量效果)는 유의성(有意性)이 없는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 따라서 이에 의하면 꺾기가 인위적으로 통화량(通貨量)을 증가시킬 것이라는 통념은 지지되지 않고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 예대상계정책(預貸相計政策)을 통해 통화량(通貨量)을 감소시킴으로써 여유대출자금(餘裕貸出資金)을 창출할 수 있을 것이라는 기대가 실현되기도 어렵다 할 것이다. 이에 따라 앞으로 예대상계(預貸相計)를 통화량관리(通貨量管理)의 방편으로 이용하고자 하거나 이를 통해 대출여유자금(貸出餘裕資金)을 창출하고자 하는 정책의 추진은 대단히 신중을 기하는 것이 바람직하다 할 것이다.

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