• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.3382-3388
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• 2011

Reaction of barbituric acid (BA), 1,3-dimethyl barbituric acid (DMBA) and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) with cyanogen bromide and aldehydes in the presence of L-(+)-tartaric acid afforded a new route for the synthesis of stable heterocyclic 5-aryl-1H,1'H-spiro[furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6,5'-pyrimidine]2,2',4,4',6'(3H,3'H,5H)-pentaones which is a dimeric form of barbiturate (uracil and thiouracil derivative). In the reaction of 1,3-diethyl thiobarbituric acid (DETBA) the Knoevenagel condensation and then Michael adducts were obtained under the same condition. Structure elucidation is carried out by $^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR, FT-IR and Mass analyses. Mechanism of the formation is discussed.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2011

목 적 : 신종 인플루엔자 A (H1N1) 바이러스는 2009년 4월 멕시코에서 처음 확인된 후 급속히 전 세계로 확산되어 국내에서도 전국적인 유행을 보였다. 저자들은 2009-2010에 소아에서 유행한 신종 인플루엔자 A (H1N1) 바이러스 감염의 임상적, 역학적 특징을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 2009년 8월부터 2010년 2월까지 대구파티마병원 소아청소년과에서 신종 인플루엔자 A (H1N1) 바이러스 감염으로 확진되었던 2,781명을 대상으로 하였다. 확진은 비인두 가검물을 채취하여 중합효소 연쇄반응 검사에서 양성을 보인 경우로 하였다. 의무기록지를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결 과: 6,786명이 RT-PCR 검사를 받았으며 그중 2,781이 양성이었다. 158명(5.7%)이 입원치료를 받았으며, 입원군의 평균연령($5.4{\pm}3.3$세)이 비입원군($7.5{\pm}3.9$세)에 비해 의미 있게 낮았다(P<0.001). 입원군 중에서 산소치료, 면역글로불린 및 스테로이드 치료, 인공호흡기 치료가 필요했던 경우는 폐렴 환자에 비해 천명음이 동반한 폐렴 환자에서 의미있게 많았으며(P=0.013), 폐렴군에서도 기관지성 폐렴에 비해 분절성, 대엽성, 간질성 혼합성, 흉수가 동반된 경우에 보다 적극적인 치료가 필요하였다(P=0.007). 확진 환자 중 1세 미만의 영아는 83명이었고 그중 71명에서 oseltamivir 처방이 이루어졌고 항바이러스제 사용으로 인한 특이한 이상 소견은 발견되지 않았다. 결 론: 2009-2010에 대유행한 A형 인플루엔자 바이러스(H1N1)는 어린 연령 군에서 더 입원치료가 더 많이 필요하였다. 천명음이 동반된 폐렴경우 그리고 분절성, 대엽성, 간질성, 혼합성 폐렴이거나 흉수가 동반된 경우는 조기에 적극적인 치료가 필요하다고 생각된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2019

To study the effect of nicorandil pretreatment on ketone body metabolism and Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (ACAT1) activity in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cardiomyocytes. In our study, we applied H9c2 cardiomyocytes cell line to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of nicorandil. We detected mitochondrial viability, cellular apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and calcium overloading in H9c2 cells that exposed to H/R-induced cytotoxicity. Then we evaluated whether nicorandil possibly regulated ketone body, mainly ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate (ACAC), metabolism by regulating ACAT1 and Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase 1 (OXCT1) protein and gene expressions. Nicorandil protected H9c2 cardiomyocytes against H/R-induced cytotoxicity dose-dependently by mitochondria-mediated anti-apoptosis pathway. Nicorandil significantly decreased cellular apoptotic rate and enhanced the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax expressions. Further, nicorandil decreased the production of ROS and alleviated calcium overloading in H/R-induced H9c2 cells. In crucial, nicorandil upregulated ACAT1 and OXCT1 protein expressions and either of their gene expressions, contributing to increased production of cellular BHB and ACAC. Nicorandil alleviated cardiomyocytes H/R-induced cytotoxicity through upregulating ACAT1/OXCT1 activity and ketone body metabolism, which might be a potential mechanism for emerging study of nicorandil and other $K_{ATP}$ channel openers.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.283-286
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• 2006

The present study aimed to investigate the interaction of nucleoside analogs with human organic anion transporter 1 and 3(hOAT1 and hOAT3) that play a primary role in the tubular uptake of endogenous and exogenous organic anions in the kidney. The interactions of ddC, ara-C, ara-A and ara-U with hOAT1 and hOAT3 were examined using MDCK cells stably overexpressing hOAT1 or hOAT3. Among the tested drugs, ddC showed the highest affinity to hOAT1 with $IC_{50}$ values of 5.2 mM, while ara-A, ara-C and ara-U weakly inhibited the cellular uptake of $[^3H]-PAH$ in MDCK-hOAT1 cells at 1 mM. In contrast, all the tested drugs did not have any inhibition effect on the cellular uptake of $[^3H]-estrone$ sulfate in MDCK-hOAT3 cells over the drug concentration of 0.01-2 mM, implying that they might not interact with hOAT3. Taken all together, the present study suggests that hOAT1 could weakly interact with nucleoside analogues such as ddC, ara-C, ara-A and ara-U but the interaction with hOAT3 during the urinary excretion of these nucleoside analogues may be negligible in the kidney.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2010

Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is endemic in swine, and classified into influenza A and influenza C but not influenza B. Swine influenza A includes H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2 and H2N3 subtypes. Infection of SIV occurs in only swine and that of S-OIV is rare in human. What human can be infected with S-OIV is called as zoonotic swine flu. Pandemic 2009 swine influenza H1N1 virus (2009 H1N1) was emerged in Mexico, America and Canada and spread worldwide. The triple-reassortant H1N1 resulting from antigenic drift was contained with HA, NA and PB1 of human or swine influenza virus, PB2 and PA polymerase of avian influenza virus, and M, NP and NS of swine influenza virus, The 2009 H1N1 enables to transmit to human and swine. The symptoms and signs in human infected with 2009 H1N1 virus are fever, cough and sore throat, pneumonia as well as diarrhea and vomiting. Co-infection with other viruses and bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae can occur high mortality in high-risk population. 2009 H1N1 virus was easily differentiated from seasonal flu by real time RT-PCR which contributed rapid and confirmed diagnosis. The 2009 H1N1 virus was treated with NA inhibitors such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) but not with adamantanes such as amantadine and rimantadine. Evolution of influenza virus has continued in various hosts. Development of a more effective vaccine against influenza prototypes is needed to protect new influenza infection such as H5 and H7 subtypes to infect to multi-organ and cause high pathogenicity.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2018

Earlier studies reported that the /o/ and /u/ phonemes of Seoul Korean were currently merging in the F1/F2 space. However, studies on perception tests have shown that rates of correctness were high, even in cases where the two vowels overlapped. This study explores whether there is another acoustic parameter that differentiates /o/ from /u/, besides the F1/F2 contrast. Seventy-five native speakers of Seoul Korean, born between 1953 and 1999, participated in a production test. The data collected were analyzed in terms of F1 and F2, H1-H2, and F0. The result shows that the /o/ and /u/ of female speakers almost overlap in the F1/F2 space for all ages, while H1-H2 values are significantly different between the two vowels regardless of age. On the other hand, the /o/ and /u/ of male speakers are largely well separated in the F1/F2 space, while the H1-H2 values between the two vowels are very close at all ages. F0 effect is relatively small for both male and female speakers, even though there is a statistically significant difference. The result of this study provides evidence that female speakers use phonation differences to distinguish /o/ from /u/, and that the F1/F2 contrast has been replaced by H1-H2 values.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.101-107
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• 1993

Ab initio calculations are carried out at the 6-311G$^{**}$ level for the $C_{2v}$ interactions of Be and Li atoms with acetylene molecule. The main contribution to the deep minima on the $^3B_2\;BeC_2H_2\;and\;^2B_2 LiC_2H_2$ potential energy curves is the b_2\;(2p(3b_2)-l{\pi}_g^*(4b_2))$ interaction, the $a_1\;(2s(6a_1)-I{\pi}_u(5a_1))$ interaction playing a relatively minor role. The exo deflection of the C-H bonds is basically favored, as in the $b_2$ interaction, due to steric crowding between the metal and H atoms, but the strong in-phase orbital interaction, or mixing, of the $a_1$ symmetry hydrogen orbital with the $5a'_1,\;6a'_1,\;and\;7a'_1$ orbitals can cause a small endo deflection in the repulsive complexes. The Be complex is more stable than the Li complex due to the double occupancy of the 2s orbital in Be. The stability and structure of the $MC_2H_2$ complexes are in general determined by the occupancy of the singly occupied frontier orbitals.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.71-75
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• 2016

단층 $MoS_2$는 1H 상을 가질 때 에너지적으로 가장 안정하다고 알려져 있지만, 전자선 등을 이용하여 에너지를 가하면 1T 상으로 상전이를 일으킬 수 있다. 1T 상도 1H 상과 마찬가지로 상자성 상태가 에너지적으로 안정하지만 1H $MoS_2$에 국소적인 1T 상이 존재하는 구조는 자성을 가질 수 있음을 알았다. 본 연구에서 도입한 ($2{\times}2$) 초격자에 2H와 1T가 3 : 1의 비율로 존재하는 국소 1T 구조 일 때 계산된 자기모멘트는 약 $0.049{\mu}_B/MoS_2$이었으며, 초격자 내의 1T 환경의 Mo 원자가 대부분의 자기모멘트를 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 단층 $MoS_2$ 내에 자연스러운 자성/비자성 경계가 생성되므로 단층 $MoS_2$가 스핀트로닉스 소자로 응용 가능할 것으로 기대한다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1359-1365
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• 2005

A series of new chiral [iminophosphoranyl]ferrocenes, {${\eta}^5-C_5H_4-(PPh_2=N-2,6-R_2-C_6H_3)$}Fe{${\eta}^5-C_5H_3-1-PPh^2-2-CH(Me)NMe_2$} (1: R = Me, $^iPr$), {${\eta}^5{-C_5H_4-(PPh_2=N-2,6-R_2}^1-C_6H_3)$}Fe{${\eta}^5-C_5H_3-1-(PPh_2=N-2,6-R_2-C_6H_3)-2-CH(Me)R_2$} (2: $R^1\;=\;Me,\;^iPr;\;R^2\;=\;NMe_2$, OMe), and $({\eta}^5-C_5H_5)Fe${${\eta}^5-C_5H_4-1-PR_2-2-CH(Me)N=PPh_3$} (3:R = Ph, $C_6H_{11}$) have been prepared from the reaction of [1,1'-diphenylphosphino-2-(N,N-dimethylamino) ethyl]ferrocene with arylazides (1 & 2) and the reaction of phosphine dichlorides ($R_3PCl_{2}$) with [1,1'-diphenylphosphino-2-aminoethyl]ferrocene (3), respectively. They form palladium complexes of the type $[Pd(C_3H_5)(L)]BF_4$ (4-6: L = 1-3), where the ligand (L) adopts an ${\eta}^2-N,N\;(2)\;or\;{\eta}^2$-P,N (3) as expected. In the case of 1, a potential terdentate, an ${\eta}^2$-P,N mode is realized with the exclusion of the –=NAr group from the coordination sphere. Complexes 4-6 were employed as catalysts for allylic alkylation of 1,3-diphenylallyl acetate leading to an almost stoichiometric product yield with modest enantiomeric excess (up to 74% ee). Rh(I)-complexes incorporating 1-3 were also prepared in situ for allylic alkylation of cinnamyl acetate as a probe for both regio- and enantioselectivities of the reaction. The reaction exhibited high regiocontrol in favor of a linear achiral isomer regardless of the ligand employed.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

In this study, a series of new $N^2$ substituted 1,2-dihydro-3H-indazol-3-ones (3a-d) as well as their condensed pyrazolo, pyridazino derivatives such as pyridazino[1,2-a]indazole-6,9,11-triones (4a-h) and 3,9-dioxo-3H,9H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]indazole (7) were synthesized. The antiinflammatory activity of some synthesized compounds was determined by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema technique using diclofenac as reference drug. The pharmacological data showed that most of the tested compounds exhibited a significant long lasting antiinflammatory activity, which in the case of compound 3b was superior to that of diclofenac.