• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.197-209
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• 1985

To investigate the relationship between the pubertal spurt in body height and bone maturity of the hand-and-wrist in normal occlusion, the author X-rayed the hand-and-wrists of 1,141 students (male 614, female 527) and assessed their bone maturity. In this study, eleven skeletal stages were selected. The bones used to determine skeletal maturity were the ulnar sesamoid of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the first finger, the epiphyses of the proximal, middle, distal phalanges of the third finger, and middle phalanx of the fifth finger, and distal epiphysis of the radius. From the longitudinal data for height, an assessment was made of the change in growth velocity. The pubertal growth stage was divided into onset and peak height velocity phases. The results were as follows; 1. The onset of the pubertal growth was between the $PP_3=\;and\;MP_3=$ stage for boys, and between the $MP_3=\;and\;MP_5=$ stage for girls; the mean age of onset was 10.6 years for boys and 9.0 years for girls. 2. The peak height velocity was between the S and $MP_{3_{cap}}$ stage for boys, and between the $MP_{3_{cap}}$ and $MP_{5_{cap}}$ stage for girls; the mom age of peak height velocity was 12.5 years for boys and 10.9 years for girls. 3. As the stages of bone maturity progressed from $DP_{3u},\;to\;PP_{3u},\;MP_{3u}$, Ru, the peak height velocity had been reached, and the growth rate retarded, therefore the approach to full physical maturity was attained. 4. The evidence for the period of onset, peak height velocity and bone maturation suggested that girls were in advance of boys. During the latter part of pubertal growth, the rate of boys' bone maturation was faster than that of girls'.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.213-224
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• 2019

There is an increasing frequency in the occurrence of abnormal weather phenomena such as sharp increases and decreases in temperature. Under these weather conditions, the heading time of rice changes unexpectedly, which poses problems in agriculture. Therefore, we investigated the effect of temperature on the heading response at different growth stages in rice. During the period from transplanting to heading, the plants were subjected to different temperature treatments, each for a 9-day period, to observe the heading response. For the heading date analysis, "heading date" was defined as the number of days from transplanting to the appearance of the first spikelet. We found that the influence of temperature increased in the order of rooting stage, followed by meiosis, early tillering, spikelet differentiation, and panicle initiation stage in all ecological types and cultivars. In particular, unlike the results reported previously, the effect of temperature on heading during the photo-sensitive period was very small. Meanwhile, the influence of temperature on vegetative growth response at different growth stages was not consistent with heading response. These results can be used as basic data for predicting the variation in heading date owing to temperature variation at each growth stage. In addition, we propose that the concept of day length should be included in determining the influence of temperature on the photo-sensitive period.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.337-351
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• 2016

As technologies' life-cycle shortens and their development directions are uncertain, firms' technology planning capability becomes increasingly important. Prior patent-based studies using technology growth curves identify developmental stages of technologies, thereby formulating technology development directions from an overall perspective. However, a technology generally consists of multiple sub-technologies and accordingly their development stages are likely various. In this regard, the prior studies failed to identify core sub-technologies and their specific development directions. Therefore, we suggest an approach consisting of 1) identifying core sub-technologies of a given technology using patent co-classifications and social network analysis, and 2) identifying each sub-technology's development stage and thereby determining its further development direction. We apply our approach to patents related to augmented reality to examine its applicability. It is expected that our approach will help identify evolving development stages for the core sub-technologies of a given technology, thereby effectively assisting technology experts in technology planning processes.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.55-59
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• 1993

형개의 잎, 줄기 및 화수의 정유함율 및 정유구성성분을 생육시기별로 비교 분석하여 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 형개의 정유함율은 잎이 줄기나 화수에 비하여 월등히 높았으며 영양성장기부터 개화 후반결관까지 생육이 진전됨에 따라 잎과 줄기의 정유함율은 증가하였다. 2. 정유성분의 구성은 잎과 화수의 경우는 d-menthone과 l-pulegone이 56～71%의 함유 비율을 나타내었으며, 줄기는 21～26%의 함유비율을 보이고 잎과 화수에 거의 나타나지 않는 두 물질이 확인 되었다. 3. 잎의 정유성분구성은 생육후기로 갈수록 d-menthone은 생육초기에 많았다가 후기에 증가하는 반면에 l-pulegone은 점차 감소하여 두가지 주정유성분의 함유비율이 서로 반대로 나타났다. 4. 형개의 정유 성분 평가를 위하여 주요 성분의 생약 약리학적인 검토가 필요하다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1645-1654
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• 2007

The total methylotrophic population associated with rice plants from different cultivars was enumerated at three different stages: vegetative, flowering, and harvesting. The bacterial population in the leaf, rhizosphere soil, endophytic in the stem and roots, and epiphytic in the florets and grains were determined from four rice cultivars, Il-mi, Nam-pyeoung, O-dae, and Dong-jin, sampled from three different field sites. The methylotrophic bacteria isolated on AMS media containing 0.5% methanol as the sole carbon source uniformly showed three distinct morphologies, which were recorded as separate groups and their distribution among the various samples was determined using the ecophysiological index. The growth stage at the time of sampling had a more significant effect on the methylotrophic population and their distribution than the field site or cultivar. A similar effect was also observed for the PPFMs, where their population in different plant parts increased from V10 to R4 and then decreased towards stage R9. A canonical discriminant analysis of the PPFM population from different parts of rice showed clear variations among the cultivars, sampled sites, and growth stages, although the variations were more prominent among the growth stages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.83-87
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• 2003

The study evaluates the enzymatic dry matter (DM) degradability and water holding capacity of leaf and stem fractions of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) at different growth stages with or without the presence of surfactant Tween 80. While Tween 80 significantly (p<0.05) increased water and enzyme holding capacities in the leaf blades fraction, less was observed in the fraction of leaf sheath and stem of orchardgrass. The enzyme holding capacity in the leaves was also altered more than that for water holding capacity. This resulted in the increased rate and extent of enzymatic hydrolysis of the leaf blade fractions at two growth stages, whereas little was with leaf sheath and stem fractions. It was also observed that at 0.005% concentrations of Tween 80 the enzymatic DM degradability of young leaf blades was higher (p<0.05) by 20-30% compared to that of the control, as well as for water and enzyme holding capacity. For matured leaf blades the DM degradability were increased with over 0.01% concentrations of the surfactant, but the increase was less than leaf blades of young orchardgrass. This result suggests the possibility of using the surfactant Tween 80 to improve forage digestibility in the rumen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.1228-1233
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• 1999

A study was conducted on four maize cultivars to determine the dry matter and fibre digestibility as influenced by advancing plant age. Samples of maize cultivars Akbar, Neelum, UM-81 and IZ-31 were harvested at weekly intervals/ growth stages. The samples of morphological fractions such as leaf and stem were also collected at various growth stages. Whole mixed fodder and different fractions of maize plant were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. The results showed that in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of whole maize plant, leaf and stem decreased significantly with advancing stage of maturity. Digestibility of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose decreased significantly in all plant parts with advancing plant age/growth stages. Maximum values for the digestibility of dry matter and various cell wall constituents were observed in leaf, followed by whole plant and stem fractions. Cultivars were observed to have significant effect of IVDMD and digestibility of NDF, ADF and cellulose in all plant fractions. The results indicated that digestibility of maize fodder was affected by stage of maturity and cultivars. However, maturity had a greater effect on digestibility in all plant fractions than did cultivars. Dry matter contents were found to be significantly and negatively correlated with IVDMD of whole plant and its leaf and stem fractions. Based on correlations, regression equations were computed to predict IVDMD.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.10-19
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• 2012

This study investigated the distribution of endophytic fungi obtained from the surface sterilized tissues of leaves, stems and roots of chili pepper ($Capsicum$ $annuum$ L.) plants in seedling, flowering and fruiting stages in Korea and their antifungal activity. A total of 481 isolates were recovered and were identified using molecular techniques. Based on rDNA ITS gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, 21 fungal genera were characterized, belonging to 16 Ascomycota and 5 Basidiomycota. $Penicillium$ in seedling stage, $Fusarium$ in flowering stage, $Colletotrichum$ followed by $Fusarium$, $Alternaria$ and $Xylaria$ in fruiting stage was predominant and $Alternaria$, $Cladosporium$ and $Fusarium$ were common in all growth stages. Among 481 endophytes 90 phenotypes were evaluated for the antimicrobial activity against three major pathogens ($Phytophthora$ $capsici$, $Colletotrichum$ $acutatum$ and $Fusarium$ $oxysporum$) of chili pepper. Among them 16 isolates inhibited the growth of at least one test microorganisms. Three strains showed a broad spectrum antifungal activity and displayed strong inhibition against chili pepper pathogenic fungi.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.90-95
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• 2018

본 연구는 실내시설재배에서 천마의 생육단계를 균사활착기, 괴경형성기, 괴경비대기, 휴면기로 구분하고, 최적 온도 및 배양기간을 설정하였으며, 괴경비대기에 변온처리를 하였다. 천마의 균사활착기는 $20^{\circ}C$에서 30일, 괴경형성기는 $25^{\circ}C$에서 120일, 괴경비대기는 $6{\sim}24^{\circ}C$에서 60일, 휴면기는 $5^{\circ}C$에서 30일로 처리하여 총 배양기간은 240일로 설정하였다. 실내시설재배는 노지재배보다 균사활착기는 30일 단축되었고, 괴경형성기는 30일 연장되었으며, 휴면기는 120일 단축됨으로써, 전체 재배기간이 약 120일 단축되었다. 따라서, 본 연구 결과, 밀폐된 실내시설재배에서 온도 조건을 제어하면 천마를 연중생산 할 수 있는 생육모델의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.343-348
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• 2004

The objective of the present study was to determine the plasma level of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in relation to mammary blood flow and milk yield including biological variables of relevance to milk synthesis in two different types of crossbred Holstein cattle at 3 different stages of lactation. Eight heifers were 87.5% HF and eight 50% HF animals were selected for the experiments. The three stages of lactation tested were: early lactation (30 days postpartum), mid-lactation (120 days postpartum) and late lactation (210 days postpartum). Animals in each group were fed a concentrate and rice straw treated with 5% urea as the source of roughage throughout the experiments. In early lactation, mammary blood flow and milk yield of 87.5% HF animals were significantly higher than those of 50% HF animals. In mid- and late lactation, both mammary blood flow and milk yield showed a proportional decrease from the early lactating period of 87.5% HF animals. The trends for persistency were observed in 50% HF animals as for udder blood flow and milk yield throughout the experimental periods. The plasma glucose level of the 50% HF animals was significantly higher than those of 87.5% HF animals in both early and mid-lactation. The concentrations of arterial plasma free fatty acids ($C_{16}\;to\;C_{18}$) were higher in 50% HF animals as compared with 87.5% HF animals in all periods of study. In early lactation, the concentration of plasma growth hormone (GH) of 87.5% HF animals was higher than those of the 50% HF animals, thereafter the mean level of plasma growth hormone declined in both mid- and late lactation. The concentration of plasma IGF-I of 50% HF animals was significantly higher than those of 87.5% HF animals in all stages of lactation. There were no differences among stages of lactation for the levels of plasma IGF-I, insulin and growth hormone in 50% HF animals. In 87.5% HF animals, the plasma levels of both IGF-I and insulin were lower in early lactating period while it showed an increase during mid- and late lactation. The present results indicated that the regulatory role for the higher mammary blood flow and milk yield during lactation in 87.5% HF are not mediated via the higher level of circulating IGF-I. Differences in mammary blood flow and milk yield between 50% HF and 87.5% HF animals are in part due to a higher concentration of circulating growth hormone. The lower level of circulating growth hormone in 50% HF animals would be regulated by higher levels of IGF-I, free fatty acid and glucose in plasma.