• Title/Summary/Keyword: Growth S Curve

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Antibacterial Effects of Chungdae-tang Aqueous Extracts, and Their Combination Effects with Clindamycin against Gardnerella vaginalis In Vitro (청대탕(淸帶湯)의 Gardnerella vaginalis에 대한 시험관내 항균력 및 Clindamycin과의 병용 효과)

  • Kwon, Ji-Myung;Kim, Dong-Chul
    • The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 2011
  • Objectives: The object of this study was to observe the in vitro antibacterial effects of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts, traditionally used for treating various gynecological diseases including vaginitis in Korea against Gardnerella vaginalis, and combination effects of Chungdae-tang extracts with Clindamycin were also monitored in this study. Methods: Antibacterial activities against Gardnerella vaginalis of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts were detected using standard agar microdilution methods. In addition, the effects on the bacterial growth curve were also monitored at MIC and MIC${\times}$2 levels. The combination effects of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts with Clindamycin were observed by Checkerboard microtiter assay, and the effects of bacterial growth curve treated with or Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC+Clindamycin MIC, 1/2MIC and 1/4MIC, respectively. In the present study, Gardnerella vaginalis were incubated under $37^{\circ}C$, 10% $CO_2$; and bacterial growth curves were calculated at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120hrs after incubations. Results: MIC of Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts against Gardnerella vaginalis were detected as $3.906{\pm}2.344$(0.782~6.250) mg/$m\ell$, respectively. MIC of Clindamycin was detected as $0.010{\pm}0.006$(0.004~0.016) ${\mu}g/m\ell$ at same conditions. In addition, Clindamycin and Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts also showed marked dosage-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth, and more dramatical inhibitions were detected in Clindamycin+Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC treatment as compared with each of single Clindamycin MIC and Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC treatments, respectively. In addition, quite similar inhibitory effects on bacterial growth were detected in Clindamycin 1/4 MIC+Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts MIC treatment as compared with single Clindamycin MIC treatment in the present study. FIC index in combination of Chungdae-tang and Clindamycin were detected as $0.775{\pm}0.285$ (0.500~1.250) at Checkerboard microtiter assay. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest that Chungdae-tang aqueous extracts showed antibacterial effects against Gardnerella vaginalis, and it also showed dosage-dependent inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth. In addition, combination treatment of Chungdae-tang aqueous extract with Clindamycin showed more potent inhibitory effects on the growth of Gardnerella vaginalis with FIC index $0.775{\pm}0.285$(0.500~1.250), respectively. It means, the combination of Chungdae-tang aqueous extract with Clindamycin is partially synergistic effects. It, therefore, is expected that effective dosages of Clindamycin will be reduced to 1/4 or over 1/4 levels as combination with Chungdae-tang extracts, respectively.

Antibacterial Activity of $Scutellaria$ $baicalensis$ Extract against Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (항생제 내성균에 대한 황금 추출물의 항균효과)

  • Jang, Jae-Seon;Kim, Jung-Hee;Kwon, Mun-Ju
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.708-712
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    • 2011
  • This study was focused on the determination of antibacterial activity of $Scutellaria$ $baicalensis$ extract against antibiotic resistant bacteria($Salmonella$ Enteritidis, $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$ and enteroaggregative $E.$ $coli$). Extract of $Scutellaria$ $baicalensis$ were tested for antibacterial activity by paper disc methods. The $Scutellaria$ $baicalensis$ extract in 0.1 g/$m{\ell}$ and 0.2 g/$m{\ell}$ showed a significant antibacterial activity against antibiotic resistant bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of $Scutellaria$ $baicalensis$ extract were appeared to 2,048 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ at $S.$ Enteritidis, $S.$ $aureus$ and enteroaggregative $E.$ $coli$. Finally, the growth incubation curve was determined using $Scutellaria$ $baicalensis$ extract against $S.$ Enteritidis, $S.$ $aureus$ and enteroaggregative $E.$ $coli$. The growth of $S.$ Enteritidis was significantly inhibited within 10 hours by the addition of at least 10,000 ppm of $Scutellaria$ $baicalensis$ extract. The 10,000 ppm of $Scutellaria$ $baicalensis$ extract retarded the growth of $S.$ $aureus$ and enteroaggregative $E.$ $coli$ more than 10 hours. In conclusion, $Scutellaria$ $baicalensis$ extract might be useful to control antibiotic resistant bacteria $in$ $vitro$.

In Vitro Antibacterial Effects of Tunong-san and Kwaruwoobang-tang Aqueous Extracts against Staphylococcus aureus (투농산(透膿散) 및 과루우방탕(瓜蔞牛蒡湯)의 Staphylococcus aureus에 대한 In Vitro 항균력 평가)

  • Jang, Se-Ran;Park, Young-Sun;Kim, Dong-Chul
    • The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.27-39
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    • 2012
  • Objectives: Recently Ciprofloxacin, used in the treatment of mastitis, showed many serious side effects. The object of this study was to recognize whether TNS and KWT can be used in the treatment of mastitis by observing the in vitro antibacterial effects of TNS and KWT aqueous herbal extracts against S. aureus. Methods: Antibacterial activities of TNS and KWT aqueous extracts against S. aureus ATCC 25923 were detected using standard agar microdilution methods. In addition, the effects on the bacterial growth curve were monitored at MIC and $MIC{\times}2$ levels. The effects on the intracellular killing and bacterial invasion of individual test materials were also observed using Raw 264.6 and MCF-7. The results were compared with Ciprofloxacin, a second generation of quinolone antibiotics in the present study. Results: MIC of aqueous extracts of TNS and KWT against S. aureus were detected as ($0.313{\pm}0.107$) and ($0.137{\pm}0.053$) mg/ml, respectively. MIC of Ciprofloxacin was detected as ($0.469{\pm}0.297$) ${\mu}g/ml$ at same conditions. In addition, TNS, KWT aqueous herbal extracts and Ciprofloxacin were also showed marked dosage-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth, and dramatical inhibitions on the both intracellular killing assays and bacterial invasion using Raw 264.6 and MCF-7 cells were detected. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest that TNS and KWT aqueous herbal extracts showed antibacterial effects against S. aureus, and they also showed dosage-dependent inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth. And they showed the significant intracellular killing and bacterial invasion effects. It means, KWT and TNS may show more potent anti-infectious effects against S. aureus in vivo.

Crack Initiation Life Analysis in Notched Pipe Under Cyclic Bending Loads (굽힘피로 하중을 받는 배관의 피로균열 발생수명 예측)

  • Gwak, Sang-Rok;Lee, Jun-Seong;Kim, Yeong-Jin;Park, Yun-Won
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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    • v.25 no.10
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    • pp.1528-1534
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    • 2001
  • In order to improve Leak-Be(ore-Break methodology, more precisely the crack growth evaluation, a round robin analysis was proposed by the CEA Saclay. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the crack initiation life, penetration life and shape of through wall crack under cyclic bending loads. The proposed round robin analysis is composed of three main topic; fatigue crack initiation, crack propagation and crack penetration. This paper deals with the first topic, crack initiation in a notched pipe under four point bending. Both elastic-plastic finite element analysis and Neuber's rule were used to estimate the crack initiation life and the finite element models were verified by mesh-refinement, stress distribution and global deflection. In elastic-plastic finite element analysis, crack initiation life was determined by strain amplitude at the notch tip and strain-life curve of the material. In the analytical method, Neuber's rule with the consideration of load history and mean stress effect, was used for the life estimation. The effect of notch tip radius, strain range, cyclic hardening rule were examined in this study. When these results were compared with the experimental ones, the global deformation was a good agreement but the crack initiation cycle was higher than the experimental result.

Effect of Soil Water Content on Growth, Photosynthetic Rate, and Stomatal Conductance of Kimchi Cabbage at the Early Growth Stage after Transplanting (정식 후 초기 생장기 배추의 생장, 광합성 속도 및 기공전도도에 미치는 토양수분의 영향)

  • Kim, Sung Kyeom;Lee, Hee Ju;Lee, Hee Su;Mun, Boheum;Lee, Sang Gyu
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.151-157
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    • 2017
  • The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of soil water content on the growth, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis of Kimchi cabbage and to evaluate proper parameters for development of growth models. There were five levels of irrigation amount treatments (0, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mL/d/plant) and those were commenced at one day after transplanting (DAT). We measured soil water content, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis characteristics, and the A-Ci curve. The growth of Kimchi cabbage as affected by irrigation amount was evaluated at 38 days after transplanting, however, the growth with 0 and 200 mL/d/plant irrigation amount treatments measured at 29 DAT. The relationship between soil water content and stomatal conductance was highly correlated ($r^2=0.999$) and the function represented by y = 6097.4x - 4.2984. The stomatal conductance of Kimchi cabbage leaves showed $300mmol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ when the soil water content was below $0.05m^3/m^3$. The stomatal conductance was rapidly decreased by scarcity of soil moisture. A-Ci curve indicated normal curve in fully irrigation treatment (500 mL/d/plant), however, $CO_2$ couldn't diffuse through the intercellular Kimchi cabbage leaves treated with 0 mL/d/plant. The dry weight of full irrigation treatment was greater approximately 6.8 times than that of deficit irrigation (0 mL/d/plant). In addition, leaf area index showed a logarithmic function (y = 16.573 + 3.398 ln x) with soil water content and that of R-squared represents 0.913. Results indicated that the soil water content was highly correlated with stomatal conductance and leaf area index. Indeed, the scarcity soil moisture reduced photosynthesis and retarded growth.

AGE AND GROWTH OF THE YELLOW CROAKER, PSEUDOSCIAENA MANCHURICA JORDAN ET THOMPSON, IN THE WESTERN COASTAL WATERS OF KOREA (한국 서해산 참조기의 연령과 성장)

  • Chung Bang-Chul
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.3 no.3
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    • pp.154-160
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    • 1970
  • The present paper deals with the growth of yellow croaker by scale age reading. This study is based on material from 596 specimens caught by the Danish seine in the Yellow Sea during the period from June 1967 to April 1968. Ring marks of the scale were formed from April to July, corresponding to the spawning season of the fish reported by Bae (1960). Growth rate of each radius of the ring was approximately 0.73. The relationship between the total length and radius of scales, and the relationship between the body weight and total length are represented by the following equations respectively: L=61.350R+50.184 $$W=4.298L^{3.227}\times10^{-3}$$ Maximum total length calculated by the diagram of Walford's growth transformation, $$L_{n+1}=0.6866L_n+10.8730$$, was 346.9mm. Growth curve of the fish can be expressed by the following von Bertalanffy's equation : $$L_t=346.9(1-e^{-0.376(t+0.609)})$$

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A case of Sotos syndrome presented with end-stage renal disease due to the posterior urethral valve

  • Cho, Won Im;Ko, Jung Min;Kang, Hee Gyung;Ha, Il-Soo;Cheong, Hae Il
    • Journal of Genetic Medicine
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.74-78
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    • 2014
  • Sotos syndrome (SS, OMIM 117550) is characterized by prenatal and postnatal overgrowth with multiple congenital anomalies. However, there have been few cases of growth retardation caused by renal failure from infancy. We report a case of dysplasia of the bilateral kidneys with renal failure and poor postnatal growth. A 2-month-old boy visited the emergency room owing to poor oral intake and abdominal distension. He was born at the gestational age of 38 weeks with a birth weight of 4,180 g. After birth, he had feeding difficulty and abdominal distension. Upon physical examination, his height and weight were in less than the 3rd percentile, while his head circumference was in the 50th percentile on the growth curve. He also showed a broad and protruding forehead and high hairline. Blood laboratory tests showed severe azotemia; emergent hemodialysis was needed. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed bilateral renal dysplasia with multiple cysts and diffuse bladder wall thickening. A posterior urethral valve was suggested based on vesicoureterography and abdominal magnetic resonance findings. Results of a colon study to rule out congenital megacolon did not reveal any specific findings. The conventional karyotype of the patient was 46, XY. Array comparative genomic hybridization study revealed a chromosome 5q35 microdeletion including the NSD1 gene, based on which SS was diagnosed. We describe a case of SS presenting with end stage renal disease due to posterior urethral valve. The typical somatic overgrowth of SS in the postnatal period was not observed due to chronic renal failure that started in the neonatal period.

Shear-Fatigue Behavior of High-Strength Reinforced Concrete Beams under Repeated Loading (반복하중을 받는 고강도 철근콘크리트 보의 전단피로 거동)

  • 곽계환
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.92-103
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    • 1999
  • Recently structural damage has been frequently observed in reinforced concrete brdiges due to repeated loads such as vehicular traffic an due to continual overloads by heavy duty trucks. Therefore, the purpose of this experimental stduy is to investigate the damage mechanism due to fatigue behavior of high-strength reinforced concrete beams under repeated loads. From the test results, the relation of cycle loading to deflection is on the mid-span , the crack growth and the modes of failure according to cycle number, fatigue life and S-N curve were observed through the fatigue test. Based on the fatigue test results , high-strength reinforced concrete beams failed to 57 ∼66 percent of the static ultimate strength . Fatigue strength aobut two million cycles from S-N curves was certified by 60 percent of static ultimate strength.

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A Study on Planarized Formation of Inter-Level Dielectric Films by Laser CVD Method (Laser CVD법에 의한 평탄화 층간 절연막 형성에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, K.S.;Park, G.Y.;Lee, H.S.;Houng, S.H.;Huh, Y.J.;Sung, Y.K.
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 1993.07b
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    • pp.1271-1273
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    • 1993
  • $SiO_2$ and SiON films are formed by Laser CVD for inter-level dielectrics in submicron VLSI. This technique is noticeable that film formation can be done at low temperatures, below $300^{\circ}C$ with less damage. An ArF Excimer Laser with wave length of 193nm is used to excite and dissociate reactant gases. After film formation growth rate, refractive index, I-V curve, and step coverage characteristics of the films were evaluated.

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Expression of c-jun by X-ray According to Cell Growth State in CaSki Cell Line (CaSki 세포주에서 성장 상태에 따른 X-선에 의한 c-jun의 발현)

  • Jang, Seong-Sun;Park, Woo-Yoon
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.223-229
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    • 1999
  • Purpose : The expression pattern of c-jun by ionizing radiation according to cell growth state (exponential growth vs. stationary phase) and its relationship with cell cycle redistribution were investigated. Materials and Methods : The exponential growth phase (day 4) and stationary phase (day 9) cells were determined from cell growth curve according to the elapse of days in CaSki. The cells were irradiated using 6 MV X-ray with a dose of 2 Gy at a fixed dose rate of 3 Gy/min. Northern blot analysis was peformed with total cellular RNA and cell cycle distribution was analyzed using flow cytometry according to time-course after irradiation. Results : The maximum expression of c-jun occurred 1 hour after irradiation in both exponential growth and stationary phase cells. After then c-jun expression was elevated upto 6 hours in exponential growth phase cells, but the level decreased in stationary phase cells. Movements of cells from G0-G1 to S, G2-M phase after irradiation were higher in exponential growth phase than stationary phase. Conclusion : c-jun may be involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation according to the growth states after irradiation.

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