• Carbon letters
• /
• v.19
• /
• pp.66-71
• /
• 2016

The development of nanostructured functional materials derived from biomass and/or waste is of growing importance for creating sustainable energy-storage systems. In this study, nanoporous carbonaceous materials containing numerous heteroatoms were fabricated from waste coffee grounds using a top-down process via simple heating with KOH. The nanoporous carbon nanosheets exhibited notable material properties such as high specific surface area (1960.1 m² g⁻¹), numerous redox-active heteroatoms (16.1 at% oxygen, 2.7 at% nitrogen, and 1.6 at% sulfur), and high aspect ratios (>100). These unique properties led to good electrochemical performance as supercapacitor electrodes. A specific capacitance of ~438.5 F g⁻¹ was achieved at a scan rate of 2 mV s⁻¹, and a capacitance of 176 F g⁻¹ was maintained at a fast scan rate of 100 mV s⁻¹. Furthermore, cyclic stability was achieved for over 2000 cycles.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.331-340
• /
• 2012

In the deep sub-micron ICs, growing amounts of on-die memory and scaling effects make embedded memories increasingly vulnerable to reliability and yield problems. Spare columns are often included in memories to repair defective cells or bit lines during production test. In many cases, the repair process will not use all spare columns. Schemes have been proposed to exploit these unused spare columns to store additional check bits which can be used to reduce the miscorrection probability for triple errors in single error correction-double error detection (SEC-DED). These additional check bits increase the dimensions of the parity check matrix (H-matrix) requiring extra area overhead. A method is proposed in this paper to efficiently fill the extra rows of the H-matrix on the basis of similarity of logic between the other rows. Optimization of the whole H-matrix is accomplished through logic sharing within a feasible operating time resulting in reduced area overhead. A detailed implementation using fuse technology is also proposed in this paper.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.213-220
• /
• 1993

The problem of disposing of huge quantities of used tires is of growing concern to every country. As an economical solid waste management, a gasification followed by incineration process was applied to scrap tires to recover heat and to reduce waste volume for final landfill disposal. The gasification temperature, combustible and non-combustible gasified products and possibly produced air pollutants were predicted by changing equivalent mole ratios of carbon to oxygen by a chemical equilibrium model. For a risk assessment of ash toxic pollutants including heavy metals and toxic organics were thoroughly analyzed. Gasification bottom ash contained much more toxic organic compounds than fly ash, whereas fly ash contained higher concentration of heavy metals such as Pb and Cd. Pretreatment or secure landfill technology is suggested for a safe management of ash produced from the gasification incinerators.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.49-59
• /
• 2000

The majority of work done to date on natural language processing has focused on analysis and understanding of language, thus natural language generation had been relatively less attention than understanding, And people even tends to regard natural language generation CIS a simple reverse process of language understanding, However, need for natural language generation is growing rapidly as application systems, especially multi-language machine translation systems on the web, natural language interface systems, natural language query systems need more complex messages to generate, In this paper, we propose an algorithm to generate more flexible and natural sentence using lexical functions of Igor Mel'uk (Mel'uk ＆ Zholkovsky, 1988) and systemic grammar.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
• /
• 2000.11a
• /
• pp.1-30
• /
• 2000

The higher stage of development of plant factory is discussed, that involves technologies such as process control for the plant growth environment, mechanization for material handling, system control for production and computer applications. Further, the advantages of a plant factory include production stabilization, higher production efficiency, and better quality management of products through a shortened growing period, better conditions, lower labor requirements, and easier application of industrial concepts. Finally, to realize the ultimate plant factory using both solar and artificial light, the intelligent approach from control engineering, physiological ecology and artificial intelligence(AI) may be inevitable and introduced based on some works done by authors.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.250-259
• /
• 2012

The need for position information in indoor environments has been growing lately. Several indoor navigation systems have been studied. Among them, pseudolite-based indoor positioning systems are one of the best systems to obtain precise position measurements. However, the installation of such systems is very difficult because the calibration of pseudolite antenna position is complicated. For precise calibration, the use of carrier phase measurements is necessary, and whenever carrier phase measurements are considered, problems with cycle ambiguity appear. In this paper, a new approach to calibrate the positions of pseudolite antennas is proposed. By using a multi-antenna, the ambiguity can be eliminated, epoch by epoch, for every single carrier phase measurement. Moreover, the number of calibration points can be reduced down to 3 by use of measurements collected at unknown positions. Using the proposed methods, the process of the collection of carrier phase measurements becomes considerably simple and convenient. Simulation results are presented to verify the proposed algorithms.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.561-571
• /
• 1999

Diagnosis of mycobacterial infection is dependent upon the isolation and identification of causative agents. The procedures involved are time consuming and technically demanding. To improve the laborious identification process mycobacterial systematics supported by gene analysis is feasible, being particularly useful for slowly growing or uncultivable mycobacteria. To complement genetic analysis for the differentiation and identification of mycobacterial species, an alternative marker gene, rpoB encoding the ${\beta}$ subunit of RNA polymerase, was investigated. rpoB DNAs (342 bp) were amplified from 52 reference strains of mycobacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) and clinical isolates by the PCR. The nucleotide sequences were directly determined (306 bp) and aligned using the multiple alignment algorithm in the MegAlign package (DNASTAR) and MEGA program. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with a neighborhood joining method. Comparative sequence analysis of rpoB DNA provided the basis for species differentiation. By being grouped into species-specific clusters with low sequence divergence among strains belonging to same species, all the clinical isolates could be easily identified. Furthermore RFLP analysis enabled rapid identification of clinical isolates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.319-333
• /
• 2018

As human beings spend more time indoors, and with the growing complexity of indoor spaces, more focus is given to indoor spatial applications and services. 3D topological networks are used for various spatial applications that involve navigation indoors such as emergency evacuation, indoor positioning, and visualization. Manually generating indoor network data is impractical and prone to errors, yet current methods in automation need expensive sensors or datasets that are difficult and expensive to obtain and process. In this research, a methodology for semi-automatically generating a 3D indoor topological model based on IndoorGML (Indoor Geographic Markup Language) is proposed. The concept of Shooting Point is defined to accommodate the usage of omnidirectional images in generating IndoorGML data. Omnidirectional images were captured at selected Shooting Points in the building using a fisheye camera lens and rotator and indoor spaces are then identified using image processing implemented in Python. Relative positions of spaces obtained from CAD (Computer-Assisted Drawing) were used to generate 3D node-relation graphs representing adjacency, connectivity, and accessibility in the study area. Subspacing is performed to more accurately depict large indoor spaces and actual pedestrian movement. Since the images provide very realistic visualization, the topological relationships were used to link them to produce an indoor virtual tour.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.120-127
• /
• 2003

The formation of new blood vessels, angiogenesis, is an essential process during development and disease. Angiogenesis is well known as a crucial step in tumor growth and progression. Angiogenesis is induced by hypoxic conditions and regulated by the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). The expression of HIF-1 correlates with hypoxia-induced angiogenesis as a result of the induction of the major HIF-1 target gene, vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF). In this review, a brief overview of the mechanism of angiogenesis is discussed, focusing on the regulatory processes of the HIF-1 transcription factor. HIF-1 consists of a constitutively expressed HIF-1 beta(HIF-1β) subunit and an oxygen-regulated HIF-1 alpha(HIF-1α) subunit. The stability and activity of HIF-1α are regulated by the interaction with various proteins, such as pVHL, p53, and p300/CBP as well as by post-translational modifications, hydroxylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation. It was recently reported that HIF-1α binds a co-activator of the AP-1 transciption factor, Jab-1, which inhibits the p53-dependent degradation of HIF-1 and enhances the transcriptional activity of HIF-1 and the subsequent VEGF expression under hypoxic conditions. ARD1 acetylates HIF-1α and stimulates pVHL-mediated ubiquitination of HIF-1α. With a growing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms in this field, novel strategies to prevent tumor angiogenesis can be developed, and form these, new anticancer therapies may arise.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.339-342
• /
• 2004

Germination is a process which characterized with nescient synthesis of genes. Among the genes synthesized during the germination of wheat embryos, germin genes, proteins and their enzymatic activity were defined. Germin is a water soluble homopentameric glycoprotein which is remarkable resistant to degradation by a broad range of proteases including pepsin. Germin proteins found to have strong oxalate oxidase activity which produces hydrogen peroxide by degrading oxalic acid. The current study, aimed to localize the germin genes, proteins and enzymatic activities in developing coleoptiles which is a rapidly growing protective tissue of leaf primordium and shoot apex. Non-radioactively abeled germin riboprobes were employed to localize germin mRNAs in situ. FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) and alkaline phosphatase linked anti-germin antibodies were used to localize germin proteins under the fluorescence and light microscopy and finally germin enzymatic activity was localized by using appropriate enzyme assay. The results revealed that in coleoptiles germin genes, proteins and their enzymatic activity were predominantly associated with the cells of epidermis and vascular bundle sheath cells.