• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.321-328
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• 2009

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between caregivers' child rearing characteristics including discipline method, child rearing confidence, attitude, burden, attachment, and cognitive stimulation and preschooler's behavior problems in poor, urban group. Method: A cross-section study design was used. Conveniently selected one hundreds and three preschool aged children and their caregivers who are under National Security Act were recruited. Data was collected using Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBC) comprised of nine sub-dimensions and caregivers' self report questionnaires. Results: Caregivers' discipline method was associated with behavior problems of child. The internalizing and externalizing behavior problem scores including aggressive behavior of children who experienced spanking were significantly higher than children who did not. In addition, Caregivers' child rearing confidence also showed associations with the children's behavior problems. Child behavior problems showed positive relationships with caregivers' child rearing burden, and negative relationships with child rearing attitude, attachment, and cognitive stimulation. Conclusion: Caregivers' negative discipline methods and low child rearing confidence showed significant relationships with children's behavior problems of poor, urban children. Nurses working in primary care and community-based settings are in key positions to address this problem and improve the parenting attitude of low-income caregivers and positively affect the behavior of their children.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.84-96
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to find whether the educational program contributed to the increase of caring confidence and rearing attitude of the newborn mothers. The subjects for this study were 40 newborn mothers-20 control group and 20 experimental group-who delivered a normal neonate and were gotten general informations from the nurses at the K medical center in Seoul. Especially, the experimental group was educated for 30-40 minutes in maternal educational program through lectures, demonstrations, discussion with textbooks and visual materials by a researcher at 2-3 days after delivery. The data were collected two times-at 2-3 days after delivery and at 4 weeks after discharge-from October, 1998 to January, 1999 by investigators interviewing with a structured questionnaire. Pharis(1978)'s self confidence scale was used after some modification to measure caring confidence and Cohler's maternal attitude scale to check mother's rearing attitude. Analysis of data was done by using of frequency, %, x²-test, Independent sample t-test. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The Confidence of the experimental group was significant higher than the control group (t=2.519, p=.016) and the rearing attitude changed more positively(t=5.545, p=.000). 2. In the confidence scale, the statements having a significant change were holding a baby, changing diapers, feeding, and caring umblicus. 3. In the rearing attitude scale, the statements having a significant change were 12 of 20 statements.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2001

Total length and body weight of grey mullet were 6.4cm and 2.1g, respectively at the beginning of the experiment. After 60 days of rearing, body weight of the mullet(363%) was significantly higher in freshwater group than that (187%) in seawater group. However, the condition factor showed no significant differences between seawater (9.0%) and freshwater (8.8%) groups. Survival of the mullet was 98.3% and 64.3% in seawater and freshwater groups, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.184-189
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• 2016

We investigated physiological changes in the freshwater cichlid, fish Maylandia lombardoi in response to different calcium concentrations in rearing water. Four different calcium concentrations (0, 2, 4 and 8 mM) were prepared in rearing water by the addition of ionized calcium (CaO) to examine the effect of various calcium concentrations in rearing water on physiological changes in the cichlid fish, M. lombardoi. Total calcium concentrations in plasma and body increased in a calcium concentration-dependent manner and reached the maximum at 8-mM calcium concentration. Stress-related cortisol was significantly decreased in the 8-mM group compared to the control group (0 mM). Lysozyme activity also significantly decreased in the 8-mM group. These results suggest that CaO in rearing water increases calcium uptake in fish and affects the body by decreasing stress and improving immunity in fish.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.390-398
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• 2007

Purpose: This comparative descriptive study was conducted to determine differences in maternal health related characteristics, child rearing burden, and social support depending on economic status. Method: Using home visits, data were collected from 100 poverty stricken mothers, 51 in the extremely poor group and 49 in the low income group, and 200 mothers of a general group being seen in one public health center. The instrument used for this study was a self-report questionnaire to identify maternal health variables including child rearing burden and social support. Results: Parent's education level, marital status, and primary caregiver were significantly different according to socioeconomic status. Poverty stricken groups showed poor rates for prenatal checkups, lower Fe supplementation, and more artificial abortions and history of cesarean section. Continuing breast feeding as planned was significantly lower for mothers with low economic status. Present health problems of the mother, child-rearing burden, and social support were not significantly different among the three groups. Conclusion: These findings suggest that special attention and interventions for the poverty stricken groups is important to improve maternal and child health status.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.219-227
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• 2011

Objectives : This study examined maternal object relations, child's and mother's perception on rearing attitude, and children's self-esteem in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their mothers. Methods : 64 children with ADHD and their mothers were included in the study group. In the control group, there were 85 children and their mothers. Mothers completed the following tests : Bell object relation inventory (BORI), maternal behavior research instrument (MBRI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS). Children completed Children's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory (CRPBI) and Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Results : Mothers of ADHD children displayed more rejecting and controlling parenting style than mothers in the control group. ADHD children showed lower self-esteem and perceived their parents as not affectionate, but rejecting and controlling. Mothers with ADHD children who belonged to object relations pathological group showed more rejecting rearing attitude and their children believed that they were more controlling, compared with children and mothers in other conditions. Among factors in mother's object relations, insecure attachment and ego-centricity impacted the rearing attitude. In turn, affective rearing attitude mainly influenced children's self-esteem. Conclusion : This study suggests that the approach focused on mother's object relations may help with the treatment of children with ADHD.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.123-131
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the effect of separate-sex and straight-run rearing system on the productivity of Korean native chickens. A total of 1,140 GSP-Hanhyup^® Korean native chickens were divided into male, female, and straight-run rearing groups, and the survival rate, body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were investigated from birth to 12 weeks of age. The average survival rate was 97.9%, and there were no significant differences among the groups. Body weight was significantly different among the groups at all weeks of age (P<0.01). After 4 weeks of age, the male group had the highest weight, followed by the straight-run group, and finally the female group. At 10 weeks, the most uniform body weight was shown in the female group (78%), while the lowest was in straight-run group (44%). Comparing the separate-sex and straight-run groups, male chickens were found to have higher body weights in the separate rearing group than in the straight-run group; however, there was little difference in those of female chickens. Feed intake was the highest in the male group, followed by the straight-run group, and lastly, the female group, while the feed conversion ratio had an opposite trend. Although there is little difference in the production performance of chickens between separate-sex rearing and straight-run rearing system, we concluded that the separate-sex rearing system is much more advantageous than the straight-run rearing system in terms of productivity due to group uniformity.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.93-118
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• 1988

Systematic Training for Effective Parenting, developed by Dinkmeyer and McKay, is a parent education program that emphasizes social-emotional development. The present research studied the applicability of STEP to Korean mothers by examining changes in mothers' self-concept, mother's child-rearing attitudes, and children's behavior. The subjects of this study were 43 mothers of a kindergarten in Chonju City. 25 mothers were assigned to the control group and 18 mothers to the experimental group. Primary observes, consisting of 43 fathers of kindergarten children, and secondary observers, consisting of 43 Woosuk University students observed mothers' child-rearing attitudes and children's behavior. Instruments included the self-concept test by Jung Woonsik, Schaefer's Maternal Behavior Research Instrument, O Kiseon's Parent Child Relationship Test, Fear's parent questionnaire, and McKay's Adlerian Parental Assessment of Child Behavior. The mothers' child-rearing attitudes and the children's behavior are recorded by the observers and were compared with mothers' responses. The data were analyzed by MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance), and ANOVA (analysis of variance). While the MANOVA showed no significant difference between the control and the experimental groups in changing the mothers' self-concept, differences in 5 of the 8 subfactors showed that STEP implemented positive change in the self-identity, self-satisfaction, self-behavior, personal self and family self in the experimental group. The MANOVA showed a significant difference between the two groups in changing the mothers' child-rearing attitudes. That is after participating in the STEP program, the mothers of the experimental group showed more significant progress than those of the control group. Mothers' observations of positive change in children's behavior agreed with those of the primary and secondary observers.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.535-548
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between adolescent's behavioral inhibition and social anxiety focused on the moderating effects of perceived parental rearing behaviors. Subjects were 749 7th through 9th grade students attending schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. Major findings were that (1) boys' and girls' behavioral inhibition was an important factor predicting social anxiety; and (2) perceived parental rearing behaviors played the role of moderating variables on the influence of behavioral inhibition of boys' and girls' social anxiety. In the boys' group, perceived intrusion had a moderating effect on the relationships between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety; in the girls' group, perceived warmth and perceived granting of autonomy acted as moderating variables on social anxiety.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.393-409
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• 2005

This study examined effects of self-perceived obesity, peer victimization, stress, and maternal child rearing behaviors on self-esteem in an obese group(OG) and a normal weight group(NWG) of elementary school children. Subjects were 1,501 elementary school children in the 4th to the 6th grades in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, and Andong and their mothers. Major findings were that maternal child rearing behaviors and stress related to parents and home environments influenced children's self esteem only in the NWG; school-related stress was an influential variable on children's self esteem in both the NWG and OG. Peer victimization influenced children's self-esteem in both NWG and OG. Self-perceived obesity influenced some domains of children's self-esteem, especially in girls.