• 한국항해학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.68-101
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• 1988

In spite of the widespread use of stiffend plates in ship structures, it is very difficult to analysis these directly. So, in conventional analysis of plate structures, above structures are used to be idealized as orthotropic plate or grillage structures. Lately, the development of large computers, it is able to apply the optimum techniques to structural design. In this paper, the double bottom structure of Bulk Carrier was idealized into flat grillage which is composed of intersecting beam stiffencers primarily loaded mormal to its surface. And strength analysis was carried out by using the finite element method based on displacement. And further, according to variation of floor space and double tobbon heightm, the optimum design was carrid out by using Hooke and Jeeves direct search method.

• 대한조선학회 특별논문집
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• 대한조선학회 2011년도 특별논문집
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• pp.21-24
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• 2011

Oil Tight Bulkhead (O. T. Bulkhead) is one of the most important structural members of oil tankers in the views of vessel's strength and safety. Therefore O.T. bulkhead's strength should be sufficient against relevant loadings, which is normally verified by local scantling requirement and structural strength analysis defined in CSR (Common Structure Rules for Double Hull Oil Tankers). However, there is a weak-able situation when the vertical stiffeners are cut due to the penetration of cargo pipes through O. T. Bulkhead. In addition, CSR does not define how to prove the strength of this case. Therefore it is necessary to verify the structural adequacy in case that several vertical stiffeners are discontinued. This article intends to prove the strength of O. T. Bulkhead with five (5) vertical stiffeners discontinued due to pipes' penetration using the grillage analysis and the finite element analysis and to provide proper reinforcement.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제78권4호
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• pp.473-484
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• 2021

Similar to other structures, ultimate strength values showing the maximum load that the structure can resist without damaging has great importance on ships. Therefore, increasing the ultimate strength values will be an important benefit for the structure. Low carbon steels used in ships due to their low cost and good weldability. Improving the ultimate strength values without interfering with the chemical composition to prevent of the weldability properties of these steels would be very beneficial for ships. Grain refinement via severe plastic deformation (SPD) is an essential strengthening mechanism without changing the chemical composition of metallic materials. Among SPD methods, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the most commonly used one due to its capacity for achieving bulk ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials. When the literature is examined, it is seen that there is no study about ultimate strength calculation in ships after ECAP. Therefore, the mean purpose of this study is to apply ECAP to a shipbuilding low carbon steel to be able to achieve mechanical properties and investigate the alteration of ship hull girder grillage system's ultimate strength via finite element analysis approach. A fine-grained (FG) microstructure with a mean grain size of 6 ㎛ (initial grain size was 25 ㎛) was after ECAP. This microstructural evolution brought about a considerable increase in strength values. Both yield and tensile strength values increased from 280 MPa and 425 MPa to about 420 MPa and 785 MPa, respectively. This improvement in the strength values reflected a finite element method to determine the ultimate strength of ship hull girder grillage system. As a result of calculations, it was reached significantly higher ultimate strength values (237,876 MPa) compared the non-processed situation (192,986 MPa) on ship hull girder grillage system.

• 전산구조공학
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.101-112
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• 1989

직교 이방성으로 보강된 평판 구조물 해석을 위한 방법제시가 본 논문의 주요 내용이다. 이 방법에서는 변형된 정적 압축법을 이용하여 직교 이방성으로 보강된 평판 구조물과 동등한 강성을 가지는 2차원 그릴리지 구조물을 생성하여 해석에 응용하고 있다. 대표적인 구조물을 선택하여 이론을 적용시켜 해석을 한 결과 직교 이방성으로 보강된 평판 구조물 해석에는 본 논문의 방법이 매우 효과적임이 입증되었다.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.11-19
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• 1976

Grillages are abundant in ship structures and in many other types of structures such as bridges and building floors. Clarkson has shown that plated grillages can be satisfactorily analyzed as gridworks if an appropriate effective breadth is taken into account. Also, it has previously been pointed out, by Nielsen, that grillage calculations could be simplified by use of the Laplace transformation. In this paper, it is assumed that the torsional rigidity of the members and axial load are negligible, also that girders have the same scantling and spacing each other and so stiffeners do. Then the grillages composed of both-end-fixed girders and both-end-hinged stiffeners, which are subjected only to uniform normal loads are investigated. The calculus of variation is used to set up the differential equations and the Laplace transformation is applied to solve the differential equations. The program has been tested by FACOM 28 and the results show good agreements with those by the STRESS, which was developed in M.I.T.. The amount of the data input and computing time are much less than those of the STRESS. But this program has so much restrictions that it is urgent to extend the program to the grillage problems of arbitrary loading and boundary conditions.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.21-30
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• 1986

강(鋼) 격자항(格子桁)의 탄소성(彈塑性) 해석(解析)을 수행(遂行)할 수 있는 수치해석(數値解析) 방법을 제시하였다. 격자항(格子桁)의 각(各) 구성부재(構成部材)가 이상적(理想的) 탄소성(彈塑性) 성질(性質)을 갖는다고 가정하였는데 이 문제를 각(各) 구성부재(構成部材)의 양단(兩端)에 휨스프링과 비틂스프링을 부착(附着)한 모델을 고안(考案)해 냄으로써 해결(解決)하였다. 이 개념에 의거하여 격자항(格子桁)이 탄성상태(彈性狀態)에서 소성붕괴(塑性崩壞)에 이르기 까지의 거동(擧動)을 해석(解析)할 수 있는 프로그램 EPAG(Elasto-Plastic Analysis of Grillages)를 개발(開發)하였다. 이 해석방법(解析方法)의 특성(特性)은 하중(荷重)을 한꺼번에 가(加)할 수 있고, 격자항(格子桁)을 이루는 부재(部材)들의 배치가 규칙적(規則的)이 아니라도 적용이 가능하다. 또한 제하(除荷)(unloading)를 고려할 수 있으며 소성활절(塑性滑節)이 1개씩 형성될 때마다 가해진 하중(荷重), 부재단력(部材端力) 및 변위(變位) 등(等)을 구할 수 있다는 장점(長點)을 지니고 있다. 또한 기존의 논문이나 단행본(單行本)에 있는 예제(例題)들을 본(本) 프로그램으로 해석(解析)한 후 그 결과가 본(本) 프로그램으로 해석한 결과와 잘 일치한다는 것으로써 본(本) 이론(理論)의 정당성(正當性)과 정확성(精確性)을 확인하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.853-871
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• 2015

Up to now, Japan has more than 200 corrugated steel web composite beam bridges which are under construction and have been constructed, and China has more than 30 corrugated steel web composite beam bridges. The bridge type includes the simply supported beam, continuous beam, continuous rigid frame and cable stayed bridge etc. The section form has developed to the single box and multi-cell box girder from the original single box and single chamber. From the stress performance and cost saving, the span range of 50~150 m is the most competitive. At present, the design mostly adopts the computational analytical method combining the spatial bar system model, plane beam grillage model and solid model. However, the spatial bar system model is short of the refinement analysis on the space effect, such as the shear lag effect, effective distribution width problem, and eccentric load factor problem etc. Due to the similarity of the plane beam grillage method in the equivalence principle, it cannot accurately reflect the shearing stress distribution and local stress of the top and bottom plates of the box type composite beam. The solid model is very difficult to combine with the overall calculation. Moreover, the spatial grid model can achieve the refinement analysis, with the integrity of the analysis and the comprehensiveness of the stress checking calculation, and can make up the deficiency of the analytical method currently. Through the example verification of the solid model and spatial grid model, it can be seen that the calculation results for the stress and the displacement of two models are almost consistent, indicating the applicability and precision of the spatial grid model.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.549-559
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• 2017

As few multi-tower single-box multi-cell cable-stayed bridges with corrugated steel webs have been built, analysis is mostly achieved by combining single-girder model, beam grillage model and solid model in support of the design. However, such analysis methods usually suffer from major limitations in terms of the engineering applications: single-girder model fails to account for spatial effect such as shear lag effect of the box girder and the relevant effective girder width and eccentric load coefficient; owing to the approximation in the principle equivalence, the plane grillage model cannot accurately capture shear stress distribution and local stress state in both top and bottom flange of composite box girder; and solid model is difficult to be practically combined with the overall calculation. The usual effective width method fails to provide a uniform and accurate "effective length" (and the codes fail to provide a unified design approach at those circumstance) considering different shear lag effects resulting from dead load, prestress and cable tension in the construction. Therefore, a novel spatial grid model has been developed to account for shear lag effect. The theoretical principle of the proposed spatial grid model has been elaborated along with the relevant illustrations of modeling parameters of composite box girder with corrugated steel webs. Then typical transverse and longitudinal shear lag coefficient distribution pattern at the side-span and mid-span key cross sections have been analyzed and summarized to provide reference for similar bridges. The effectiveness and accuracy of spatial grid analysis methods has been finally validated through a practical cable-stayed bridge.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.422-428
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• 2011

PSC교량형식은 철도교에서 소규모 지간에 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 교량형식이다. PSC교에서는 통상적으로 4∼5개의 주형이 설치되고, 공용중인 PSC 교량은 주형의 하중횡분배를 위하여 지간당 3개의 중간 가로보가 설치되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 가로보의 설치개수가 PSC 철도교의 횡분배에 미치는 영향을 간편한 해석방법인 격자해석법과 정밀한 유한요소법을 이용하여 비교검토하였다. 해석결과 효율적인 하중횡분배를 위해서는 지간중앙부에 적어도 한 개의 가로보 설치는 반드시 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 가로보 설치에 따른 하중 횡분배효과는 지간내에 설치되는 중간가로보의 설치 개수가 증가하여도 크게 차이가 나지 않아 시공성 및 경제성 측면에서 PSC 교의 중간가로보는 1개만 설치하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 판단된다.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.131-157
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• 2014

Special track systems used to divert a train to other directions or other tracks are generally called 'railway turnout'. A traditional turnout system consists of steel rails, switches, crossings, steel plates, fasteners, screw spikes, timber bearers, ballast and formation. The wheel rail contact over the crossing transfer zone has a dip-like shape and can often cause detrimental impact loads on the railway track and its components. The large impact also emits disturbing noises (either impact or ground-borne noise) to railway neighbors. In a brown-field railway track where an existing aged infrastructure requires renewal or maintenance, some physical constraints and construction complexities may dominate the choice of track forms or certain components. With the difficulty to seek for high-quality timbers with dimensional stability, a methodology to replace aged timber bearers in harsh dynamic environments is to adopt an alternative material that could mimic responses and characteristics of timber in both static and dynamic loading conditions. A critical review has suggested an application of an alternative material called fibre-reinforced foamed urethane (FFU). The full-scale capacity design makes use of its comparable engineering characteristics to timber, high-impact attenuation, high damping property, and a longer service life. A field trial to investigate in-situ behaviours of a turnout grillage system using an alternative material, 'fibre-reinforced foamed urethane (FFU)' bearers, has been carried out at a complex turnout junction under heavy mixed traffics at Hornsby, New South Wales, Australia. The turnout junction was renewed using the FFU bearers altogether with new special track components. Influences of the FFU bearers on track geometry (recorded by track inspection vehicle 'AK Car'), track settlement (based on survey data), track dynamics, and acoustic characteristics have been measured. Operational train pass-by measurements have been analysed to evaluate the effectiveness of the replacement methodology. Comparative studies show that the use of FFU bearers generates higher rail and sleeper accelerations but the damping capacity of the FFU help suppress vibration transferring onto other track components. The survey data analysis suggests a small vertical settlement and negligible lateral movement of the turnout system. The static and dynamic behaviours of FFU bearers appear to equate that of natural timber but its service life is superior.