• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.88-95
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• 2003

The weighted sum of gray gas model(WSGGM) is applied to arbitrary mixtures of CO$_2$ and H$_2$0 gases. To evaluate this model, the spectral and total intensities are obtained for two different problem types. One has uniform, parabolic and boundary layer type temperature profiles with uniform partial pressure, and the other has nonuniform partial pressure and temperature profile. The results obtained from the two different problem types show fairly good agreements with the results obtained by the statistical narrow band model(SNB model) which is regarded as the reference solutions. The WSGGM and its data base provided by this study can be used for analysis of radiative transfer by combustion gases with different thermal loadings and chemical compositions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.14-25
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• 2009

This Study is purposed to comparative analysis in the case of balanced with Ethnic image fashion and the event of an unbalanced between fashion and make-up and to reconfigure on the make-up of the features on the Ethnic image Fashion in the 21st century. The result of this study is as follows. First, in the case of Japanese ethnic image make-up, to emphasize applied forms and formative characterization, they generally use circles and horizontal lines. Also the harmony between Japanese image make-up and primary colors like white and red strengthen ethnic images better. In the event of an unbalance between fashion and image make-up, fashion occurs dynamically in Africa and linearly in China. Sexy & natural image make-up also widely appear in the modern view. Second, in the case of African ethnic make-up balanced with African image fashion, the form is repeatedly dotted, widely water-colored, and mattedly textured using ash make-up colors such as white, red, gold, gray and so forth. African image make-up strongly expresses primitive natural beauty adding primal tribal painting art and mask forms. In case of an unbalance between fashion and image make-up, no distinctive ethnic image make-up appears. To emphasize natural patterns as well as splendid & decorative fashion, they try not to use primary colors, but instead focus on natural make-up and monotone colored point make-up, sexy make-up, avant-garde make-up, goth make-up, romantic make-up, glossy make-up.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.321-324
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• 2000

season of 2000. The disease infection usually started from flower, peduncle and young fruits, then moved to flower stalk, stem and leaves. At first, the lesions started with water-soaked, rapidly softened, and then the area gradually expanded. In severely affected film house, the rate of infected fruits reached to 28.6%. Numerous sporangiospores were formed on the diseased fruits, flower stalk, stem and leaves. Most of the sporangiospores were appeare to be rapidly dispersed in the air. The mycelia grew on the surface of host and formed stolons. Colonies on potato dextrose agar were cottony at first brownish black at maturity. Sporangia were 125.3${\times}$294.2 ${\mu}$m. globose or sub-globose with somewhat flattened base. White at first the black, many spored, and are never overhanging. Sporangiophores were 2.7-6.8${\times}$12.9-33.9 ${\mu}$m, smooth-walled, non-septate, light brown, simple, long, arising in groups of 3-5 from stolons opposite rhizoids. Sporangiophores were 8.6-21.1${\times}$6.41-1.7 ${\mu}$m, irregular, round, oval, elongate, angular and brownish-black streaked. Columella were 63.8${\times}$140.4 ${\mu}$m. brownish gray, umberella-shaped when dehisced. The causal organism was identified as Rhizopus stolonifer Lind on the basis of the morphological characteristics of the fungus. Rhizopus soft rot on squash (Cucurbita moschata) caused by the fungi has not been previously reported in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.119-121
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• 2007

Anthracnose of Salvia plebeia caused by Colletotrichum acutatum was observed in the exhibition field of Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, in Korea. The disease mainly occurred on the leaves, petioles and stems of whole plant. The typical symptoms were water-soaked lesions on stems and petioles, rotted stems and withering then eventually died. The color of colonies of the pathogenic fungus grown on potato dextrose agar was pinkish gray. Conidia were fusiform in shape and was $8{\sim}17{\times}3{\sim}4\;{\mu}m$ in size. Appressoria were pale to dark brown in color, clavate in shape and the sizes were $8{\sim}11{\times}4{\sim}6\;{\mu}m$. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$. On the basis of mycological characteristics and pathogenicity test on host plants, the fungus was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum J. H. Simmonds. This is the first report on the anthracnose of S. plebeia caused by C. acutatum in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.115-118
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• 2007

Sclerotinia rot occurred on the stem and pod of broad bean (Vicia faba) at Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services in Korea from 2004 to 2006. The infected plants showed the typical symptoms; wilted, water-soaked, rotted and eventually died. The colony of the isolated fungus on PDA was white to faintly gray color. Apothecia were cup-shaped and $5{\sim}10\;mm$ in size. Asci were cylindrical in shape and $90{\sim}180{\times}8{\sim}12\;{\mu}m$ in size. Ascospores were ellipsoid and $8{\sim}12{\times}4{\sim}6\;{\mu}m$ in size. Sclerotia formed on the PDA were globose to cylindrical or irregular in shape with black color. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$ and sclerotia formation was at $20^{\circ}C$ on PDA. This is the first report on sclerotinia rot of broad bean (Vicia faba) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) do Bary in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.88-93
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• 2009

In 2008, leaf rot and blight on pepper seeding ("Dokya-chungchung") occurred in a pepper farm at Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The typical symptom is water-soaking and dark brown leaf blight at edges and tips of leaves. The fungal colonies isolated from infected tissues were pinkish at first and turned gradually to gray. Conidia were fusiform, non-septum, and $8.1-17.0{\times}2.0-3.8{\mu}m$ in size. Several specific PCR primers derived from the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA, such as CaINT, CgINT and CcINT were used for the identification of the fungal pathogen. The C. acutatum-specific primer CaINT was amplified single fragment of 496 bp that discriminated C. acutatum from the other species. The pathogenicity test was performed on seedlings and fruits of red pepper. On the basis of the morphological, molecular characteristics and pathogenicity test, we identified as Colletotrichum acutatum. This is the first report on leaf rot and blight on pepper seedling caused by C. acutatum in Korea.

• Mycobiology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.176-178
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• 2001

A soft rot of fruits caused by Rhizopus stolonifer occurred on cherry tomato in Jinju City Agricultural Products Wholesale Market, Korea. The disease infection usually started from wounding after cracking of fruits. At first, the lesions started with water soaked and were rapidly softened and diseased lesion gradually expanded. The mycelia grew vigorously on the surface of fruits and formed stolons. Colonies on potato dextrose agar at $25^{\circ}C$ were white cottony at first, becoming heavily speckled by the presence of sporangia and the browinish black, and spreading rapidly by means of stolons fired at various points to the substrate by rhizoids. Sporangia were $82.7{\times}196.7{\mu}m$ in size and globose or sub-globose with somewhat flattened base. The color of sporangia was white at first and then turned black with many spores, and never overhanging. Sporangiophores were $2.6{\sim}5.8{\times}12.3{\sim}24.2{\mu}m$ in width, smooth-walled, non-septate, tight brown, simple, long, arising in groups of $3{\sim}5$ from stolons opposite rhizoids. Sporangiospores were $8.2{\sim}18.8{\mu}m$ long, irregular, round, oval, elongate, angular, and browinish-black streaked. Columella was $64.1{\times}136.3{\mu}m$. brownish gray, and umberella-shaped when dehisced. The causal organism was identified to be R. stolonifer. This is the first report of Rhizopus soft rot on cherry tomato caused by R. stolonifer in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the effects of root of Scutellariae Radix(SR) water extract against inflammatory response in the spinal cord injury(SCI). Methods : SCI was induced by mechanical contusion following laminectomy of 10th thoracic vertebra in Sprague-Dawley rat. SR was orally given once a day for 7days after SCI. Myeloperoxidase(MPO) positive neutrophils infiltration was examined. Inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$) expressions were observed with immunohistochemistry. Glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) positive astrocytes were examined using immuno-fluorescence. Results : 1. SR reduced MPO-positive neutrophils infiltration in peri-damage regions of the contusive SCI-induced rats. 2. SR reduced iNOS positive cells in the white matter of the contusive SCI-induced rats. 3. SR reduced TNF-${\alpha}$ positive cells in the gray and white matter of the contusive SCI-induced rats. 4. SR reduced cell number and size of astrocytes in peri-damage regions of the contusive SCI-induced rats. Conclusions : These results suggest that SR plays an inhibitory role against inflammatory response in the SCI.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.61-63
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• 2008

Anthracnose of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was observed in the exhibition orchard of Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services in Korea, 2007. The typical symptoms were initially water-soaked lesions and then rotten on fruits, the infected fruits were dropped but some of them were hunged and mummified. The pathogenic fungus grown on potato dextrose agar showed greyish to dark gray color. Conidia were straight, cylindrical apex obtuse in shape and $10{\sim}20{\times}3{\sim}5\;{\mu}m$ in size. Appressoria were brown in color, clavate or ovate in shape and $6{\sim}18{\times}4{\sim}12\;{\mu}m$ in size. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. On the basis of mycological characteristics and pathogenicity test on host plants, the fungus was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.. This is the first report on the anthracnose of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) caused by C. gloeosporioides in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.122-124
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• 2006

Sclerotinia rot was occurred on the leaf and stem of Fatsia japonica in Geoje city, Gyeongnam province in Korea from 2004 to 2005. The typical symptom of the disease was water-soaked infected leaves and stems. The colony of the isolated fungus was white to faintly gray in color. Apothecia were cup-shaped with numerous asci and $0.8{\sim}1.3 cm$ in size. Asci were cylindrical in shape and $70{\sim}220{\times}4{\sim}18{\mu}m$ in size. Ascospores were aseptate, hyaline, ellipsoid in shape, and $6{\sim}12{\times}4{\sim}6{\mu}m$ in size. Sclerotia formed on the plants and PDA medium were globose to cylindrical or irregular in shape, black in color. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$. This is the first report on the Sclerotinia rot of Fatsia japonica caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Korea.