• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.17-25
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• 2020

This preliminary study examines historical background of construction, establishment process, and destroy process for the Goryeo-sa-haeng-guan in Myeong-Ju during the Song Dynasty. The research was conducted based on local journals at that time. The Myeong-Ju is one of the famous port cities for marine trade. The Myeong-Ju had a good relationship with the Goryeo. Especially, the Song Dynasty built the Goryo-sa-haeng-guan for Goryeo envoys and traders to maintained a good partnership with Goryeo. A comprehensive review on records and historical issues of the Goryeo-sa-haeng-guan helps us to understand foreign policy and inter-relationship between Korean and China.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.243-249
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• 2019

Seonhwa Bongsa Goryeodogyeong written by Seogeung of Song nationality is the most vivid record of sailing in the West Sea of Goryeo. Seogeung who visited Goryeo on a ship sailed from Heuksando to Byeokrando using a fire signal of the islands area. Fire signal was installed in the Goryeo area, was located nearby the sea route at that time, and was marked by smoke during the day and torched at night so that the navigators could identify it 24 hours. In addition, it was installed at the top of the mountain so that the navigators could easily identify it from a distance. Goryeo fire signal is satisfied by qualification of modern aids to navigation and Visual range is checked about 29-39 miles, Luminous intensity of fire signal estimates to approximately 9,105-168,610cd. Therefore, the fire signal of Goryeo was very easy to use and was highly reliable as operated by the nation and its role in aiding navigations facility as an essential for safe navigation.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.67-80
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• 2014

This study examined the chemical characteristics and the microstructure of Goryeo whiteware which was excavated in the kiln site Yucheon-ri, Gangwon-do, the southern part of South Korea. this area is considered to be used in the middle of the time of Goryeo Dynasty. We analyzed the chemical characteristics comparing Goryeo Whiteware from Seo-ri, Jungam-ri, Bangsan-dong and The temple site of Beopcheon. Based on the analysis, we confirmed the properties of raw material for making pottery. It is featured that body composition of Goryeo Whiteware from Yucheon-ri contains high silica and low solvent. However, the contents of the glaze are vice versa. Goryeo whiteware tends to contain larger part of oxide than that of titanium oxide, which applies to Goryeo Celadon. the whitewares during the early days of Goryeo Dynasty varies in components depending on kilns, whereas it does not mean that chronological changes happened in components. The whiteware shards from Yuchoen-ri have a similar aspect. The whiteware shard from the temple of Beopchen differ in composition, Thus they are estimated to have been produces and shipped from various sites. In conclusion, we judged that the component difference among Goryeo whitewares stems from production environment and origin of raw materials rather than chronological changers.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.15-25
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• 2016

The color that painted on the ground of Dancheong becomes Gachil(basecoat)-Dancheong and underpainting of Moro-Dancheong or Geum-Dancheong. So, the color of underpainting is the most important element that determines impression of the building. Thus, the architecture after using "Sangrokhadan" has different characters from what it had been. In the existing perception toward the background color of Dancheong, it was considered the characters of Korean Dancheong so-called "Sangrokhadan" that paint vertical elements like columns red and upper part of the columns green. But this study examined the color of Dancheong according to the era and region before and after Goryeo Dynasty era, then it reveals that Sangrokhadan technique was applied from the 14th century in the late Goryeo Dynasty. One of the Goryeo architecture, Geungnakjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple is thought to be a previous style that is not applied "Sangrokhadan" technique because old elements are painted red pigment.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.177-186
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• 2020

The number of Goryeo-in immigrants has been increasing recently. National attention and active interactions are required for them to settle down with the identity of Koreans. The purpose of this study was to develop volunteer activity for Goryeo-in immigrants based on service design. The study was performed in G metropolitan city from October to November 2019. The participants were 33 Goryeo-in immigrants and 3 stakeholders. Data was collected through a survey and interviews of Goryeo-in immigrants and stakeholder interviews. In the field surveys and interviews, it was found out that the main problems faced by Goryeo-in immigrants were communication difficulties, maladjustment, job insecurity and smoking. The core issue was defined as 'How Goryeo-in immigrant women can improve their communicate ability in Korean'. In order to solve this problem we developed a program called 'Goryeo-in Han-gul ssugssug' for volunteer activities, and the program delivered through a storyboard and a role play. Using the service design process, a meaningful volunteer activity was designed considering lots of situation of Goryeo-in immigrants and nursing students in various ways. This study shows that the service design methodology is a useful way to reflect the needs of consumers and volunteers in developing volunteer work.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.7
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• pp.151-163
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• 2008

This study was undertaken to design Ginyeo's character and costume in the early-middle Goryeo Dynasty which had a few relics, and to make practical cultural contents. The famous Goryeo Ginyeos who had real names are costume characters. Goryeo women dressed in delicate white ramie jarket in "Goryeo-dokyung", and the shape of Jacket can be two kinds: long-wide jacket enough to tie a belt, and long caftan cover the knee. Goryeo women enjoyed wide yellow skirt, but Ginyeo in "Dongguk-isanggutjip" put on pink, flower, pomegranate, red skirt for high class ladies. In the case of Mong-su(a head cloth with black gauze train), it is thought that Ginyeo fold up train like lower class or just hang down like ordinary women, because of their status. As underwear, a ramie jacket and wide underpants were set up. It is needed that many Golden bells and jade trinkets must be attached to Goryeo Ginyeo's waist to stress their characteristics. Ginyeo's hair style can be designed so that a bunch of right hair was dropped down and the rest hair was rolled on reft shoulder. To design a Ginyeo's costume chatacter of the early-middle Goryeo, the richness of wide skirt, delicacy of white ramie, a great deal of trinkets must be emphasized correctly as a characteristic of Goryeo women's costume in that period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.133-146
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• 2015

King and Crown Prince's Gwanbok (冠服) written in "Goryeosa" Yeobokji was the bestowment of robes and crowns by the Son of Heaven who yielded hegemony over East Asia. It designated the King and Crown Prince of Goryeo as real and authentic as well as confirmed the political status of Goryeo in East Asia. In "Goryeosa" Yeobokji, the King's Gwanbok is of higher stature than the adornments of the King's ritual robes (祭服) and court robes (朝服) which held a domestic political significance. In East Asia, bestowment of voiture (車) and robe (服) usually appeared in the multistate system. In the $10^{th}$ century, the Later Jin (後晋) spread the idea of investiture and bestowment to Khitan (契丹). The Liao (遼) or Khitan and the Jin (金), the Conquest Dynasties, endeavored to establish the legitimacy of the Son of Heaven by imitating Sinocentrism by means of investiture and bestowment. In the reign of XingZong (興宗) and DaoZong (道宗) of Liao, the ritual of investiture and bestowment for Goryeo was in the making, adding titles and bestowments in the occasion of the elevation of Emperor Liao's honorific title. King Munjong (文宗) of Goryeo reached 9-bestowment which symbolized the first of the feudal lords in East Asia. This exceptional respect for Goryeo went on to Jin's investiture and bestowment. From then, 9-bestowment was defined as an international decorum (禮) toward Goryeo. This historical study of Gwanbok (冠服) of "Goryeosa", indicates: First, the King's Ceremonial Robe with Nine-symbol Design were designated from the early to middle of the Goryeo Dynasty by investiture and bestowment from the Conquest Dynasties. Second, the bestowed King's Robe and Crown had simultaneous functions for domestic order and international order. Goryeo did not follow ideological Sinocentrism but followed practical interest by accepting Confucian Li (禮) philosophy passed on through the Conquest Dynasties.

• MISULJARYO - National Museum of Korea Art Journal
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• v.96
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• pp.224-238
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• 2019

In commemoration of the 1,100th anniversary of the foundation of the Goryeo Dynasty, the National Museum of Korea and the National Institute of Korean History are working together on a project to reveal memorial inscriptions(墓誌銘) in the Goryeo Dynasty. So far, It founded that four newly identified memorial inscriptions of Goryeo Dynasty. Among them, I would like to introduce two memorial inscriptions in overseas and a memory inscription that was first identified as being housed in the National Museum of Korea. Kim Yong Sik's memorial inscription is currently housed at the Smithsonian Museum's FreerSackler Gallery in the U.S.A.. Kim Yong Sik(金龍軾, 1129~1197) is a bureaucrat in the middle time of Goryeo Dynasty. He came from a family of influential people in the Andong province. In Goryeo times, provincial figures have been able to make inroads into central politics through the bureaucratic select examination(科擧). Kim's family came from the capital of Goryeo in that way. However, Kim did not rise very high. This inscription is meaningful in that it shows this ordinary middle class's life to study Goryeo history further. Sangdanghyeongoon(上黨縣君) Gwak Ssi's memorial inscription is currently housed at the Kyoto university museum in the Japan. Sangdanghyeongoon Gwak Ssi(郭氏(Mrs. Gwak), ?~1149?) is a bureaucrat class woman in the middle time of Goryeo Dynasty. There is not much information about her. But the method of marking the location of the her tomb is unique. Her tomb is located at the northern foot of the temple, Baekhaksa(白鶴寺, White Crane's temple). That marking method is sometimes confirmed in Goryeo period's historical text. This inscription is significant in that it shows practical example of that methods. Min Su's memorial inscription is missing after Japanese occupation time, but confirmed that currently housed in the National Museum of Korea. Min Su(閔脩, 1067~1122) is a bureaucrat in the middle time of Goryeo Dynasty. Although his track record is partly recorded in Goryeosa(高麗史, Historia of Goryeo Dynasty), the discovery of this inscription has made new research possible. I hope that more and more memory inscription of Goryeo will emerge from somewhere and contribute greatly to the study of Goryeo history.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.5
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• pp.21-31
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• 2023

Korean ginseng, a special product of Korea, has been one of the most important exports since the era of the Three Kingdoms. However, not many records were kept about ginseng in Korea until the Goryeo Dynasty. This paper summarizes the records relating to international diplomatic relations and trade of ginseng in the Goryeo Dynasty and the medicinal books known to have been published at the time. During the Goryeo Dynasty, ginseng was actively transported to the neighboring countries of Bohai, Song, Wa, Later Jin, and Yuan as a diplomatic gift or as a trade item. Ginseng was mainly exported from Goryeo to these countries, but it was also received as a diplomatic gift from Bohai and Khitan. Arabian merchants came to Byeokran Port, a representative international trading port of Goryeo, and traded ginseng. After the Mongol invasion, the demand for ginseng in the Yuan Dynasty was excessive, which became a big social problem. During the Goryeo Dynasty, several medicinal books were published, including Jejungiphyobang, Eouuichwalyobang, Hyangyakgobang, Samhwajahyangyakbang, Hyangyak Hyemin Gyeongheombang, Hyangyak Gugeupbang, and Biyebaekyobang. Hyangyak Gugeupbang, which was reprinted during the Joseon Dynasty, has been handed down to the present time, although this has not been the case for the originals of the remaining books. Recently, some of the latter books have been restored through the study of the references in various medicinal books of later generations. While the medicinal books used in the royal court showed that a high proportion of the prescriptions containing ginseng, not a single prescription for ginseng has been found in theHyangyak Gugeupbang, which was mainly used for commoners. This is thought to be because ginseng was very rare and expensive at the time, so it was difficult for commoners to access it.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.62-78
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• 2023

The act of burning incense originated from Buddhist rituals and customs, and gradually formed its own culture. In the Goryeo Dynasty, in addition to religious and national rituals, incense came to be enjoyed more generally and widely. In particular, Goryeo literati enjoyed the elegant lifestyle of staying home and burning incense. This was part of a regional culture shared across East Asia. Such incense burning applied the same methods as were used during the same period in China. In collections of writings from the Goryeo Dynasty, it can be seen that incense methods such as gyeok-hwa-hoon-hyang (隔火熏香) and jeon-hyang (篆香) were used. A particular method of incense influenced the size and shape of the incense burner utilized. Small incense burners suitable for simple everyday incense were used, such as the hyangwan (香垸), a cup (wine glass)-shaped burner. White porcelain incense burners from Song were discovered in Gaegyeong, and celadon incense burners from Goryeo were made in the same shape. This phenomenon shows that there was great demand for ceramic incense burners in Goryeo in the 12th and 13th centuries. During this period, incense burners that imitated metalware were produced, and some applied the techniques and patterns of Goryeo celadon. The Goryeo Dynasty-era incense burner was basically a necessity for use in various rituals, but gradually came to be widely used also by individuals.