• 자원환경지질
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.389-398
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• 1998

옥남 금-은 광상은 소백산육괴 선캠브리아기 율리층의 흑운모편암 및 천매암 내에 발달하는 함금-은 능망간석맥으로 산출된다. 광맥의 상호 구조에 근거하여 5회의 광물 침전기 (stage)가 인지되며, 각 시기는 특징적인 광물 조합을 나타낸다. 함금-은 맥(광화 3기)에서의 정출 광물은 맥의 연변부로부터 내측으로 가면서 다음과 같이 변화한다: 유비철석+황철석 (암색 능망간석 밴드 내)$\Rightarrow$섬아연석+황동석+방연석+에렉트럼 (담색 능망간석 밴드 내)$\Rightarrow$ 방연석+함은 광물 (정동 부위). 유체포유물 자료에 의하면, 광화유체의 온도 및 염농도는 시간에 따라 전반적으로 다음과 같이 감소했음을 지시한다: 광화 I기 (석영맥 광화작용), $345^{\circ}{\sim}240^{\circ}C$, 3.4~7.8 wt.% NaCl 상당농도; 함망간 탄산염기 (II 및 III), 3130-2070C, 2.3-8.7 wt.% NaCl; 광화 4기 (석영맥 광화작용), $328^{\circ}{\sim}213^{\circ}C$, 3.6~5.4 wt.% NaCl. 광화유체는 냉각 희석 상태의 순환강우의 혼입과 주기적으로 반복된 버등을 통하여 진화한 것으로 사료되며, 유체포유물 자료와 지질 증거에 의하면 광화작용 중 양력은 90~340 bar이었다. 금은 함은량이 높은 에렉트럼 (21~29 atom.% Au)으로 산출되며 주로 $300^{\circ}{\sim}240^{\circ}C$ 사이의 온도에서 침전되었다. 열역학적 검토에 의하면, 금은 pH의 증가와 더불어 온도, 유황분압 및 산소분압의 감소에 의해 침전하였으리라 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.331-338
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• 2004

Stress transfer to the surrounding tissues is one of the factors involved in the design of dental implants. Unfortunately, insufficient data are available for stress transfer within the regenerated bone surrounding dental implants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration of stresses within the regenerated bone surrounding the implant using three-dimensional finite element stress analysis method. Stress magnitude and contours within the regenerated bone were calculated. The $3.75{\times}10-mm$ implant (3i, USA) was used for this study and was assumed to be 100% osseointegrated, and was placed in mandibular bone and restored with a cast gold crown. Using ANSYS software revision 6.0, a program was written to generate a model simulating a cylindrical block section of the mandible 20 mm in height and 10 mm in diameter. The present study used a fine grid model incorporating elements between 165,148 and 253,604 and nodal points between 31,616 and 48,877. This study was simulated loads of 200N at the central fossa (A), at the outside point of the central fossa with resin filling into screw hole (B), and at the buccal cusp (C), in a vertical and $30^{\circ}$ lateral loading, respectively. The results were as follows; 1. In case the regenerated bone (bone quality type IV) was surrounded by bone quality type I and II, stresses were increased from loading point A to C in vertical loading. And stresses according to the depth of regenerated bone were distributed along the implant evenly in loading point A, concentrated on the top of the cylindrical collar loading point B and C in vertical loading. And, In case the regenerated bone (bone quality type IV) was surrounded by bone quality type III, stresses were increase from loading point A to C in vertical loading. And stresses according to the depth of regenerated bone were distributed along the implant evenly in loading point A, B and C in vertical loading. 2. In case the regenerated bone (bone quality type IV) was surrounded by bone quality type I and II, stresses were decreased from loading point A to C in lateral loading. Stresses according to the depth of regenerated bone were concentrated on the top of the cylindrical collar in loading point A and B, distributed along the implant evenly in loading point C in lateral loading. And, In case the regenerated bone (bone quality type IV) was surrounded by bone quality type III, stresses were decreased from loading point A to C in lateral loading. And stresses according to the depth of regenerated bone were distributed along the implant evenly in loading point A, B and C in lateral loading. In summary, these data indicate that both bone quality surrounding the regenerated bone adjacent to implant fixture and load direction applied on the prosthesis could influence concentration of stress within the regenerated bone surrounding the cylindrical type implant fixture.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.278-291
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• 2001

설화 광산의 중열수(中熱水) 금광상은 경기육괴의 화강암류내에 발달된 북동방향 단층 전단대를 충진한 괴상의 단성 석영맥내에 배태되어 있다. 설화 중열수 금광화작용(金鑛化作用)은 쥬라기 화강암류(161Ma)와 공간적으로 관련되어 있다. 맥상 석영은 3개유형의 유체포유물(流體包有物)을 포함하고 있다: 1) 저염농도(<5wt.% NaCl)의 액상 CO$_{2}$를 배태한 type IV 유체포유물; 2) 가스가 풍부(>70vol.%)하고, 기상으로 균질화하는 type II 유체포유물; 3) 소량의 CO$_{2}$를 포함하는 저내지 중염농도(0${\sim}$15 wt.% NaCl)의 type I 유체포유물. H$_{2}$O-CO$_{2}-CH$_{4}$-N$_{2}$-NaCl계 유체포유물은 250${\circ}\;{\sim}$430${\circ}$C 온도와 1kbar 압력에 해당되는 액상선을 따라 초기에 포획된 불혼화 유체를 지시한다. 정밀 유체포유물 연구에의하면, 함금 광화작용중 점진적인 압력감소가 발생했음을 알 수 있다. 수용성 포유물의 유체는 온도 및 압력감소로 인한 균질한 H$_{2}$O-CO$_{2}-CH$_{4}$-N$_{2}$-NaCl계 유체로부터 광역적인 유체의 불혼화(CO$_{2}-CH$_{4}$ 비등)작용을 거쳐 진화된 후기 유체이거나, 광화지역의 융기 및 삭박과 관련된 심부순환천수의 영향을 받았던 것으로 추정된다. 초기 유체는 균질한 H$_{2}$O-CO$_{2}-CH$_{4}$-N$_{2}$-NaCl계 유체로서 다음과 같은 특성을 보인다: >250$^{\circ}$${\sim}$430$^{\circ}$C, 0.16${\sim}$0.62의 X$_{CO}\;_{2}$, 5${\sim}$14mole% CH$_{4}$, 0.06${\sim}$0.31mole% N$_{2}$, 0.4${\sim}$4.9wt.% NaCl의 염농도. 설화 금광산의 온도-조성 자료는 설화 함금열수계가 화강암질 용융체와 인접한 부분에 정치되어 있었음을 지시한다. 이러한 화강암질 용융체는 CH$_{4}$ 형성을 촉진시켜 유체를 환원상태로 변환시킨 것으로 추정된다. 철황화물중 자류철석이 지배적으로 산출됨은 환원유체 상태를 지시하고 있다. 황화광물의 ${\delta}\;^{34}$S값(-0.6 ${\sim}$ 1.4$%_o$)은 황의 심부 화성기원을 지시하고 있다.

• 복식
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• 제6권
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• pp.121-143
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• 1982

Many studies have done on Egyptian Clothing because its unique characteristic culture. However, I was facinated by the exhibitions of Tutankhamen burial treasures which were shown in San Francisco and New York in 1978 and 1979. I found out myself that there are several interesting aspects of clothing to compare 18th dynasty king, Tutankhamun and other dynasties in Egyptian culture. Therefore, I tryed to analized the Egyptian clothing including accessaries with theigr symbols durin 18th dynasty King, Tutankhamun. The most of people were shocked and amazed when they toured the exhibition of Tutankhamun articles which were the most incredible burial treasures in existence today. The body of the King has been embalmed, bandaged and fitted in eight layers of coffins with pure gold mask to represent the god Osiris. Among eight layers of coffins, one is pure solid gold in mummiform, two of mummiforms are made of compact wood covered with sheets of gold and inlaid with multi-colored glass-paste and semi-precious stones. The Egyptian belived that the soul continued to exist throughout eternity if it had passed on examination of its deeds on earth at a "Last Judgement" presided over by Osiris. They also believed that the mummified body could exist in the tomb as a habitation that the soul could revisited. Thus a proper burial was vital for a full existence in the hereafter. They buried dead person in the sealed vault of the tomb with some of the possessions he had used during his life time, such as his furniture, clothing and jewels. In this studies, I've tried to research to various clothings, and accessories with their symbols used during 18th dynasty king, Tutankhamun. The studies are shown as: I) Clothings of Tutankhamun dynasity of Kalasiris, Sheath skirt. Gala skirt, Loin skirt, Hike and Dalmatic. The Dalmatic was first seen in this dynasty. Probably the Roman Christian borrowed the Dalmatica from Egyptian Dalmatic. No where has the same design at the period. II) Egyptian of 18th dynasty Tutankhamun wore big headdress, broad collar necklace passium, pendants, armlets, rings and earrings with very beautiful, exquisite handcraft. They seem the first people who wore earrings in Egyptian history. III) The symbols of decorated items vulture, lotus...Upper Egypt Uraeus, papyrus...Lower Egypt scaravaeus, Nile Riber...rebirth man(Ankh), +...eternal life solar disc, gold...sun ostrich-feather...nobleness God, Horus' eye...protection against enemy IV) Also Egyptian prefered the straight line and a right angle which were the basic principles of architectural arrangement.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.463-476
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• 2001

Since the treatment of edentulous patients with osseointegrated implant was first introduced more than 30 years ago, implant therapy has become one of the most important dental treatment modalities today. Based on the previous experience and knowledge, $Br{\aa}nemark\;Novum^{(R)}$ protocol was introduced with the concept of simplifying surgical and prosthetic technique and reducing healing time recently. This protocol recommends the installation of three 5mm wide diameter futures in anterior mandible and the prefabricated titanium bars for superstructure fabrication. This study was designed to analyze the stress distribution at fixture and superstructure area according to changes of fixture number, diameter and superstructure materials. Four 3-dimensional finite element models were fabricated. Model 1 - 5 standard fixtures (13mm long and 3.75mm in diameter) & superstructure consisted of type IV gold alloy and resin Model 2- 3 wide diameter fixtures (13mm long and 5.0mm in diameter) & superstructure consisted of type IV gold alloy and resin Model 3-3 wide diameter fixtures (13mm long and 5.0mm in diameter) & superstructure consisted of titanium and resin Model 4-3 wide diameter fixtures (13mm long and 5.0mm in diameter) & superstructure consisted of titanium and porcelain A 150N occlusal force was applied on the 1st molar of each model in 3 directions - vertical($90^{\circ}$), horizontal($0^{\circ}$) and oblique($120^{\circ}$). After analyzing the stresses and displacements, following results were obtained. 1. There were no significant difference in stress distribution among experimental models. 2. Model 2, 3, 4 showed less amount of compressive stress than that of model 1. However, tensile stress was similar. 3. Veneer material with a high modulus of elasticity demonstrated less stress accumulation in the superstructure. Within the limites of this study, $Br{\aa}nemark\;Novum^{(R)}$ protocol demonstrated comparable biomechanical properties to conventional protocol.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.123-132
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• 1984

매몰(埋沒) 납착법과 가공선(加工線) 봉매(封埋) 주조법(鑄造法)에 의해 국부의치(局部義齒)의 금속(金屬)과 가공선(加工線)을 각각(各各) 귀금속(貴金屬) 및 비귀금속(非貴金屬)으로 제작(製作)하였을 때 연합(聯合) clasp 연결부(連結部)의 미세구조(微細構造)를 금속(金屬) 현미경(顯微鏡)으로 관찰(觀察)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 납착 및 주조시편(鑄造試片) 공(共)히 연결부위(連結部位)의 미세조직(微細組織)은 확산(擴散)에 의한 다소(多少)의 결정립계(結晶粒界)의 변화(變化)를 관찰(觀察)할 수 있었다. 납착시편에서는 비귀금속(非貴金屬)보다 귀금속(貴金屬) 사용(使用)시 양호(良好)한 결합양상(結合樣相)을 나타내었다. 납착시편에서는 귀금속(貴金屬) 및 비귀금속(非貴金屬) 차이(差異)보다는 같은 계통(系統)의 금속(金屬)을 사용(使用)함으로서 보다 양호(良好)한 결합양상(結合樣相)을 나타내었다. 주조시편(鑄造試片)과 납착시편 모두에서 시편제작(試片製作)의 기술적(技術的)인 방법(方法)에 의해 다소(多少)의 기공(氣孔) 및 산화물(酸化物) 형성(形成) 등(等)과 같은 오염(汚染)된 계면부(界面部)가 나타났다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2015

PURPOSE. To compare the shear bond strength of various veneering materials to grade II commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty specimens of CP-Ti disc with 9 mm diameter and 10 mm height were divided into three experimental groups. Each group was bonded to heat-polymerized acrylic resin (Lucitone 199), porcelain (Triceram), and indirect composite (Sinfony) with 7 mm diameter and 2 mm height. For the control group (n=10), Lucitone 199 were applied on type IV gold alloy castings. All samples were thermocycled for 5000 cycles in $5-55^{\circ}C$ water. The maximum shear bond strength (MPa) was measured with a Universal Testing Machine. After the shear bond strength test, the failure mode was assessed with an optic microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Statistical analysis was carried out with a Kruskal-Wallis Test and Mann-Whitney Test. RESULTS. The mean shear bond strength and standard deviations for experimental groups were as follows: Ti-Lucitone 199 ($12.11{\pm}4.44$ MPa); Ti-Triceram ($11.09{\pm}1.66$ MPa); Ti-Sinfony ($4.32{\pm}0.64$ MPa). All of these experimental groups showed lower shear bond strength than the control group ($16.14{\pm}1.89$ MPa). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the Ti-Lucitone 199 group and the control group, and the Ti-Lucitone 199 group and the Ti-Triceram group. Most of the failure patterns in all experimental groups were adhesive failures. CONCLUSION. The shear bond strength of veneering materials such as heat-polymerized acrylic resin, porcelain, and indirect composite to CP-Ti was compatible to that of heatpolymerized acrylic resin to cast gold alloy.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1991

North ore deposits of the Dunjeon gold mine is disseminated-stockworks deposits emplaced in Ordovician Dongjeom quartzite. Six types of fluid inclusions are recongnized in the stage I quartz. Among them polyphase inclusions(type-IV-A, B) are predominent in the lower part of stage I quartz crystals whereas liquid and gas inclusions(type I, II) are abundant in the upper part of the same quartz crystals. Liquid $CO_2$-bearing inclusions(type III-A, B)occur as pseudosecondary inclusions. Solid phases in polyphase inclusions are identified by using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The solid phases are as follows; halite, sylvite, hydrophyllite, quartz, muscovite, calcite, ankerite, K-Mg-Fe-Al-Si mineral, Ca-Fe-Si mineral, Mg-Al-Si mineral, two kinds of Fe-mineral and Cu-Fe mineral. Results of freezing and heating experiments of fluid inclusions and identification of daughter minerals in polyphase inclusions in the stage I quartz reveal that ore fluids were high saline system NaCl-KCl-$CaCl_2$-$H_2O$ in the earier stage and then evolved to rather simple system NaCl-$H_2O$ in the later stage, and temporally fluid mixing occured with system $CO_2$-$H_2O$. Homogenization temperatures and salinity of fluid inclusions in the stage I range from 290 to $454^{\circ}C$ and from 0.2 to 54.2 wt. % equivalent to NaCl.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.103-113
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• 1988

This experiment was performed to study the sequential accumulation of mercury in selected tissues of gold fish (Carassius auratus) exposed to 2, 6, 30, 120 and 300 $\mu$g Hg/1 as HgCl$_2$. In order to prepare treatment groups suitable for the present study, one control and five experimental groups, which were composed of I (2 $\mu$g/l), II (6$\mu$g/l), III (30$\mu$g/l), IV (120$\mu$g/l), V (300 $\mu$g/l), were used in 180 liter glass aquaria. The experiment was started by transfering 20 fish of average total length 140 $\pm$ 20 mm to each of the six tanks and allowing the uptake to take place for 12 weeks period. Fish were killed after time periods of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and samples were disected by five parts gill, kidney liver, muscle and egg. The summarized results were as follows: 1. In control group, low concentrations of mercury(range 0.01-0.11 $\mu$g/g)were determined in the all selected tissues. 2. In experimental group, the average levels of mercury residues in the gill, kidney, liver muscle and egg were 3.61-189.54 $\mu$g/g, 13.91-182.58 $\mu$g/g, 8.56-66.49 $\mu$g/g, 0.30-20.33 $\mu$g/g, and 1.63-23.76$\mu$g/g, respectively. 3. The mercury residues in selected tissues of the experimental group were generally 230-9100 times higher than those of the control group. 4. The amounts of methylmercury per total mercury in the muscle after 12 weeks were 0.10/0.30 $\mu$g/g(33.33%) in the I group, 0.14/1.18$\mu$g/g(11.86%) in the II group, 0.25/5.76 $\mu$g/g(4.34%) in the III group, 0.39/11.48$\mu$g/g(3.40%) in the IV group and 0.40/20.33 $\mu$g/g(1.97%) in the V group.

• 광물과 암석
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

운산 금 광상은 한반도의 3대(대유동 광상, 광양 광상) 금 광상중의 하나였다. 이 광상의 지질은 선캠브리아기의 변성퇴적암류와 중생대의 반상화강암으로 구성된다. 이 광상은 선캠브리아기의 변성퇴적암류와 중생대의 반상화강암내에 발달된 단층대를 따라 충진한 함 금 석영맥 광상으로 조산형 금 광상에 해당된다. 이 광상의 석영맥은 광물조합에 따라 1) 방연석-석영맥형, 2) 자류철석-석영맥형, 3) 황철석-석영맥형, 4) 페크마틱 석영맥형, 5) 백운모-석영맥형 및 6) 단순석영맥형으로 분류된다. 연구된 석영맥은 황철석-석영맥형이며 견운모화작용, 녹니석화작용 및 규화작용이 관찰된다. 백색운모는 유색대에서 백색석영, 황철석, 녹니석, 금홍석, 모나자이트, 저어콘, 인회석, 칼리장석 및 방해석 등과 함께 세립질 내지 중립질 입단으로 산출된다. 이 백색운모의 화학조성은 (K0.98-0.86Na0.02-0.00Ca0.01-0.00Ba0.01-0.00 Sr0.00)1.00-0.88(Al1.70-1.57Mg0.22-0.09Fe0.23-0.10Mn0.00Ti0.04-0.02Cr0.01-0.00V0.00Ni0.00)2.06-1.95 (Si3.38-3.17Al0.83-0.62)4.00O10(OH2.00-1.91F0.09-0.00)2.00로써 이론적인 이중팔면체형 운모류 값보다 Si가 높고 K, Na, Ca는 낮다. 이 광상의 엽리상 석영맥에서 산출되는 백색운모의 화학조성 변화는 팬자이틱(phengitic) 또는 Tschermark 치환[(Al3+)VI+(Al3+)IV <-> (Fe2+ 또는 Mg2+)VI+(Si4+)IV] 및 직접적인 (Fe3+)VI <-> (Al3+)VI 치환에 의해 일어났음을 알 수 있다. 엽리상 석영맥에서 산출되는 녹니석의 화학조성은 (Mg1.11-0.80Fe3.69-3.14Mn0.01-0.00Zn0.01-0.00K0.07-0.01Na0.01-0.00Ca0.04-0.01Al1.66-1.09)5.75-5.69 (Si3.49-2.96Al1.04-0.51)4.00O10 (OH)8로써 이론적인 녹니석보다 Si 함량이 높다. 이 녹니석의 화학조성 변화는 팬자이틱(phengitic) 또는 Tschermark 치환(Al3+,VI+Al3+,IV <-> (Fe2+ 또는 Mg2+)VI+(Si4+)IV) 및 팔면체적 Fe2+ <-> Mg2+ (Mn2+) 치환에 의해 일어났음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 운산 광상의 엽리상 석영맥 및 변질광물은 조산운동 시 연성전단(ductile shear) 시기에 형성되었음을 알 수 있다.