• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 2011

Background: NADPH oxidase (NOX) modulates cell proliferation, differentiation and immune response through generation of reactive oxygen species. Particularly, NOX2 is recently reported to be important for regulating Treg cell differentiation of CD4+ T cells. Methods: We employed ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in wild-type and NOX2-deficient mice and analyzed tissue histopathology and cytokine profiles. Results: We investigated whether NOX2-deficiency affects T cell-mediated airway inflammation. Ovalbumin injection which activates T cell-mediated allergic response increased airway inflammation in wild-type mice, as evidenced by increased immune cell infiltration, allergic cytokine expression, and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lung. Interestingly, NOX2 knockout (KO) mice were more susceptible to allergen-induced lung inflammation compared to wild-type mice. Immune cells including neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils were drastically infiltrated into the lung of NOX2 KO mice and mucus secretion was substantially increased in deficiency of NOX2. Furthermore, inflammatory allergic cytokines and eotaxin were significantly elevated in NOX2 KO mice, in accordance with enhanced generation of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-17 and interferon-${\gamma}$ by CD4+ T cells. Conclusion: These results indicate that NOX2 deficiency favorably produces inflammatory cytokines by T cells and thus increases the susceptibility to severe airway inflammation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1994

The integumental secretory structure is exocrine unicellular gland located in the epidermis of goldfish, Carassius auratus, and divided into two groups, mucous and granular cells. By the histochemical studies of integumental secretions the mucos cells reacted for acidic polysaccharides, and the granular cells for neutral glycoprotein. According to concentration of the secretion the integumental mucous are gradually sulphated. The mucous cells are typical form of goblet cell located in the upper region of the epidermis, and membrane bounded vesicles of the mucous are observed several size and electron densities by the cellular differentiation. The granular cells in middle and lower epidermis are present syncitial forms occasionally, and contain electron dense granules sized $1.0{\mu}m$ which are accumulated in cytoplasmic process held the cells to the basal lamina. The precursors of the integumental secretory materials are originated from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and next transported through the Golgi apparatus as a form of membrane bounded vesicles. After accomplish this process mature secretions are extruded to integumental surface by the mechanism of merocrine secretion in response to nerve stimulations respectively.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1746-1751
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• 2004

This study was done to investigate the effects of Gamichihyo-san and Gamiijung-tang on airway mucus secretion. After administer Gamichihyo-san(GCHS) and Gamiijung-tang(GIJT) extract to Golden Syrian Hamster for 8-10 weeks, we examined mucin release from cultured hamster tracheal surface epithelial(HTSE) cells. Following results were obtained; GCHG significantly stimulated mucin release from cultured HTSE cells, with minute cytotoxicity GIJT did not affect mucin release and have no cytotoxicity; GCHG and GIJT did not affect contractility of isolated tracheal smooth muscle. These results suggest that Gamichihyo-san might be usefully applied for airway mucus secretion.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.105-113
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• 1996

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.10
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• pp.1038-1049
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• 2005

Asthma is characterized by a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that leads to tissue injury and subsequent structural changes collectively called airway remodelling. Characteristic changes of airway remodelling in asthma include goblet cell hyperplasia, deposition of collagens in the basement membrane, increased number and size of microvessels, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, and hypertrophy of submucosal glands. Apart from inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils, activated T cells, mast cells and macrophages, structural tissue cells such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells can also play an important effector role through the release of a variety of mediators, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Through a variety of inflammatory mediators, epithelial and mesenchymal cells cause persistence of the inflammatory infiltrate and induce airway structural remodelling. The end result of chronic airway inflammation and remodelling is an increased thickness of the airway wall, leading to a increased the bronchial hyperresponsiveness and fixed declined lung function.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.605-609
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• 2007

The effects of lactic acid fermented yam yogurt (Yam/YG) on colon mucosal tissue were investigated in a loperamide-induced constipation rat models. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 6 weeks with 3 types of diets (normal, supplemented with lactic acid bacteria, and supplemented with Yam/YG), and were then administered loperamide intraperitoneally twice daily for 5 days. Administration of loperamide decreased fecal excretion and the moisture content of feces with increasing of numbers of pellets in the colon. On the histopathologic findings from hematoxylin and eosin (H& E) and alcian blue stainings, supplementation with Yam/YG resulted in the recovery of depleted goblet cells and mucin, and increased the numbers of Ki-67 positive cells, indicating restoration of colonic mucosa through cell proliferation and crypt regeneration against damages observed in crypt epithelial cells of loperamide-induced rats. These results indicate that Yam/YG improves evacuation and mucus production in the gastrointestinal tracts of constipated-induced rats.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.119-130
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• 1996

We review the factors which regulate the depth and composition of the human airway surface liquid (ASL). These include secretion from airway submucosal glands, ion and fluid transport across the surface epithelium, goblet cell discharge, surface tension and transepithelial gradients in osmotic and hydrostatic pressure. We describe recent experiments in which we have used low temperature scanning electron microscopy of rapidly frozen specimens to detect changes in depth of ASL in response to submucosal gland stimulation. We also present preliminary data in which X-ray microanalysis of frozen specimens has been used to determine the elemental composition of ASL.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.513-525
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Goihwa-san(GHS) against ulcerative colitis induced by DSS (dextran sulfate sodium). Method : The sample group was divided into three. The control group consisted of mice that were not inflammation-induced. The pathological group was composed of untreated colitis elicited mice. The experimental group was administered GHS after colitis elicitation. The effects on ulcerative colitis were evaluated by the morphological change of colonic mucosa, the anti-oxidant effect, HSP 70, NF-${\kappa}$B, COX-1, COX-2 and iNOS. Results : In terms of immunohistochemical changes, the distribution of COX-1 in mice treated with GHS increased noticeably more than that in the pathological group. The distributions of HSP70, NF-${\kappa}$B, COX-2, iNOS in mice treated with GHS more decreased than those in the pathological group. Regeneration of surface epithelial cell and goblet cell in mucosa was observed by optical microscope. The colonic lengths in GHS-treated mice were more elongated than those of DSS only treated mice. Conclusion : GHS is a candidate treatment for ulcerative colitis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2 s.66
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• pp.182-195
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• 2006

Objectives : We examined the effect of Hwangryunhaedoktang(HH) on the experimental ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Methods : Experimental colitis was induced in rats by daily treatment with 5% DSS in the drinking water for 5 days. Afterward, the mts were divided into two groups: the control group was administered water and the sample group was administered HH for 7 days. Results : The sample group provided HH for 7 days demonstrated fast recovery of body weight compared with the control group. Histologic change showed fast regeneration of crypt and surface epithelial cells and decreased edema of the submucosa and decreased lymphatic follicle of mucosa compared with the control group. Immunohistochemical stain usingCOX-2 gene was decreased and there was localized Ki-67 positive reaction. Regeneration of surface epithelial cell and goblet cell in mucosa was observed by transmission electron microscope. These results indicate therapeutic effect of HH on DSS-induced colitis in rats.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.752-764
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Doche-tang on colonic mucosal ulcer induced by dextran sulfate sodium(DSS). Method : The group was divided into three. The normal group consisted of mice that were not inflammation-induced. The control group was composed of untreated colitis elicited mice. The sample group was administered Doche-tang after colitis elicitation. The effects on colonic mucosal ulcers were evaluated by the morphological change of colonic mucosa, the anti-oxidant effect, HSP 70, $NF-{\kappa}B$, COX-1, COX-2 and iNOS. Results : In terms of immunohistochemical findings, the distribution of COX-1 in mice treated with Doche-tang noticeably increased more than that in the control group. The distribution of HSP70, $NF-{\kappa}B$, COX-2, iNOS in mioe treated with Doche-tang decreased more than that in the control group. Regeneration of surface epithelial cell and goblet cell in mucosa was observed by transmission electron microscope. Conclusion : According to the results, Doche-tang is practicable treatment for colonic mucosal ulcer.