• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2004

Despite higher fecundity, Black Bengal goat generally has lower milk production, which is often insufficient for their multiple kids. However, milk requirement of Black Bengal kids is poorly defined. Present trial was thus designed to determine the requirement and intake of milk of pre-weaned Black Bengal kids in relation to their growth rate age and sex. Thirty, one month old Black Bengal kids of either sex divided into two groups were allocated to two groups, suckling alone (T1) or suckling along with teat-bottle feeding of milk (T2). Ten kids were allocated for the T1 and 20 kids were allocated for the T2. Digestibility of milk was also determined in T2 animals. Average daily consumption of milk, milk energy and milk N were 773 and 722 g, 1,170 and 1,093 kJ/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ and 1,552 and 1,462 mg N/kg $W^{0.75}/d$, respectively. During 9 weeks trial period, male kids had significantly higher live weight (4.32 vs. 4.20 kg; p<0.01) and intake of milk (773 vs. 722 g/d; p<0.05), energy (117 vs. 1,093 kJ/kg $W^{0.75}$/d; p<0.01) and N (1,552 vs.1,462 mg/k $W^{0.75}/d$; p<0.01) than the female. Milk consumption and the corresponding milk energy and milk N intake increased linearly up to 5th week of the trial, which, then decreased quadratically up to 9th week i.e., up to the weaning. Overall milk DM intake during this period was 2.58% (range 1.5-3.0%) of live weight or about 36 g/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ (range 29-45 g/kg $W^{0.75}/d$). Pre-weaned Black Bengal kids of about 4.5 kg weight, growing at the rate of 60 g weight daily requires at least 750 g milk daily. Daily live weight gain, estimated as the regression between the live weights over time, was 60 g ($r^2$=0.99) and 55 g ($r^2$=0.99), respectively, for the male and female kids. Efficiency of milk energy utilization for weight gain ranged from 0.67 to 0.84 (mean 0.81) for the male kid and 0.75 to 0.91 (mean 0.82) for the female kids. Efficiency of milk protein utilization for weight gain ranged from 0.46 to 0.70 (mean 0.61) for the male kid and 0.51 to 0.81 (mean 0.64) for the female kids. Additional teat-bottle feeding of suckling kids had no significant effect on their growth rate (54vs. 57 g/d). Average digestibility of milk DM, OM and N was 98.85, 98.99 and 98.69%, respectively and they were slightly (p>0.05) higher in the male than the female kids. Results suggest that the requirement of energy and protein and their utilization efficiency in Black Bengal kids is not different from that of the other breeds of goat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.281-285
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• 1990

The present paper demonstrates the expressions and amounts of pepsinogen and prochymosin in neonate, young and adult goat's proper gastric glandular regions by the immunochemical and the immunohistochemical analyses with the anti-bovine pepsinogen serum and anti-bovine chymosin serum. Each bovine serum was demonstrated to have reactivities against corresponding goat's antigen by immunochemical analses and enzymatic activities. The anti-pepsinogen was higher in the new born animals than the maternal milk feeding one, suggesting that the maternal milk might control the pepsinogen production in the proper gastric glands. The patterns of prochymosin expression in the goats was similar to that in cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1411-1418
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• 2012

The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationships between terpenes… intake and their presence in animal tissues (blood and milk) as well as in the final product (cheese). Eight dairy goats were divided in two balanced groups, representing control (C) and treatment (T) group. In T group oral administration of a mixture of terpenes (${\alpha}$-pinene, limonene and ${\beta}$-caryophyllene) was applied over a period of 18 d. Cheese was produced, from C and T groups separately, on three time points, twice during the period of terpenes… oral administration and once after the end of experiment. Terpenes were identified in blood by extraction using petroleum ether and in milk and cheese by the use of solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) method, followed by GC-MS analysis. Chemical properties of the milk and the produced cheeses were analyzed and found not differing between the two groups. Limonene and ${\alpha}$-pinene were found in all blood and milk samples of the T group after a lag-phase of 3 d, while ${\beta}$-caryophyllene was determined only in few milk samples. Moreover, none of the terpenes were traced in blood and milk of C animals. In cheese, terpenes' concentrations presented a more complicated pattern implying that terpenes may not be reliable feed tracers. We concluded that monoterpenes can be regarded as potential feed tracers for authentification of goat milk, but further research is required on factors affecting their transfer.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.7
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• pp.18.1-18.12
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• 2018

Background: Xanthosine treatment has been previously reported to increase mammary stem cell population and milk production in cattle and goats. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the increase in stem cell population and milk production remain unclear. Methods: Primiparous Beetal goats were assigned to the study. Five days post-partum, one mammary gland of each goat was infused with xanthosine (TRT) twice daily ($2{\times}$) for 3 days consecutively, and the other gland served as a control (CON). Milk samples from the TRT and CON glands were collected on the 10th day after the last xanthosine infusion and the total RNA was isolated from milk fat globules (MEGs). Total RNA in MFGs was mainly derived from the milk epithelial cells (MECs) as evidenced by expression of milk synthesis genes. Significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) terms using PANTHER and gene networks were generated using STRING db. Results: Preliminary analysis indicated that each individual goat responded to xanthosine treatment differently, with this trend being correlated with specific DEGs within the same animal's mammary gland. Several pathways are impacted by these DEGs, including cell communication, cell proliferation and anti-microbials. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into transcriptomic changes in milk producing epithelial cells in response to xanthosine treatment. Further characterization of DEGs identified in this study is likely to delineate the molecular mechanisms of increased milk production and stem or progenitor cell population by the xanthosine treatment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.65-67
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• 1968

Observations were made to determine the effects of age and season upon the total serum protein values of milk goats(female) and milk cows fed in Korea. The results obtained in this work were summerized as follows; 1. In adults. the average concentrations of total serum protein of milk goats and milk cows were higher than in the younger, and were generally increased with the advance of age. The rate of increase in total serum protein value was more significant in the younger than that of adults. 2. The average concentrations of total serum protein of milk cows were significantly higher than those of milk goats. 3. Seasonal variation of total serum protein value was not observed in milk cows. 4. The average concentration of total serum protein of milk goat fed in Korea was much lower than that reported from the Occident, and this difference seemed to be influenced by the ration low in protein.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.59-62
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• 2008

The aim of this work was to assess the Delvo test for the detection of antimicrobial residues in goat milk. A total of fifty six samples (eight farms, seven samplings each) were analyzed by the Delvo, Eclipse 100, and Parallux tests. None of the samples showed positive results with the Parallux test which is based on immune-chemical methods. However, 37.5% of samples showed positive results with the Delvo test. 3.6% of samples showed positive results with the Eclipse 100 test, which is based on a microbiological method. The Delvo test is included in the 'standard methods for the examination of raw milk' by the National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service as a microbiological method used for the detection of antimicrobial residues. Because "raw milk" is defined as 'milked state of cow, ewe and goat milk for sale or for processing' in the Animal Food Products Processing Law, the Delvo test should be excluded from the 'standard method for the examination of raw milk', or additional official documents referring to the Delvo test as not appropriate for the detection of antimicrobial residues of goat milk are required.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.120-123
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• 2010

The standard method for somatic cell counts in goat milk is the direct microscopic method after a pyronin Y-methyl stain. It has been reported, however, that are found to differ by measuring methods, but. A total of forty eight goat milk samples from eight farms were compared by pyronin Y-methyl stain, ADAM-SCC in National Institute of Animal Science, and Somacount 500 in Chungbuk Veterinary Service. The average SCC of the samples was $7.3{\times}10^5$ cells/mL by pyronin Y-methyl stain, $4.9{\times}10^5$ cells/mL by ADAM-SCC, and $11.6{\times}10^5$ cells/mL by Somacount 500. The correlations between the methods were not significant. SCC measuring equipment should be developed for reducing the SCC in goat milk, and pyronin Y-methyl green stain for estimating SCC in goat milk should be included in NVRQS Notice for livestock products processing and composition standards.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.276-286
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• 2020

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host. This study was conducted for the isolation of potential lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with probiotic properties from goat milk and yogurt. Several tests were conducted in vitro using the standard procedures for evaluating the inhibitory spectra of LAB against pathogenic bacteria; tolerance to NaCl, bile salt, and phenol; hemolytic, milk coagulation, and bile salt hydrolase activities; gastrointestinal transit tolerance; adhesion properties; and antibiotic susceptibility. Among 40 LAB strains screened according to culture characteristics, five isolates exhibited antagonistic properties. Three were identified as Pediococcus acidilactici, and two were identified as Enterococcus faecium, exploiting 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All the isolates succeeded in the gastrointestinal transit tolerance assay and successively colonized mucosal epithelial cells. Based on the results of these in vitro assays, both P. acidilactici and E. faecium can be considered as potential probiotic candidates.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 1979

These studies were carried out to investigate the effects of liver-fluke infection on the reproductive disorder and milk and meat production in Korean Native Goat. A survey of infected goat in Chungnam district was conducted with 474 head by interdermal reaction and also a clinical observation was founded. A experiment was carried out to determine the effects of liver fluke extract on the reproductive disorder by subcutaneous injection and milk and meat yield were measured from treat ed goats. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The rate of positive goat was 71.3% among the surveyed goat and the highest rate was appeared at 3~4 years old goats as 81.4%. 2. The treated goats lost condition and failed to thrive, and became progressive weaker. 3. In hemogram, observation, the rate of eosinophil leucocyte was increased significantly by extract treated. 4. It was appeared the pathogenic signs such symptoms poisoning liver function disturbance and reproductive disorder from treated goats with liver fluke extract. 5. In milking goat the milk yield droped significantly and fattening goat did not fatten. 6. The gross income value per capita was lower from infected goat and it was analysed more sensitivly in net income value.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.554-559
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• 2004

The objective of the present study was to investigate the accuracy of mastitis diagnostic indicators for different dairy goat breeds. Biweekly milk samples were collected from individual half mammary gland of seven Saanen and seven Alpine dairy goats in the period of 40 to 120 days in milk. With threshold value set at 2.8 and 3.1 for Alpine and Saanen dairy goats, respectively, log (SPC) offered good sensitivity (0.89, 0.93), specificity (0.88, 0.95), positive predictive value (0.75, 0.85) and negative predictive value (0.95, 0.98) as a mastitis diagnostic tool. The correlations of log (SPC) with milk yield, log (SCC), ALP, LDH, $Na^{+}$, $K^{+}$ and EC were significant in Saanen dairy goats (p<0.05), with the highest correlation coefficient (0.653) existing between log (SPC) and log (SCC). The correlations of log (SPC) with milk yield, milk fat, milk protein, log (SCC), $Na^{+}$, $K^{+}$, EC were significant in Alpine dairy goats (p<0.05), with the highest correlation coefficient (0.416) existing between log (SPC) and log (SCC). There were different best-fit regression equations with different multiple diagnostic indicators for Saanen and Alpine dairy goats. In conclusion, different breeds of dairy goats may have to adapt different mastitis diagnostic parameters for a better diagnosis.