• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.695-701
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of drying and extraction methods on antioxidant activity and total phenol content of Gnaphalium affine D. DON (GA). Hot-air, shade-drying, and freeze-drying were used for drying, after which magnetic stirring and ultrasonification were applied. Extracting solvents were water, 80% ethanol, and 80% methanol. Total phenol content was highest in 80% ethanol extract of freeze-dried and stirred GA. Total flavonoid content was highest in 80% methanol extract of freeze-dried and stirred GA. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was higher in 80% methanol and 80% ethanol extracts than in water extract. 2,2-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity was highest in 80% ethanol extract of shade-dried and ultrasonicated GA. Reducing power was generally higher in 80% methanol extract than in 80% ethanol and water extracts of GA. Total phenol and total flavonoid contents were highly correlated with DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power, respectively. This result implies that the antioxidant activity of GA can be attributed to phenol compounds such as flavonoids. Conclusively, phenol compounds such as flavonoids are responsible for the antioxidant activity of GA, and there was no significant effect of drying and stirring conditions on antioxidant activity of 80% ethanol. Meanwhile, DPPH radical scavenging activity of water extract and reducing power of 80% methanol extract were higher in hot-air and shade-dried GAs than in freeze-dried GA.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.103-114
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• 2017

Gnaphalium affine D. DON (GA) has been used as a vegetable as well as a folk medicine in East Asia. The antioxidant and anti-complementary activity of GA extract (GAE) has also been reported. However, little is known about its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effect and mechanism of action. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of GAE on the production of inflammatory mediators such as NO, $PGE_2$, TLR4, eotaxin-1 and histamine. Our results suggest that GAE inhibits the production of NO and $PGE_2$ by inhibiting transcriptional activation via the involvement of iNOS and COX-2. The LPS-induced expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was also attenuated. In addition, GAE inhibited A23187-induced histamine release from MC/9 mast cells. It also inhibited the production of eotaxin-1 induced by IL-4. Collectively, these results suggest that GAE may have considerable potential as a cosmetic ingredient with anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.470-476
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• 2015

In this study, three dicaffeoylquinic acids (DCQAs) isolated from Gnaphalium affine D. DON. extracts were structurally identified and evaluated for their antioxidant activities, cellular protective effects, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. The ethyl acetate fraction of G. affine was chromatographed, which yielded 3 DCQA derivatives of 1-3 : 3,5-dicaffoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA, 1), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-DCQA, 2), 1,5-dicaffoylquinic acid (1,5-DCQA, 3). The structure of each compounds was determined using $^1H$ NMR and MS analyses. Compounds of 1-3 showed strong free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}=3.70$, 5.80, and $5.50{\mu}M$, respectively) compared to those of a commonly used lipophilic antioxidant, (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol ($21.90{\mu}M$). Cellular protective effects of 1-3 compounds on the $^1O_2$ sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were similar to (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol. 1-3 compounds also exhibited higher tyrosinase inhibitory effects ($IC_{50}=0.15$, 0.16, and 0.13 mM) compared to arbutin (0.33 mM), known as a skin-whitening agent. These results indicate that three DCQA derivatives may be applied as an antioxidant and a skin whitening agent in food or cosmetic industries.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2014

In this work, the antioxidative effects and active component analysis of Gnaphalium affine D. DON. (G. affine) extracts were investigated. All experiments were performed with 70% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction of the G. affine extract. The free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) of ethyl acetate fraction ($6.15{\mu}g/mL$) of the G. affine was higher than that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol ($8.89{\mu}g/mL$), which is known as a reference control. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of the 70% ethanol extract ($1.60{\mu}g/mL$), ethyl acetate fraction ($0.075{\mu}g/mL$) and aglycone fraction ($2.28{\mu}g/mL$) of extract of G. affine on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/$H_2O_2$ system using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay were much higher than that of L-ascorbic acid ($6.88{\mu}g/mL$). The cellular protective effects of 70% ethanol extract (${\tau}_{50}$ = 52.0 min) and aglycone fraction of the extract (${\tau}_{50}$ = 60.6 min) on the $^1O_2$-induced cellular damage of human erythrocytes were exhibited the higher protective effect than (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}$ = 38.0 min), known as a lipophilic antioxidant. TLC and HPLC were used to analyse active components in the aglycone fraction of the extract. Results showed that luteolin and apigenin were main components. These results suggest that the G. affine extract can be applied to an effective antioxidant in scavenging ROS including radicals.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.220-230
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• 2004

This study was conducted of Korean native plants to screen herbicidal activity which could be used for the development of new natural herbicides. Ninety-eight plants were collected from Wan Island, Chollanamdo in Korea and their methanol extracts were obtained. Herbicidal activities of the methanol extracts were determined by seed bioassay using canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings. Among ninety-eight species, twenty plants were highly herbicidal ($GR_{50}<1,000\;{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$): Abies holophylla MAXIM., Ailanthus altissima (MILL.) SWINGLE, Anthemis nobilis L., Aralia elata SEEM., Artemisia iwayomogi KITAMURA, Asarum sieboldii MIQ., Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. nippo-oleifera MAKINO, Clematis terniflora DC., Crataegus scabrida SARG., Gnaphalium affine D. DON, Jasminum nudiflorum LINDL., Kalopanax pictus (THUNE.) NAKAI, Machilus japonica S. et Z., Myrica rubra S. et Z., Osmunda japonica THUNB., Phytolacca esculenta V. Houtte, Platanus occidentalis L., Quisqualis indica L., Rubus hirsutus THUNB., Yucca smalliana FERN. Fifty plants were shown moderate herbicidal activity $(1,000\;{\mu}g\;g^{-1}, however, twenty-eight plants were not shown any herbicidal activity.