• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.793-799
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• 2011

We report the complexation behavior of calix[4]arenemonoquinone-triacid (CTAQ), which is an electroactive and water-soluble receptor for calcium ion. UV-visible and NMR spectroscopic studies revealed that CTAQ in aqueous media forms 1:2 as well as 1:1 (metal ion:CTAQ) stoichiometric complexes with $Ca^{2+}$, $Sr^{2+}$, and $Ba^{2+}$ ions. The nonlinear fitting of titration curves based on UV-visible absorption spectra showed that the binding constants of CTAQ for $Ca^{2+}$ ion are 4 $({\pm}2){\times}10^6\;M^{-1}$ for 1:1 and 1.4 $({\pm}0.5){\times}10^{11}\;M^{-2}$ for 1:2 complex. NMR conformational studies and the titration curves corroborate that the $Ca^{2+}$:CTAQ complex in aqueous solution is not present in the form of merely 1:1 one, being consistent with UV-visible spectrophotometric results. The Monte Carlo simulation supports the presence of a stable conformer of 1:2 complexes in which a $Ca^{2+}$ ion is interposed between two CTAQs at the global minimum. This is the first model of 1:2 stoichiometric complex of calix[4]arene and alkaline earth ions in aqueous media.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

K-means algorithm is one of the most popular and widely used clustering method because it is easy to implement and very efficient. However, this method has the limitation to be used with fixed number of clusters because of only considering the intra-cluster distance to evaluate the data clustering solutions. Silhouette is useful and stable valid index to decide the data clustering solution with number of clusters to consider the intra and inter cluster distance for unsupervised data. However, this valid index has high computational burden because of considering quality measure for each data object. The objective of this paper is to propose the fast and simple speed-up method to overcome this limitation to use silhouette for the effective large-scale data clustering. In the first step, the proposed method calculates and saves the distance for each data once. In the second step, this distance matrix is used to calculate the relative distance rate ($V_j$) of each data j and this rate is used to choose the suitable number of clusters without much computation time. In the third step, the proposed efficient heuristic algorithm (Group search optimization, GSO, in this paper) can search the global optimum with saving computational capacity with good initial solutions using $V_j$ probabilistically for the data clustering. The performance of our proposed method is validated to save significantly computation time against the original silhouette only using Ruspini, Iris, Wine and Breast cancer in UCI machine learning repository datasets by experiment and analysis. Especially, the performance of our proposed method is much better than previous method for the larger size of data.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1189-1198
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• 2015

글로벌 금융 위기 발생으로 헤지펀드의 영향력이 증가하면서 헤지펀드의 위험도와 생존여부를 가늠할 새로운 접근법이 필요하게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 헤지펀드의 데이터를 입력값으로 하는 퍼지신경망 모형을 통해 헤지펀드의 생존여부를 예측한다. 헤지펀드의 데이터는 그 변수가 불명확하고 내재적인 불확실성을 가지고 있어 생존 여부의 경계를 설정하는데 어려움이 있다. 따라서 생존 여부를 소속정도로 평가하여 불확실성을 모사할 수 있는 퍼지신경망 모형을 적용하여 예측하고 정확도를 평가한다. 또한 다른 인공지능 방법론들을 이용하여 평가한 결과와 제시한 모형의 성과를 비교하여 그 차이점을 확인한다. 본 연구의 실험결과를 통해 퍼지신경망 모형의 예측력을 확인했으며, 향후 투자자들이 헤지펀드 투자에 대한 의사를 결정하는데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.374-380
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• 2015

무선 트래픽이 급증함에 따라 활용 가능한 주파수 자원을 확보하고, 기존 사용자와 공동으로 주파수를 사용하기 위한 상호공존 기술에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이동통신 무선접속표준을 제정하는 3GPP에서도 면허대역에서 제공되던 이동통신시비스를 5 GHz 비면허대역으로 확장하기 위한 표준기술 개발을 시작하였다. 캐리어 집성기술을 기반으로 면허대역의 보조 캐리어로 5 GHz 대역을 활용하는 시나리오를 가정하고 있으며, 기존 Wi-Fi 시스템과 상호공존할 수 있는 기술개발이 핵심 요구사항으로 정의되었다. 3GPP에서는 각국의 기술기준을 모두 만족할 수 있는 단일 기술개발을 목표로 삼고 있으므로, 현재 유럽 기술기준의 Listen-Before-Talk 기반 Frame based Equipment와 Load based Equipment 채널접속방법을 Wi-Fi와 주파수 자원을 공유하기 위한 기술로 우선 검토하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 두 가지 방식에 대하여 설명하고, 비면허대역 LTE 표준에 적용하는 경우, 구현 및 표준관점에서의 고려할 사항을 정의하고 있다. 또한, 세 가지 동작 시나리오에서 파일전달지연시간과 전송률의 성능지표로 두 방식의 성능을 비교 분석한다.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2005

본 연구는 구조물의 정량적 강성설계 기법 개발, 즉 부재 단위의 강성 재설계를 통한 전역 자유도 변위의 정량적 조절 기법개발을 궁극적 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 전역 자유도에 대한 부재의 변위기여도계수와 내력기여도계수를 유도하고, 이를 이용하여 특정 변위를 정량적으로 예측, 제어할 수 있도록 부재 강성과 특정 변위간의 상관식을 유도 제시하였다. 간단한 예제 구조물의 해석과 제안식 적용을 통한 변위 예측값 사이의 비교를 통하여 제안식을 검증하였다. 정정구조물의 경우 본 상관식은 정해로서, 이를 이용하여 폭정 변위를 원하는 목표치로 정확하게 제어할 수 있으며, 부정정구조물의 경우에도 부재 내력 재분배에 의한 오차가 발생하기는 함에도 불구하고 각 부재 강성과 특정 변위간의 상관성과 경향을 제시함으로써 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 정량적 변위 제어 기법은 강성설계가 전체 설계 결과를 지배하게 되는 대 공간구조물 또는 초고층건물의 설계 시 유용할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2017

Each country in the world currently concentrates on shifting into clean energy, which can be alternative energy, for global environment protection and solution to the problem of fossil fuel depletion. The Korean government is predicted to develop renewable energy, such as solar power, ground power, and offshore wind power, and to increase their supply ratios by ending the use of coals and nuclear power plants. This study conducted experiments on thermal storage performance of Trombe wall thermal storage materials using solar power and simulations in order to offer baseline data for the development of a hybrid air circulation system for heating that can maximize efficiency by simultaneously using solar and geothermal power. The study results are as follows: (1) In all the specimens with 3m, 5m, and 7m in the length of thermal storage pipe, $5.7^{\circ}C$, $7.8^{\circ}C$, and $10.5^{\circ}C$ rose, respectively, as the thermal storage effect of the specimens attaching insulation film and black tape to the general funnel. They were most excellent in terms of thermal storage effect. (2) As a result of thermal performance evaluation on the II type specimens, II-3 ($7.8^{\circ}C$ rise) > II-4 ($5.3^{\circ}C$ rise) > II-1 ($3.9^{\circ}C$ rise) > II-2 ($2.3^{\circ}C$ rise) was revealed, and thus II-3 (insulation film + black tape) was most effective as shown in the I type. (3) This study analyzed air current and temperature distribution inside of the greenhouse by linking actually measured values and simulation interpretation results through the interpretation of CFD (computational fluid dynamics). As a result, the parts absorbing heat and discharging heat around the thermal storage pipe could be visibly classified, and temperature distribution inside of the greenhouse around the thermal storage pipe could be figured out.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.135-140
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• 2011

최근 수행되는 연구들에 따르면, 인터넷 관련한 에너지 소비는 날이 갈수록 증가하고 있는 추세이며, 이미 우리사회가 소비하고 있는 전체 에너지 소비량의 상당부분을 차지하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이로 인해 현재 인터넷 프로토콜, 응용 프로그램 등의 개발에 있어서도 에너지 효율을 높일 수 있는 기법들이 중요한 연구이슈로 떠오르고 있다. 현재 네트워크에서 소비되는 에너지의 대부분은 개인용 PC나 데이터센터에서 발생하고 있으며, 특히 사용자 PC에서 소비되는 전력소비가 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 사용자들이 P2P등 파일 다운로드 등을 목적으로 PC전원을 끄지 않고 있는 문제점에 착안, File sharing사용자들을 위한 서비스 품질은 그대로 유지하면서, 에너지 소비는 절감하기위한 File Sharing Proxying시스템을 기반으로 한 Green File Sharing아키텍처에 대해 기술하고자 한다. File sharing 사용자들로 하여금 다운로드 실행기능을 Proxy 시스템에 위임한 뒤 사용 중인 PC전원을 끄도록 함으로써, 에너지 소비효율을 향상시키는 기법이다. 특히 실험을 통해 Proxy 시스템을 기반으로 평균 파일공유시간을 획기적으로 줄이면서 에너지 소비효율을 50%이상 줄일 수 있음이 증명되었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.125-141
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• 1998

Recent test results of steel moment connections repaired with a haunch on the bottom side of the beam have been shown to be a very promising solution to enhancing the seismic performance of steel moment-resisting frames. Yet, little is known about the effects of using such a repair scheme on the global seismic response of structures. When haunches are incorporated in a steel moment frame, the response prediction is complicated by the presence of "dual" panel zones. To investigate the effects of a repair on seismic performance, a case study was conducted for a 13-story steel frame damaged during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. It was assumed that only those locations with reported damage would be repaired with haunches. A new analytical modeling technique for the dual panel zone developed by the author was incorporated in the analysis. Modeling the dual panel zone was among the most significant consideration in the analyses. Both the inelastic static and dynamic analyses did not indicate detrimental side effects resulting from the repair. As a result of the increased strength in dual panel zones, yielding in these locations were eliminated and larger plastic rotation demand occurred in the beams next to the shallow end of the haunches. Nevertheless, the beam plastic rotation demand produced by the Sylmar record of 1994 Northridge earthquake was still limited to 0.017 radians. The repair resulted in a minor increase in earthquake energy input. In the original structure, the panel zones should dissipate about 80% (for the Oxnard record) and 70% (for the Sylmar record) of the absorbed energy, assuming no brittle failure of moment connections. After repair, the energy dissipated in the panel zones and beams were about equal.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제74권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2020

For the large deformation of shear walls under vertical and horizontal loads, there are difficulties in obtaining accurate simulation results using the response analysis method, even with fine mesh elements. Furthermore, concrete material nonlinearity, stiffness degradation, concrete cracking and crushing, and steel bar damage may occur during the large deformation of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls. Matrix operations that are involved in nonlinear analysis using the traditional finite-element method (FEM) may also result in flaws, and may thus lead to serious errors. To solve these problems, a planar four-node element was developed based on vector mechanics. Owing to particle-based formulation along the path element, the method does not require repeated constructions of a global stiffness matrix for the nonlinear behavior of the structure. The nonlinear concrete constitutive model and bilinear steel material model are integrated with the developed element, to ensure that large deformation and damage behavior can be addressed. For verification, simulation analyses were performed to obtain experimental results on an RC shear wall subjected to a monotonically increasing lateral load with a constant vertical load. To appropriately evaluate the parameters, investigations were conducted on the loading speed, meshing dimension, and the damping factor, because vector mechanics is based on the equation of motion. The static problem was then verified to obtain a stable solution by employing a balanced equation of motion. Using the parameters obtained, the simulated pushover response, including the bearing capacity, deformation ability, curvature development, and energy dissipation, were found to be in accordance with the experimental observation. This study demonstrated the potential of the developed planar element for simulating the entire process of large deformation and damage behavior in RC shear walls.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제75권6호
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• pp.747-769
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• 2020

This paper provides a semi-analytical approach to investigate the variations of 3D displacement components, electric potential, stresses, electric displacements and transverse vibration frequencies in laminated piezoelectric composite plates based on the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) and the precise integration algorithm (PIA). The proposed approach can analyze the static and dynamic responses of multilayered piezoelectric plates with any number of laminae, various geometrical shapes, boundary conditions, thickness-to-length ratios and stacking sequences. Only a longitudinal surface of the plate is discretized into 2D elements, which helps to improve the computational efficiency. Comparing with plate theories and other numerical methods, only three displacement components and the electric potential are set as the basic unknown variables and can be represented analytically through the transverse direction. The whole derivation is built upon the three dimensional key equations of elasticity for the piezoelectric materials and no assumptions on the plate kinematics have been taken. By virtue of the equilibrium equations, the constitutive relations and the introduced set of scaled boundary coordinates, three-dimensional governing partial differential equations are converted into the second order ordinary differential matrix equation. Furthermore, aided by the introduced internal nodal force, a first order ordinary differential equation is obtained with its general solution in the form of a matrix exponent. To further improve the accuracy of the matrix exponent in the SBFEM, the PIA is employed to make sure any desired accuracy of the mechanical and electric variables. By virtue of the kinetic energy technique, the global mass matrix of the composite plates constituted by piezoelectric laminae is constructed for the first time based on the SBFEM. Finally, comparisons with the exact solutions and available results are made to confirm the accuracy and effectiveness of the developed methodology. What's more, the effect of boundary conditions, thickness-to-length ratios and stacking sequences of laminae on the distributions of natural frequencies, mechanical and electric fields in laminated piezoelectric composite plates is evaluated.