• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.186-193
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• 1980

The causal organism of Phytophthora disease on Panax ginseng Meyer in Korea was isolated and identified as Phytophthora cactorum. It's pathogenicity, etiology, and possible control measures were investigated. Disease symptoms on various parts of ginseng plants were also described The fungus caused seedling and mature plant blight and root rot. Oospores were easily formed on potato dextrose agar and corn meal agar. Oospores, however, were not formed in the diseased root tissues but did in the in footed shoots such as leaves, petioles, and stems and in the inoculated berries.

• 식물병연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2014

인삼 재배지에서 가장 큰 피해를 나타내고 있는 뿌리썩음병원균은 Cylindrocarpon destructans로 연작장해의 원인으로 작용하고 있다. 2011과 2012년에 걸쳐 인삼 뿌리썩음병 발병포장으로부터 뿌리를 수집하여 병징 구분 후 57종의 C. destructans를 분리하였다. 분리한 뿌리썩음병원균중에서 34균주(61%)는 병원성이 낮았으며, 21균주(37%)는 무상처 접종에서도 병반을 형성하여 강한 병원성을 나타내었다. 또한 이들 분리균들을 PDA 배지에서 15일 배양한 결과 최적의 생장온도는 $20^{\circ}C$였으며, $35^{\circ}C$에서는 병원성에 관계없이 모두 생장하지 못하였다. 병원성에 따라 균총의 색과 균사의 생장정도에 차이를 나타내었다. 강한 병원성 균주는짙은 갈색을 나타낸 반면 병원성이 약한 균주들은 베이지색 또는 옅은 갈색을 나타내었다. pH 변화에 따른 균사 생장에 미치는 효과 조사를 위해 수경 재배한 결과 pH 7.0에서 보다 pH 5.0에서 균사생장이 양호하였다. 뿌리에서의 상처는 pH 변화와 관계없이 발병도를 더욱 증가시켰다. 인위적으로 조성한 발병 토양에 1-4년생 인삼뿌리를 이식하여 재배한 결과 2년생 뿌리에서 가장 감수성이었으며, 발병률도 79.5%로 가장 높았다. 뿌리썩음병 발병정도는 토양 내 접종 병원균의 밀도에 따라 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 병원균 접종농도 $3.5{\times}10^2cfu/g$ 처리구 보다 $2.0{\times}10^3cfu/g$ 처리구에서 높았다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.432-436
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• 2014

The soil-borne ascomycete fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans causes ginseng root rot disease and produces various secondary metabolites such as brefeldin A and radicicol. The slow growth of this fungus compared with other plant pathogenic and saprophytic fungi in soil disturbs isolation of this fungus from soil and infected ginseng. In this study, we developed a selective medium for C. destructans using radicicol produced by this fungus. Supplementing 50 mg/L of radicicol to medium inhibited the mycelia growth of other fungi including Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria panax, but did not affect the growth of C. destructans. In addition, conidia germination of other fungal species except for C. destructans was inhibited in submerged culture supplemented with radicicol. This medium provides a very efficient tool for isolating C. destructans and also can be used as an enrichment medium for this fungus.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.1018-1026
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• 2020

Rosemary essential oil was evaluated for antifungal potentiality against six major ginseng pathogens: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia nivalis, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Alternaria panax, Botrytis cinerea, and Fusarium oxysporum. The in vitro fungicidal effects of two commonly used fungicides, namely mancozeb and fenhexamid, and the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Trichoderma koningiopsis T-403 on the mycelial growth were investigated. The results showed that rosemary essential oil is active against all of the pathogenic strains of ginseng root rot, whereas rosemary oil displayed high ability to inhibit the Sclerotinia spp. growth. The highest sensitivity was S. nivalis, with complete inhibition of growth at 0.1% v/v of rosemary oil, followed by Alternaria panax, which exhibited 100% inhibition at 0.3% v/v of the oil. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of rosemary oil ranged from 0.1 % to 0.5 % (v/v). Chemical analysis using GC-MS showed the presence of thirty-two constituents within rosemary oil from R. officinals L. Camphore type is the most frequent sesquiterpene in rosemary oil composition. Mancozeb and fenhexamid showed their highest inhibition effect (45% and 30%, respectively) against A. panax. T. koningiopsis T-403 showed its highest inhibition effect (84%) against C. destructans isolate. This study may expedite the application of antifungal natural substances from rosemary and Trichoderma in the prevention and control of phytopathogenic strains in ginseng root infections.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.138-143
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of vermicomposts on the growth parameters and ginsenoside content of ginseng roots. Food waste vermicompost (FW), cow manure vermicompost (CM), and paper sludge vermicompost (PS) were applied at 10 and $40t\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. One-year-old seedlings were transplanted and 4-year-old roots were harvested. Soil nitrate and phosphate concentrations were increased in the plots applied with FW and CM at $40t\;ha^{-1}$. Soil pH and exchangeable Ca concentrations were higher at FW $40t\;ha^{-1}$ than at CM $40t\;ha^{-1}$. Root yield increased when treated with FW $40t\;ha^{-1}$ in comparison to the yield for the control. The incidences of root rot disease and ginsenoside content were not significantly affected by the treatments. The results suggested that application of vermicompost might not show a relationship between root biomass and ginsenoside content. It further showed that proper use of vermicompost can promote root yield without a reduction in root quality or an increase in the incidence of root rot disease in reclaimed fields.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.136-142
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• 2016

Background: Root diseases caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani decrease the yield and quality of ginseng. Cylindrocarpon root rot is a major disease caused by replant failure in ginseng fields. Methods and Results: Solarization of infested greenhouse soil was carried out during the summer season after applying green manure (Sudan grass) and Calcium Cyanamide (CC) on the soil. Mycelium and conidia of C. destructans died at $40^{\circ}C$ after 15 h, but they did not die at $35^{\circ}C$ after 15 h. They also died after keeping the soil at $40^{\circ}C$ for 2 h daily for 9 days, and at $45^{\circ}C$ for 8 days, but they did not die at $38^{\circ}C$ for 9 days. Maximum soil temperature was $55.4^{\circ}C$ at 5 cm depth, $48.7^{\circ}C$ at 10 cm, $44.7^{\circ}C$ at 15 cm, $42.5^{\circ}C$ at 20 cm, and $31.9^{\circ}C$ at 30 cm by incorporating green manure into the soil and using solarization. Solarization using green manure mixed with CC was the most effective in decreasing soil-borne pathogens of 2-year-old ginseng. However, the addition of CC decreased the root weight due to the increase in EC and $NO_3-N$. Conclusions: Soil disinfection using green manure and solarization in a greenhouse environment was effective in inhibiting root rot, however, it did not completely kill the soil-borne pathogens.

• 생약학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.73-79
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• 1972

Losses, literature and occurence of ginseng diseases in Korea were reviewed briefly. Some problems on etiology, epidemiology and control measures of root rot caused by Cylindroaroon panacis, anthracnose, and damping-off have been discussed. Ginseng was added as a new host of $Sclerotium\;rolfsii\;S_{ACC}$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2016

Background: Blind and excessive application of fertilizers was found during the cultivation of Panax notoginseng in fields, as well as increase in root rot disease incidence. Methods: Both "3414" application and orthogonal test designs were performed at Shilin county, Yunnan province, China, for NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and mineral fertilizers, respectively. The data were used to construct the one-, two-, and three-factor quadratic regression models. The effect of fertilizer deficiency on root yield loss was also analyzed to confirm the result predicted by these models. A pot culture experiment was performed to observe the incidence rate of root rot disease and to obtain the best range in which the highest yield of root and saponins could be realized. Results: The best application strategy for NPK fertilizer was $0kg/667m^2$, $17.01kg/667m^2$, and $56.87kg/667m^2$, respectively, which can produce the highest root yield of 1,861.90 g (dried root of 100 plants). For mineral fertilizers, calcium and magnesium fertilizers had a significant and positive effect on root yield and the content of four active saponins, respectively. The severity of root rot disease increased with the increase in soil moisture. The best range of soil moisture varied from 0.56 FC (field capacity of water) to 0.59 FC, when the highest yield of root and saponins could be realized as well as the lower incidence rate of root disease. Conclusion: These results indicate that the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used in these fields is excessive and that of potassium fertilizer is deficient. Higher soil moisture is an important factor that increases the severity of the root rot disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.195-201
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• 2003

인삼 뿌리썩음병균 Cylindrocarpon destructans의 후막포자형태에 대해서 광학현미경 및 전자현미경을 사용하여 조사하였다. 전형적인 C. destructans의 후막포자는 균사로부터 형성되었으나 분생포자에서는 생성되지 않았다. 그러나 pH 4로 조절된 Czapek Dox broth에서 2$0^{\circ}C$, 12일간 배양하였을 때는 소형분생포자가 미성숙한 후막포자 유사세포로 변형되었다. 후막포자는 potato dextrose agar 및 V-8 Juice agar 그리고 질소원이 결제된 Czapek Dox broth배지에서 2$0^{\circ}C$, 16∼20일 배양으로 생성되었고, 생성된 후막포자는 황갈색 혹은 적갈색을 띄었으며 균사의 중간이나 말단 부위에서 한 개 혹은 사슬형태로 존재하였다. 후막포자는 직경이 11.3∼11.9 $\mu\textrm{m}$이었으며 외부에 1.5∼1.8 $\mu\textrm{m}$ 길이의 혹 같은 돌기가 여러 개 형성되어 표면이 울퉁불퉁 하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.304-309
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• 1998

Incubation condition affecting the chlamydospore formation and isolation from mycelia and conidia of Cylindrocarpon destructanse (isolate ACY-9701), isolated from the root rot lesion of the American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) was investigated. Chlamydospores were formed from mycilia but not from conidia on the Czapek-Dox agar without carbon or nitrogen source after 20 days incubation at 2$0^{\circ}C$. In the medium added with nitrogen and carbon sources, immatured chlamy-dospore-like cells were formed from microconidia and mycelia as well. Immatured chlamydospore-like cells were formed from mycelia as well as microconidia In corn, kidney bean, and pea root extracts after 20 days incubation at 20"C, while typical chlamydospores were formed from both of them in the root extract of Panax quinquefolium. The 3.6 log chlamydospore/mm" was converted from microconidia in the medium, which was equal to 2.5% conidia formed. Under the light condition (251.1 pmol/m" sec, 12 hrs dark and light cycle), 4.2 log/mm" of chlamydospores were converted from interracially or terminal cells of macroconidia, which was 4.0% of macroconidia produced on Potato dextrose agar (PDA). When mycelia and microconidia were stored at -7$0^{\circ}C$ for 32 days and incubated on PDA after thawing at room temperature to isolate chlamydospores from them, microconidia and mycelia were still alive. Meanwhile, microconidial lysis was found after heating them at 32$^{\circ}C$ for 7 days, but the chlamydospores converted from macroconidia were not lysed up to 13 days at 32"C. to 13 days at 32"C.ot;C.