• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2008

This study was conducted to establish the optimal condition for plant regeneration and acclimatization from somatic embryos of Panax ginseng. Cotyledon segments of Panax ginseng produced primary and secondary somatic embryos when cultured on MS and WPM media supplemented with 7% sucrose. To induce plantlet conversion, cotyledonary somatic embryos were cultured on WPM solid medium with $GA_3$ at various concentrations (1~30 mg/L) for 4 weeks. Plantlets were transferred to 1/2 WPM solid medium with $GA_3$ at various concentrations (0~5 mg/L) and 0.5% activated charcoal for shoot and root elongations. Elongated plantlets further developed into well-developed leaf and root system on 1/3 SH medium with 0.5% activated charcoal under ventilation condition for 5 months. The highest survival rate to soil was 75% when plantlets were regenerated on 1/3 SH medium without sucrose under ventilation condition.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-48
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• 2013

This study was carried out to know the substitute effect of Yacto (leaf mold compost) on popped rice hulls compost (PRHC) in Yang-jik nursery bed of Panax ginseng. PRHC was mixed with Yacto as 50:50 ratio, and 1 ~ 2% of the mixed oil cake, rice bran and urea were also added to promote decaying the mixed compost. The mixed compost made by PRHC and Yacto was showed that positive effect on the growth of ginseng seedling when it was mixed with 1% of oil cake and rice bran, and 2% of mixed oil cake. But addition to the 2% of urea in the mixture of PRHC and Yacto was not positive effect on the growth of ginseng seedling. Root yield of the mixed compost was similar to that of conventional compost by made 100% of Yacto. Therefore, the mixed compost can substitute for Yacto when PRHC and Yacto were mixed by 50:50 ratio and added 1% of oil cake and rice bran.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 1980

Effect of soil moisture on growth of 2 year old Pan ax ginseng was investigated by pot culture using clay loam and sandy loam soils. In clay loam soil emergence rate of new shoot and stem growth were greatly decreased below 40% of field capacity. In sandy loam soil the growth of stem and leaf were greatly affected below 40% moisture. Root yield showed maximum at 60% moisture and significantly coorelated with stem diameter and root length. Rotten root rate and die back rate of top were least at 60% and gradually increased with either increase or decrease of soil moisture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.357-363
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• 1983

An attempt was made to investigate the lipid contents and fatty acid compositions of the roots (rhizome, epidermis, pith, cortex, branch root, fine root) and aerial parts (seed, flesh of seed, leaf, stem) of ginseng plant. Total contents of free and bound lipids in nine parts ranged 0.91 to 3.48%, those of the seeds were 15.08%. Fourteen even-numbered and 4 odd-numbered fatty acids were identified and quantified by GLC. The major fatty acids in each part were linoleic, palmitic, oleic, and linolenic acid. Fatty acid composition of different parts was varied significantly. Fatty acid composition of ginseng seeds was notably different from those of other parts in plant; the amount of oleic and linoleic acids (51.21 and 37.46%) were higher than those of the other parts. The unsaturated fatty acid content of the free lipid in seed, pith, and cortex were higher than those of the other parts in plant.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.156-160
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• 1985

24 cultivation areas at fields of the Tobacco Experiment Station in Suweon, Eumseong, and Daegu were selected to get the fertilizer response and evaluate fertility level of upland soil. Fertilizer levels treated were 0, 70, 100, and 130kg/10a of compound fertilizer (10-10-20) for tobacco. The results are as follows; 1. Fertility level could be evaluated by dry weight of tobacco loaves harvested from non-fertilized fields. 2. There was significant in yield differences between fertilizer levels of 70 and 100kg/10a but was no difference between 100 and 130kg/10a of fertilizer level. The lower fertilizer efficiencies were showed at the fields harvested high yield of tobacco leaf without fertilizer. 3. Optimum fertilizer level for non-fertilized field with leaf yield less than 208.5kg/10a was 100kg/10a, and at low productive field with dry leaf weight less than 33.3kg/10a, higher level of fertilizer, 130kg/10a, was considered to be the optimum to get the got income with tobacco cultivation.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.4
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• pp.128-141
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• 2022

Baengnyeongdo Island, which belongs to Ongjin-gun, Incheon, is an island in the northernmost part of the West Sea in South Korea. Baengnyeong Island is the 15th largest island in Korea and covers an area of 51 km². The Korea Ginseng Corporation (KGC) investigated the possibility of growing ginseng on Baengnyeong Island in 1996. In 1997, thanks to the support of cultivation costs from Ongjin-gun, the first ginseng seedbed was built on Baengnyeong Island. In 1999, the seedlings were transplanted to a permanent field under a contract with KGC. In 2003, the first six-year-old ginseng harvest was performed, and KGC purchased all production according to the contract. Since then, KGC has signed on to grow ginseng until 2012 and purchased six-year-old ginseng until the fall of 2016. Since 2014, the GimpoPaju Ginseng Agricultural Cooperative Association has signed a ginseng production contract. According to a survey of nine 6-year-old ginseng fields (total 5,961 units) on Baengnyeong Island, the top five with good growth had a survival rate of 42.6 to 68%, and the bottom four with poor growth had an extremely low survival rate of 11.1 to 21.3%. The four fields with low survival rates were where hot peppers were planted before ginseng cultivation. It is believed that the excess nitrogen remaining in the soil due to the treatment of compost or manure during pepper cultivation causes ginseng roots to rot. The average incidence of Alternaria blight was 8.6%. Six six-year-old ginseng gardens were low at 1.1 to 4.7%, while the other three were high at 16.7 to 20.9%. It is assumed that the reason for the low survival rate and high incidence of Alternaria blight is a rain-leaking shield. Farmers used rain-leaking shields because the precipitation on Baengnyeong Island was smaller than on land. One field showed 3% of leaves with yellowish brown spots, a symptom of physiological disturbance of the leaf, which is presumed to be due to the excessive presence of iron in the soil. To increase the production of ginseng on Baengnyeong Island, it is necessary to develop a suitable ginseng cultivation method for the island, such as strengthening the field management based on the results of a scientific study of soil, using rain-resistant shading, and installing drip irrigation facilities. I hope that ginseng will become a new driving force for the development of Baengnyeong Island, allowing ginseng products and food to thrive in the beautiful natural environment of the island.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.367-370
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• 2007

To make the soil moisture proper is the important factor in the seedbed cultivation of Yangjik for producing a good quality of ginseng seedling. This study was carries out to investigate the effect of soil moisture on photosynthesis and yield of ginseng seedling under the different condition of the soil moisture, such as $100{\sim}400$ mbar. Photosynthesis rate was decreased gradually by the reduction of soil moisture, and in particular it was decreased distinctly under the lower condition of soil moisture, such as $300{\sim}400$ mbar. Photosynthesis rate in air temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ was decreased more distinct than that of $25^{\circ}C$, Light saturation point of leaves was at the quantum of $600{\mu}mol/m^3/s$ at $25^{\circ}C$ while it was decreased by $300{\mu}mol/m^3/s$ at $30^{\circ}C$ according to the increase of air temperature. Respiration rate was increased by the increase of quantum, and decreased by the reduction of soil moisture. Respiration rate under the condition of high quantum was increased regardless of air temperature, but it was decreased distinctly under the condition of low soil moisture and high air temperature, such as 400 mbar at $30^{\circ}C$. There were a gradual decrease by the reduction of soil moisture in leaf length, leaf width, chlorophyll content, and water content of leaves, but heat injury ratio was increased distinctly by the reduction of it. Total root weight, root weight per plant, the yield of usable seedling were decreased by the reduction of soil moisture, and optimal content of soil moisture to produce a good quality of seedling was 63% of field capacity or 18.9% in absolute soil moisture content.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2001

This study was conducted to obtain the basic information for breeding of burley(N. tabacum cv. burley) and sun-cured tobacco(N. tabacum cv. sun-cured) variety. Two burley(Burley 21, KB 108), and T.I. 1068 and three sun-cured varieties(Yeonbyeon 3, Jaheungyeon and Jaraehong) were diallel crossed and 15 combinations of F$_1$generations were made in 1998, respectively. Six parental varieties, 15 F$_1$s were grown under the complete randomized block design with 3 replications at Chonju Experiment Station, Korea Ginseng & Tobacco Research Institute in 2000. The data of 12 quantitative characters were measured for degree of heterosis. The results obtained are as follows. Heterosis of F$_1$generation was positive in weight per leaf, plant height, stem diameter, yield, leaf length and total alkaloid content. Cross combinations between either Burley 21 or KB 108 and sun-cured varieties showed comparatively high heterosis in each characters.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 1994

Effect pf rape seed oil cake compast (OM) active carbon(C) compound fertilizer (NPK) and magnesium sulfate (Mg) application on Zoysia koreana growth by lysimeter of 50cm soil column filled with a low fertility loam. Effect on growth was in order of OM>OM . NPK interaction> NPK . active carbon and Mg were not effective OM . NPK interaction effect was negative on leaf width and root dry matter yield. OM and OM . NPK interaction were most effective on rhizome growth. Their effect did not change the ratio of growth rates between aerial part and rhizome but change that between aerial part and root. Leaf width was most sensitive to the treatments.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.284-293
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• 2016

Background: Developing new ginseng cultivars is a significant time-consuming process owing to the three years of growth required for ginseng to flower. To shorten the ginseng breeding process, it is necessary to establish rapid progression through each generation. In this study, we examined it was possible to rapidly break ginseng seed dormancy using gibberellic acid ($GA_3$) treatment and alternating temperature. Methods and Results: Seeds were obtained from local variety. Seeds were treated with either $GA_3$ at a concentration of $100mg/{\ell} $, constant temperature ($-2^{\circ}C$ and $2^{\circ}C$), alternating temperature ($2^{\circ}C$ followed by $-2^{\circ}C$, followed by $2^{\circ}C$) or a combination $GA_3$ and temperature treatment. Following experimental treatment, seeds were sown into trays and placed in a greenhouse. Low germination rates were observed in seeds that did not receive $GA_3$ treatment, which were similar following $2^{\circ}C$ and $-2^{\circ}C$ constant temperature treatment. Germination rates increased in proportion to $GA_3$ and more so when combined with alternating temperature treatment. In additon, stem and leaf lengths of the resulting ginseng plants were increased following $GA_3$ treatment, although no synergistic effect was observed with alternating temperature treatment. Conclusions: These results suggest that a combination $GA_3$ and alternating temperature treatment enhances ginseng seed germination, which can contribute to shortening the time required to progress through a single ginseng generation for breeding.