• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.770-774
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• 2005

This study investigated the stimulative or sedative effects of inhaling fragrant essential oils (EOs) by using a forced swimming test (FST) with mice. This behavioral test is commonly used to measure the effects of antidepressant drugs. The inhalation by mice of EOs, such as ginger oil (p<0.05), thyme oil (p<0.05), peppermint oil (p<0.05), and cypress oil (p<0.01) resulted in 5% to 22% reduction of immobility. The same results were achieved when over-agitation was artificially induced in the mice by an intraperitoneal injection of caffeine (a psycho-stimulant). In contrast, inhalation of some EOs by the mice resulted in increased immobility. To evaluate more correctly the sedative effects of EOs, the immobility of over-agitated mice induced with caffeine was ascertained after the inhalation of various EOs. Inhalation of lavender oil (p<0.01) and hyssop oil (p<0.01) increased the immobile state in mice that were treated with caffeine. The results of this study indicate that the inhalation of essential oils may induce stimulative or sedative effects in mice.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.5.1-5.10
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• 2024

Background: External parasites, particularly ticks and fleas, are among the most common problems affecting dogs. Chemical medicines are commonly used to prevent and eliminate such external parasites, but their improper use can cause adverse reactions, and the toxins they contain may remain in the environment. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro efficacy of Zanthoxylum limonella, citronella, clove, peppermint, and ginger essential oils against dog ticks and fleas and to test the sensitivity of dogs' skin to these essential oils. Methods: The five essential oils were tested for in vitro efficacy against ticks and fleas, and the two most effective essential oils were then tested on the dogs' skin. Results: The results revealed that these five essential oils at 16% concentrations effectively inhibited the spawning of female engorged ticks. In addition, all five essential oils had a strong ability to kill tick larvae at concentrations of 2% upward. Furthermore, 4% concentrations of the five essential oils quickly eliminated fleas, especially clove oil, which killed 100% of fleas within 1 h. A 50%, 90%, and 99% lethal concentration (LC₅₀, LC₉₀, and LC₉₉) for the essential oils on tick larvae in 24 h were found to be low values. LC₅₀, LC₉₀, and LC₉₉ for the essential oils on flea in 1 h was lowest values. Clove oil at 16% concentration was the most satisfactory essential oil for application on dogs' skin, with a low percentage of adverse effects. Conclusions: This study confirmed the effectiveness of essential oils for practical use as tick and flea repellents and eliminators. Essential-oil-based pharmaceutical can replace chemical pesticides and provide benefits for both consumers and the environment.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.438-443
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• 2006

여름철 식중독의 원인균인 Vibrio속 균주를 효과적으로 제어하고자 휘발성과 항균활성이 있는 생강 등 6종의 정유에 대해 항균효과를 비교하였다. 또한 정유의 휘발성 성분을 GC와 GC-Mass를 이용하여 분석하였다. Vibrio균에 대해 천연 생강 정유를 처리 하였을 경우 V. parahaemolyticus에 대하여 22.5-85.7%의 증식억제율을 나타내었고, 주요 휘발성 성분은 ${\beta}-bisabolene$(35.19%, peak area)와 ${\beta}-sesquiphellandrene$(12.22%) 등으로 확인되었다. Vibrio균에 대해 겨자의 정유를 처리하였을 경우 V. parahaemolyticus에 1,000 ppm 처리 시 100% 증식억제율을 나타내었고, V. vulnificus는 증식억제율이 V. parahaemolyticus 보다 50% 정도 낮게 나타나므로 V. vulnificus가 V. parahaemolyticus 보다 내성이 강한 것으로 나타났다. 겨자의 주요 휘발성 성분은 allyl isothiocyanate (92.55%)와 4-isothiocyanato-1-butene(0.53%)으로 확인되었다. Vibrio균에 대해 마늘 정유를 1,000 ppm 처리하였을 때 증식억제율은 V. parahaemolyticus 22.8%, V. vulnificus 01 14.6%, V. vulnificus 02 32.9%로 나타났고, 주요 휘발성 성분으로 dimethyl sulfide (49.39%)와 methyl 2-propenyl sulfide(10.09%) 등으로 확인되었다. Vibrio균에 대해 정향의 싹과 잎 및 전체의 천연 정유를 처리하였을 경우 V. vulnificus 02에 처리 시 증식억제율이 60.6-80.3%로서 높은 항균활성을 나타내 생강, 겨자, 마늘 정유에 대하여 내성이 다소 강했던 V. vulnificus 02에는 정향의 싹 및 잎 정유가 증식억제 작용이 있음을 확인하였다. 주요 휘발성 성분으로 정향 싹의 정유는 eugenol(83.33%)와 ${\beta}-caryophyllene$(7.47%), 정향 잎의 정유는 eugenol(87.46%)과 ${\beta}-caryophyllene$(10.03%), 정향 전체의 정유는 eugenol(86.04%)과 ${\beta}-caryophyllene$(9.71%) 등으로 확인되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 생강, 겨자, 마늘 및 정향 등의 휘발성 정유는 Vibrio속 균주에 대해 항균효과가 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.216-221
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• 2018

Objective: In this study, we tried to investigate the antimicrobial activity of natural herbaceous plant-derived essential oils against oral disease-causing bacterial strains and establish the scientific evidences to apply them to the dentifrice, mouthwash, and other uses. Methods: We used the disk diffusion method with 23 types of 100% natural essential oils to verify the antimicrobial effect against Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. After adhering to the surface of the plate culture medium, $20{\mu}l$ of the essential oil was prepared, and the diameter of the transparent ring was measured after incubation for 24 hours. All the experiments were repeated three times. Results: Among 23 types of oils, 13 were effective against all three strains: myrrh, ginger, basil, carrot seed, tea tree, patchouli, ylang ylang, cypress, lemongrass, cinnamon, peppermint, lavender, and eucalryptus. Seventeen oils were effective against S. mutans, and myrrh, basil, and carrot seed showed high antimicrobial activity. Eighteen oils were effective against P. gingivalis, and tea tree, carrot seed, and cinnamons showed high antimicrobial activity. Sixteen oils were effective against L. rhamnosus, and carrot seed and peppermint cinnamon showed high antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: Consequently, 13 essential oils showed the antimicrobial activity against three bacterial strains, which indicates these essential oils might be used as the effective materials to suppress the growth of oral-disease inducing microorganisms. Moreover, essential oils that have been analyzed activities in this study will be mixed up within the constant range and analyzed their antimicrobial effects to examine the synergistic activity among them.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.96-102
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• 2011

식물 정유로부터 신규 제초제 개발을 위한 살초활성물질을 탐색하였다. 실험에 사용된 10종의 식물정유는[basil(Ocimum basilicum), blackpepper(Piper nigrum), clary sage(Salvia sclarea), ginger(Zingiber pfficinale), hyssop(Hyssopus officinalis), nutmag (Myristica fragrance), palmarosa(Cymbopogon martini), fennel(Foeniculum vulgare), sage(Salvia leucantha), spearmint(Mentha spicta)] 등이었으며, 이중 palmarosa 정유가 유채에 대한 살초력이 가장 높았다($GR_{50}$값, $201{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$). Palmarosa 정유에 함유된 휘발성 유기화합물로는 alpha-humulene, betacaryophyllen, cis-ocimene, citral, dipentene, geraniol, geranyl acetate, myrcene, nerol, terpinolene, transocimene이었다. Palmarosa 정유에는 geraniol(40.23%), geraniol acetate(15.57%), cis-ocimene(10.79%), beta-caryophyllene(8.72%)이 다량 함유되어 있었고, geraniol과 citral의 $GR_{50}$값은 각각 151과 $224{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$로 매우 낮았으며 이들 2종의 휘발성 유기화합물이 palmarosa 정유의 살초력에 크게 기여했다고 추론된다. 온실조건에서 palmarosa 정유 $80kg\;ha^{-1}$ 경엽처리는 수수, 돌피, 개밀, 바랭이, 자귀풀, 어저귀, 도꼬마리, 메꽃을 완전 방제하였다. 포장조건에서 민들레, 망초, 쇠비름은 $40kg\;ha^{-1}$ 경엽처리에도 모두 100% 방제가 이루어졌으나 질경이의 방제가는 50% 이었다. 본 연구 결과는 palmarosa 정유에 함유되어 있는 geraniol과 citral이 살초활성에 크게 기여했다는 것을 시사하여 준다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.771-778
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• 2013

Essential oils are increasingly of interest for use as novel drugs acting as antimicrobial and antiviral agents. In the present study, we report the in vitro antiviral activities of 29 essential oils, extracted from Chinese indigenous aromatic plants, against the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Of these essential oils, those oils from ginger, lemon, tea tree, tangerine peel, artemisia, and lemongrass effected a more than 50% inhibition of TMV at 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. In addition, the mode of antiviral action of the active essential oils was also determined. Essential oils isolated from artemisia and lemongrass possessed potent inactivation and curative effects in vivo and had a directly passivating effect on TMV infection in a dose-dependent manner. However, all other active essential oils exhibited a moderate protective effect in vivo. The chemical constitutions of the essential oils from ginger, lemon, tea tree, tangerine peel, artemisia, and lemongrass were identified by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components of these essential oils were ${\alpha}$-zingiberene (35.21%), limonene (76.25%), terpinen-4-ol (41.20%), limonene (80.95%), 1,8-cineole (27.45%), and terpinolene (10.67%). The curative effects of 10 individual compounds from the active essential oils on TMV infection were also examined in vivo. The compounds from citronellal, limonene, 1,8-cineole, and ${\alpha}$-zingiberene effected a more than 40% inhibition rate for TMV infection, and the other compounds demonstrated moderate activities at 320 ${\mu}g/ml$ in vivo. There results indicate that the essential oils isolated from artemisia and lemongrass, and the individual compound citronellal, have the potential to be used as an effective alternative for the treatment of tobacco plants infected with TMV under greenhouse conditions.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 1997

생강나무의 향기성분 조성을 분석해 본 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. GC상에서 생강나무는 꽃, 잎, 줄기 각각 60, 80, 83개의 peak가 관찰되었으며, 주요 성분군은 생강나무의 경우는 꽃의 경우는 sabinene, $eta$-myrcene, 1-limonene, cir-3-hexanal, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetate, ${\gamma}$-elemene, 1-borneol, $\delta$-guaiene, ledene, $\delta$-ca-dinene, elemol, 9-octadecanal, 1-(1,5diNe-4-hexenyl ) -4-mebenzene, $\alpha$-chamigrene, ${\gamma}$-selinene, $\beta$-endesmol, 1-phellandrene, 3-Me-6-(1-Me, ethyl ) -2-cyclohexen-1-one, epiglobulol의 성분이, 잎의 경우는 phellandrene, $\alpha$-terpinolene, sabinene, $\beta$-myrcene, ι-limonene, cis-3-hexanal, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetate, ${\gamma}$-elemene, 1-borneol, $\delta$-guaiene, ledene, $\delta$-cadinene, olemol, 9-octadecanal, ${\gamma}$-selinene, o-chamigrene, 1-(1,5-diMe-4-hexenyl) -4-mebenzene, $\beta$-endesmol의 성분이, 줄기의 경우는 sabinene, $\beta$-myrcene, ι-limonene, phellamdrene, $\alpha$-terpinene, ledene, 1-borneol, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, 2,4a,5,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydroben-zocycloheptane, elemol, ${\gamma}$-selinene, cis-3-hexanal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetate, ${\gamma}$-elemene, $\delta$-guaiene, $\delta$-cadinene, 9-octadecanal, 1-(1,5-diMe-4-hexenyl) -4-mebenzeno, $\beta$-endesmol, $\alpha$-charugrene의 향기성분이 주요 성분군으로 확인되었다. 2. 생강나무에서 생강의 향기를 발산하는 성분으로는 $\beta$-myrcene, o-terpinolene, phellandrone, ι-limonene, $\beta$-eudesmol, $\delta$-cadinone, elemol, trans-caryophyllene으로 동정되었으며 그 중에서도 phellandrene, $\beta$-eudesmol이 주된 역할을 하는 성분으로 확인하였다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.103-112
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• 2023

본 연구는 우울에 효과가 입증된 국내 자생 식물 9종(배초향, 적송, 강황, 생강, 산미나리씨, 불수감, 황칠, 탱자, 쥐오줌풀) 을 선정하여 각각의 향기 성분 분석결과를 기반으로 9종 정유를 조합하여 항산화(DPPH, ABTS), 세포독성(MTS), 항염(Nitric oxide)실험을 수행하였다. 향기성분 분석결과 조합오일에서 기연구된 우울완화 효과 성분인 DL-Limonene(38.44%), g-Terpinene(8.9%), Estragole(5.18%), a-Pinene(1.73%) 등이 동정되었다. 항산화 활성인 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 75.4%, ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 74.04%을 보였으며, 세포독성이 확인되지 않은 5uL/ml의 농도에서 NO 생성 저해능은 33.14%로 나타났다. 이를 통하여 국내 블렌딩 정유의 우울증의 개선 또는 예방에 대한 효과를 검증하고 더불어 과학적 효능과 성분 연구가 상호 협력적으로 이루어져 우울증적 증상 개선 유무를 확인 할 수 있는 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.269-275
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• 2001

The present research was designed to collect recipe of set up a standard recipe and analyze the nutrients of broiled black goat meat (a kind of native local foods in Busan and south province). The results of the study are summarized as follows. The recipe for goat(lamb) meat was recorded in Sanlimkyounggae and Jungbosanlimkyounggae between 1715 and 1827. The goat meat was explained as food for health, rejuvenation and recuperation Since late 1800, it has been utilized for such use. The flavor of broiled black goat meat is influenced by seasonings, fruit juice, heating treatment and cooker. And it also could be affected by the method of slaughter and the sex of the goat. There are lot of element in seasoning. Red pepper paste, garlic and ginger holdback the bad smell and make the taste better. Onion help to retain the water and improve the flavor. Starch syrup, sugar and sesame oil make the meat smoother, glossier and more tasty. The meat is usually roasted on grill over charcoal. It helps to remove or suppress the bad smell and make the taste better. Softness and scent of the meat depend largely on the way to butcher. Female goat meat tastes smoother and smells better. Fruit juice also improve the softness of the meat. Energy per 100g of the 'broiled black goat meat' is 170kcal. There are protein (23g), fat(2.4g), Ca(159mg), Fe(1.1mg) and so on. Amino acid is mainly comprised of essential amino acid such as cystine, lysine, leucine, and arginine. Fatty acid consists primarily of unsaturated fatty acid like oleic acid, linoleic acid.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2017

Zerumbone은 야생 생강의 일종인 Zingiber zerumbet Smith의 정유(essential oil)에 포함되어 있는 주요성분으로, 다양한 연구를 통해 혈액종양을 포함한 암, 염증질환, 활성산소 감소 등에 이용할 가능성이 꾸준히 제기되어왔다. 또한 면역세포들의 증식과 세포주기진행, 사이토카인의 생성 발현에도 효과를 나타낸다고 알려져 있다. 이외에도 간보호, 통증완화, 항동맥경화, 항미생물 등 다양한 생물학적 기능이 보고되었다. 본 연구에서는 zerumbone이 단구의 활성과 기능에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 우선, 단구세포주 THP-1세포의 활성이 zerumbone에 의해 증가되는 것을 확인하였다. LPS 처리 후 가장 강한 THP-1 증식 증가는 $5{\mu}M$의 zerumbone 처리 시 나타났으며, 세포 단독 증식 증가는 $10{\mu}M$의 zerumbone 처리 시 가장 증가하였다. 반면에 $50{\mu}M$ 의 zerumbone 처리 시에는 LPS 존재 여부와 관계없이 급격한 증식 감소가 관찰되었다. LPS의 처리에 의해 유도되는 신호전달 단백질 Erk의 인산화도 zerumbone에 의해 증가되었다. 가장 강한 인산화 증가는 증식 감소가 나타난 $50{\mu}M$의 zerumbone을 처리했을 때 관찰되었다. 전사인자 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성은 zerumbone 단독 처리 시에는 큰 변화가 없었지만, LPS 와 동시에 처리했을 경우 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 나아가, $NF-{\kappa}B$에 의해 발현이 조절되는 염증 사이토카인 $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-8의 전사도 zerumbone 에 의해 증가되는 것을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과를 통해 zerumbone이 단핵구의 증식과 활성을 강화시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 나아가, zerumbone이 LPS 를 보유한 세균 감염 시 단핵구 활성 증가를 통하여 효과적인 탐식과 면역반응을 강화시켜 효과적인 세균 처리에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 여겨진다.