DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Essential oil pharmaceuticals for killing ectoparasites on dogs

  • Received : 2023.07.29
  • Accepted : 2023.11.26
  • Published : 2024.01.31

Abstract

Background: External parasites, particularly ticks and fleas, are among the most common problems affecting dogs. Chemical medicines are commonly used to prevent and eliminate such external parasites, but their improper use can cause adverse reactions, and the toxins they contain may remain in the environment. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro efficacy of Zanthoxylum limonella, citronella, clove, peppermint, and ginger essential oils against dog ticks and fleas and to test the sensitivity of dogs' skin to these essential oils. Methods: The five essential oils were tested for in vitro efficacy against ticks and fleas, and the two most effective essential oils were then tested on the dogs' skin. Results: The results revealed that these five essential oils at 16% concentrations effectively inhibited the spawning of female engorged ticks. In addition, all five essential oils had a strong ability to kill tick larvae at concentrations of 2% upward. Furthermore, 4% concentrations of the five essential oils quickly eliminated fleas, especially clove oil, which killed 100% of fleas within 1 h. A 50%, 90%, and 99% lethal concentration (LC50, LC90, and LC99) for the essential oils on tick larvae in 24 h were found to be low values. LC50, LC90, and LC99 for the essential oils on flea in 1 h was lowest values. Clove oil at 16% concentration was the most satisfactory essential oil for application on dogs' skin, with a low percentage of adverse effects. Conclusions: This study confirmed the effectiveness of essential oils for practical use as tick and flea repellents and eliminators. Essential-oil-based pharmaceutical can replace chemical pesticides and provide benefits for both consumers and the environment.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

We gratefully appreciate the students who helped with sample collection and processing. The authors gratefully thank the dogs' owner for their cooperation and help with the study. Finally, we would like to express our thanks to Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Maejo University for their significant contributions.

References

  1. Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F. Canine and feline vector-borne diseases in Italy: current situation and perspectives. Parasit Vectors. 2010;3(1):2.
  2. Moriello KA. Zoonotic skin diseases of dogs and cats. Anim Health Res Rev. 2003;4(2):157-168. https://doi.org/10.1079/AHRR200355
  3. Saleh MN, Allen KE, Lineberry MW, Little SE, Reichard MV. Ticks infesting dogs and cats in North America: biology, geographic distribution, and pathogen transmission. Vet Parasitol. 2021;294:109392.
  4. Beck W, Boch K, Mackensen H, Wiegand B, Pfister K. Qualitative and quantitative observations on the flea population dynamics of dogs and cats in several areas of Germany. Vet Parasitol. 2006;137(1-2):130-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.12.021
  5. Beugnet F, Marie JL. Emerging arthropod-borne diseases of companion animals in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2009;163(4):298-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.028
  6. Rust MK, Dryden MW. The biology, ecology, and management of the cat flea. Annu Rev Entomol. 1997;42(1):451-473. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.451
  7. Dantas-Torres F. The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae): from taxonomy to control. Vet Parasitol. 2008;152(3-4):173-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.030
  8. Bandaranayaka KO, Dissanayake UI, Rajakaruna RS. Diversity and geographic distribution of dog tick species in Sri Lanka and the life cycle of brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus under laboratory conditions. Acta Parasitol. 2022;67(4):1708-1718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-022-00622-5
  9. Dryden MW. Host association, on-host longevity and egg production of Ctenocephalides felis felis. Vet Parasitol. 1989;34(1-2):117-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(89)90171-4
  10. Dryden MW, Blakemore JC. A review of flea allergy dermatitis in the dog and cat. Companion Anim Pract. 1989;19:10-17.
  11. Garris GI. Control of ticks. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1991;21(1):173-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(91)50017-6
  12. Agnolin C, Olivo C, Leal M, Beck R, Meinerz G, Parra C, et al. Eficacia do oleo de citronela [Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle] no controle de ectoparasitas de bovinos. Rev Bras Plantas Med. 2010;12(4):482-487. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-05722010000400012
  13. Veeraphant C, Mahakittikun V, Soonthornchareonnon N. Acaricidal effects of Thai herbal essential oils against Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Mahidol Univ J Pharm Sci. 2011;38:1-12.
  14. Hamzah MH, Man HC, Abidin ZZ, Jamaludin H. Comparison of citronella oil extraction methods from Cymbopogon nardus grass by ohmic-heated hydro-distillation, hydro-distillation, and steam distillation. Bioresour. 2014;9(1):256-272.
  15. Lans C, Turner N. Organic parasite control for poultry and rabbits in British Columbia, Canada. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2011;7(1):21.
  16. Singh P, Pandey AK. Prospective of essential oils of the genus Mentha as biopesticides: a review. Front Plant Sci (Lausanne). 2018;9:1295.
  17. Nogueira J, Vinturelle R, Mattos C, Tietbohl LA, Santos MG, Junior IS, et al. Acaricidal properties of the essential oil from Zanthoxylum caribaeum against Rhipicephalus microplus. J Med Entomol. 2014;51(5):971-975. https://doi.org/10.1603/ME13236
  18. Ferreira FM, Delmonte CC, Novato TL, Monteiro CM, Daemon E, Vilela FM, et al. Acaricidal activity of essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum, hydrolate and eugenol formulated or free on larvae and engorged females of Rhipicephalus microplus. Med Vet Entomol. 2018;32(1):41-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12259
  19. Ashitani T, Garboui SS, Schubert F, Vongsombath C, Liblikas I, Palsson K, et al. Activity studies of sesquiterpene oxides and sulfides from the plant Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) and its repellency on Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol. 2015;67(4):595-606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-015-9965-5
  20. Ribeiro VL, Avancini C, Goncalves K, Toigo E, von Poser G. Acaricidal activity of Calea serrata (Asteraceae) on Boophilus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Vet Parasitol. 2008;151(2-4):351-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.007
  21. Batista LC, Cid YP, De Almeida AP, Prudencio ER, Riger CJ, De Souza MA, et al. In vitro efficacy of essential oils and extracts of Schinus molle L. against Ctenocephalides felis felis. Parasitology. 2016;143(5):627-638. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182016000081
  22. Ghosh M. Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology. Indian J Pharmacol. 2007;39(4):216-216. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.36544
  23. Phuyal N, Jha PK, Prasad Raturi P, Rajbhandary S. Zanthoxylum armatum DC.: current knowledge, gaps and opportunities in Nepal. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;229:326-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.010
  24. Subedi R. Ethnobotanical study of panchase protected forest, Kaski District, Central Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Central Department of Botany Tribhuvan University Kirtipur; 2017.
  25. Stefanidesova K, Skultety L, Sparagano OA, Spitalska E. The repellent efficacy of eleven essential oils against adult Dermacentor reticulatus ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2017;8(5):780-786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.06.003
  26. da Silva LC, de Souza Perinotto WM, Sa FA, de Souza MA, de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt R, Sanavria A, et al. In vitro acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus and Mentha arvensis against Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Parasitol. 2020;216:107937.
  27. Abdelgaleil SA, Mohamed MI, Shawir MS, Abou-Taleb HK. Chemical composition, insecticidal and biochemical effects of essential oils of different plant species from Northern Egypt on the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. J Pest Sci. 2016;89(1):219-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-015-0665-z
  28. Campolo O, Giunti G, Russo A, Palmeri V, Zappala L. Essential oils in stored product insect pest control. J Food Qual. 2018;2018:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6906105
  29. Fang F, Candy K, Melloul E, Bernigaud C, Chai L, Darmon C, et al. In vitro activity of ten essential oils against Sarcoptes scabiei. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(1):594.
  30. Jankowska M, Rogalska J, Wyszkowska J, Stankiewicz M. Molecular targets for components of essential oils in the insect nervous system-a review. Molecules. 2017;23(1):34.
  31. Borzoui E, Naseri B, Abedi Z, Karimi-Pormehr MS. Lethal and sublethal effects of essential oils from Artemisia khorassanica and Vitex pseudo-negundo against Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Environ Entomol. 2016;45(5):1220-1226.
  32. Genovese AG, McLean MK, Khan SA. Adverse reactions from essential oil-containing natural flea products exempted from Environmental Protection Agency regulations in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2012;22(4):470-475. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00780.x